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Evaluation Of Vehicles Exhaust Gases And Its Contribution Toward Urban Air Quality In Lahore

By: Sadia Ismail Shah (2014-VA-215) | Dr.Saif -ur- Rahman Kashif.
Contributor(s): Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: materialTypeLabelBookPublisher: 2016Description: 57p.Subject(s): Environment SciencesDDC classification: 2752-T Dissertation note: Pollution caused by vehicles is directly released into the atmosphere. It contains carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulphur, in comparison to NEQS standards existing situation put alarming air pollution in Lahore Automobile emission is responsible for two third of air pollution in urban areas. It contributed 60-70 % degradation of air quality. The main sources of air pollution are vehicular emission and industrial emission in Pakistan. Vehicular emission can be reduced by using alternative fuels. This study is about to measure the concentration of pollutants (CO, SO2, O2, NO2, NO, HC, H2S) of five vehicles groups (Motor bikes, Qingqi and Rickshaw, Local cars, Imported cars and Vans) through flue gas analyzer. Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Fe. Ni, Cr, Cu and Mn) have been detected in soil and plants through Hitachi Z-8230 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Minerals (Na, Ca and K)have been detected by using flame photometer the following site has selected for analysis of vehicle exhaust gases and soil and vegetative sampling e.g. Outfall road, Mall road and Lower Mall, `Lahore. The soil and vegetative samples has been collected from adjacent site of road.The outcome of the study deduced that high concentration of carbon monoxide is emitted from vans; bikes then followed by the motor bikes, qingqi and riskshaw and locally manufactured cars. Qingqi and rickshaw emitted high concentration of sulphur dixode and nitrogen dioxide. High concentration of nitric oxide emitted by locally manufactured cars. High concentration of hydrocarbons emitted by Vans and qingqi and Rickshaw. Locally manufacturing cars, imported cars and vans produce high concentration of hydrogen sulfide. These pollutants emissions have been associated with poor maintenance, wear and tear of the combustion chamber and other mechanical parts of the vehicles, high speed driving, influence of external heat and to unadjusted AFR.Soil samples have been taken from outfall, lower mall and mall road; areas experiencing high traffic loads resulting in direct exposure of soils to vehicular exhaust. These are expected to have greater concentration of heavy metals than reference soil sample taken from within UVAS and standard have been used for comparison. The concentration of Zn and Pb in the soil and vegetative samples are higher in observe sites. Fe and Mn concentration either approach or exceed their prescribed level. Cu, Ni and Cu have been detected in low concentration from site sites. Plants accumulating sodium and potassium at all the three sites greater than in the reference vegetative sample. Sodium concentration is low in soil samples of observe sites than the reference site. Calcium is high in the soil tan in reference soil. It is concluded that Public transport vehicles i.e. qingqi and rickshaw and vans contribute more towards atmospheric pollution. Both locally manufacturing cars and imported cars are comparatively cleaner. All the different types of vehicles emit gaseous pollutant much higher than their standard. It cannot be concluded that vehicular exhaust is the only source of heavy metals in the plants analyzed. Heavy metals in soil and vegetation exposed to vehicular exhausts are higher than their concentration in reference samples. Heavy metals in the soil taken from the three sites (Outfall, Lower mall and Mall road) may not only be coming from vehicle exhaust. All the heavy metals are within prescribed limits expect iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Iron and manganese in soil and vegetative samples are particularly high followed by lead and zinc. Among minerals calcium is high in the control soil sample, potassium is lower in control soil sample and sodium is negligible detected in soil sample. High level of potassium is detected in the vegetation sample of mall road, moderate levels of calcium and sodium are present in all vegetative samples
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Pollution caused by vehicles is directly released into the atmosphere. It contains carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulphur, in comparison to NEQS standards existing situation put alarming air pollution in Lahore Automobile emission is responsible for two third of air pollution in urban areas. It contributed 60-70 % degradation of air quality. The main sources of air pollution are vehicular emission and industrial emission in Pakistan. Vehicular emission can be reduced by using alternative fuels. This study is about to measure the concentration of pollutants (CO, SO2, O2, NO2, NO, HC, H2S) of five vehicles groups (Motor bikes, Qingqi and Rickshaw, Local cars, Imported cars and Vans) through flue gas analyzer. Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Fe. Ni, Cr, Cu and Mn) have been detected in soil and plants through Hitachi Z-8230 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Minerals (Na, Ca and K)have been detected by using flame photometer the following site has selected for analysis of vehicle exhaust gases and soil and vegetative sampling e.g. Outfall road, Mall road and Lower Mall, `Lahore. The soil and vegetative samples has been collected from adjacent site of road.The outcome of the study deduced that high concentration of carbon monoxide is emitted from vans; bikes then followed by the motor bikes, qingqi and riskshaw and locally manufactured cars. Qingqi and rickshaw emitted high concentration of sulphur dixode and nitrogen dioxide. High concentration of nitric oxide emitted by locally manufactured cars. High concentration of hydrocarbons emitted by Vans and qingqi and Rickshaw. Locally manufacturing cars, imported cars and vans produce high concentration of hydrogen sulfide. These pollutants emissions have been associated with poor maintenance, wear and tear of the combustion chamber and other mechanical parts of the vehicles, high speed driving, influence of external heat and to unadjusted AFR.Soil samples have been taken from outfall, lower mall and mall road; areas experiencing high traffic loads resulting in direct exposure of soils to vehicular exhaust. These are expected to have greater concentration of heavy metals than reference soil sample taken from within UVAS and standard have been used for comparison. The concentration of Zn and Pb in the soil and vegetative samples are higher in observe sites. Fe and Mn concentration either approach or exceed their prescribed level. Cu, Ni and Cu have been detected in low concentration from site sites. Plants accumulating sodium and potassium at all the three sites greater than in the reference vegetative sample. Sodium concentration is low in soil samples of observe sites than the reference site. Calcium is high in the soil tan in reference soil. It is concluded that Public transport vehicles i.e. qingqi and rickshaw and vans contribute more towards atmospheric pollution. Both locally manufacturing cars and imported cars are comparatively cleaner. All the different types of vehicles emit gaseous pollutant much higher than their standard. It cannot be concluded that vehicular exhaust is the only source of heavy metals in the plants analyzed. Heavy metals in soil and vegetation exposed to vehicular exhausts are higher than their concentration in reference samples. Heavy metals in the soil taken from the three sites (Outfall, Lower mall and Mall road) may not only be coming from vehicle exhaust. All the heavy metals are within prescribed limits expect iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Iron and manganese in soil and vegetative samples are particularly high followed by lead and zinc. Among minerals calcium is high in the control soil sample, potassium is lower in control soil sample and sodium is negligible detected in soil sample. High level of potassium is detected in the vegetation sample of mall road, moderate levels of calcium and sodium are present in all vegetative samples

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