1.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Processed Hatchery Waste Meal And Its Utilization In Layer Diet
by Athar Mahmud | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Due to ever increasing human population, more area is being used for cash crop and there is shortage of traditional feed items such as maize, wheat and soybean meal for poultry. This situation has necessitated using non-conventional feedstuffs as replacement for the conventional ones. Hatchery waste, when processed appropriately, has the potential to increase the viable economic profitability of the poultry production. To determine the feeding value of processed HWM, present study was conducted in four phases. In experiment I, the HWM prepared by using different processing techniques i.e., simple cooking, autoclaving and extrusion cooking was chemically and microbiologically analyzed. Proximate composition showed that the protein contents of the cooked, autoclaved and extruded HW meals were 43.67, 44.10, and 41.64%, while ash contents of meal prepared by above mentioned techniques were 25.81, 26.94 and 27.90, respectively. The high ash contents were due to presence of shell moiety. Microbial analysis of the raw HW depicted high total viable count (TVC) i.e. 8.3x107 and total coliform count (TCC) as l.9x105. Different processing techniques reduced the microbial count of HW up to a safe level. Autoclaving reduced both the TVC (4.7x103) and TCC (3.0x102) level while extrusion reduced the TVC and TCC to a level of 3.7x103 and 2.9x102, which were significantly less (P<0.05) as compared to other processing treatments.
In experiment II, protein quality of cooked, autoclaved and extruded HWM was measured in terms of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU). For this purpose, ten days feeding trial was conducted and five poultry rations were formulated for broiler chicks. Twenty five straight run 14-days old broiler (Hubbard) chicks were divided randomly into five groups in such a way that there were five chicks in each group. Each group was divided randomly into five experimental units in such a way that each chick represented as single replicate. The weight gain in group consuming reference diet with casein as sole source of protein showed significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain (86.5 g) as compared to the other experimental groups. The PER values of cooked (1.46), autoclaved (1.50) and extruded HWM (1.38) were significantly less (P<0.05) than that of casein diet (1.63). The statistical analysis of data revealed that PER values of all protein sources tested, differed significantly (P<0 .05) among all groups. The minimum (1.38) PER value was observed in group fed on extruded HWM.
The NPU values of cooked (45.71), autoclaved (45.22) and extruded HWM (40.63) were also significantly less (P<0.05) than that of casein based diet (74.22). It was also observed that groups fed autoclaved and cooked HWM showed significant (P<0.05) difference with that of extruded HWM. However, there was non- significant (P>0.05) difference between autoclaved and cooked HWM with regard to NPU. The less NPU value in extruded meal was attributed to low protein contents in this meal. But overall values of PER and NPU revealed that processing of HWM can generate nutrient rich, palatable ingredients that can replace the traditional ingredients for better broiler performance.
The processed meals are rich in fat contents (18-21%) due to presence of yolk which tends to spoil the quality of NW by creating rancidity. This problem can be counter acted by addition of an appropriate antioxidant. In experiment III, cooked, autoclaved and extruded meals were stored with three different level of antioxidant. This was done to determine the optimum level of antioxidant for proper storage of meals. For this purpose, four different levels of antioxidant (Oxygun) at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg were added to the ground HWM prepared from the above mentioned processing techniques and stored for 50 days. After every 10 days, the representative samples were analyzed for peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) and free fatty acids (FFA) contents. Variable values of oxidation were observed when the values of PV, FFA and TBA of HW treated with different processing techniques were compared at different storage periods. There was a linear increase in PV, FFA and TBA values of all the treatments. Comparison within the raw hatchery waste (RHW), cooked hatchery waste (CHW), autoclaved hatchery waste (AHW) and extruded hatchery waste (EHW) with different levels of antioxidant for PV generally showed significant differences (P<0.05) within the treatments. The PV decreased with higher level of antioxidant. This trend was observed during 50 days storage. The lowest PV was found in extruded HW with 300 mg/kg of antioxidant at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days storage compared to their correspondent treatments, while highest PV was at cooked HW with 100 mg/kg of antioxidant with the same storage periods.
When different levels of antioxidant in extrusion techniques were analyzed, it revealed that extruded HW with 300 mg/kg of antioxidant was significantly (P<0.05) lower in PV as compared to extruded HW with 100 mg/kg of antioxidant. It was noted that when antioxidant level was increased in all treatments it subsequently checked the PV i.e. higher the level of antioxidant, lower was the PV. When FFA % and TBA value was analyzed it showed the same pattern as in PV.
In general, all the processing techniques as well as antioxidant addition checked the fat rancidity throughout the storage period as compared to raw samples without antioxidant addition, however synergistic effect of extrusion cooking and 300 mg/Kg of antioxidant addition was found to be most appropriate to keep the samples highly acceptable for 50 days storage period.
HW was subjected to different processing techniques and analyzed and in fourth experiment, optimum inclusion level of each type of processed HWM was determined in layer's diet. For this purpose, three hundred white leghorn hens were randomly distributed to 10 experimental diets containing 4, 8 and 12 % of cooked, autoclaved and extruded HWM respectively. Results showed that maximum egg production (79.56%) was achieved with 4 % HWM processed by autoclaving. Processing of 11W with extrusion significantly (P<0.05) reduced egg production and more pronounced decrease was found with 12 % of extruded HWM (69.48%). Egg mass and feed conversion followed the same trend, observed for egg production. Average egg weight due to different treatments fell within very narrow range and showed no difference (P>0.05) among them. Yolk, albumen and shell weights as a percentage of egg weight were not significantly affected with the use of different levels and processing of HWM. Maximum value of albumen height as well as Haugh units were obtained with the feeding of 4% autoclaved HWM. Other egg quality parameters like shell thickness, yolk index and color were independent of the dietary treatments. The findings of this study suggest that autoclaving of hatchery waste is better than extrusion and cooking techniques and 4 % of autoclaved HWM may be included in layers ration to get more production than diets without NW. Nevertheless, layer diets up to 8% HWM could be used to feed the laying hens to maintain reasonably good production without detrimental effects on egg quality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1093,T] (1).
2.
Nutritional Evaluation Processing Ang Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Livestock Feed
by Azmat hayat Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Saima | Mr.Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 5 0-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensiled with wheat straw, with and without addition of 5% molasses for a period of 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 43% with water and by addition of 5% molasses. The pH of silages of rumen contents and wheat straw, with and without molasses were 4.8 and 4.92, respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a little increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 15 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having total mixed ration (TMR) (Ti), TMR with 43% DM in wheat straw (T2), 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw and rumen contents (T3), TMR with 5% molasses in wheat straw (T4), and 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw with rumen contents and molasses (T5). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents, DM intake, DM and nutrient digestibility as well as N retention were significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage without molasses treatment. However, the digestible energy (D.E) was significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage treated with molasses. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake, DM, CP, CF, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility, D.E and N retention but not for T5 and T3, T4 and T2 and T2 and Ti in case of DM intake and EE, NDF and ADF in case of digestibility. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on digestibility and health of buffalo calves.
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3.
To Study Of Commercially Available Probiotics And Prebiotics On The Performance And Nutrient Availablity In Japanese Quail
by Agha Shehzad Shaukst | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Poultry feed accounts for 60 to 70% of total cost of production. To increase the efficiency of feed, different types of growth promoter likes enzymes and antibiotics have been used. But long term use of these antibiotics has side effects like antibiotic resistance and drug residues in meat. Many countries are regulating the use of antibiotics in feed and setting up programs to reduce the overall use of antibiotics. The impending ban on antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics make a compelling cause for developing alternative prophylactics. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is recommended as an alternative to antibiotics as prophylactic, therapeutic and growth-promoting agents in poultry production.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 420 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments each having 3 replicates of 20 birds. Seven diets were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but different in Probiotics and Prebiotics levels. Diet A was ,in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diets B, C and D contained probiotics 50mg, 75mg and 100mg respectively. Diets E, F and G contained Prebiotics ig, 2g and 3g respectively. Feed consumption, body weight gain, FCR, dressing percentage, giblet weight, plasma calcium magnesium and phosphorus, zinc retention, plasma cholesterol, economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. Data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, were significantly (p<O.O5) higher in probiotic and prebiotic added groups. Whereas plasma calcium was significantly (p<O.O5) higher in brebiotics added groups than control and prohiotics added groups. Plasma cholesterol was significantly lower in probiotic added groups. Plasma magnesium, phosphorus, zinc concentration, giblet weight and dressing percentage showed nonsignificant (p>O.O5) difference among all the groups.
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group B and C. While the group D and prebiotic added groups did not decreased the feed cost.
Conclusion:
o Use of probiotics & prebiotics increased the weight gain but the effect of prohiolics was more pronounced
o Prebiotics increased the Ca absorption
o Probiotics decreased the plasma cholesterol
o Use of probiotics proved to be economical although prebiotics also improved the weight gain and FCR but it is not economical to use it as growth promoter
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that inclusion of prehiotics have no considerable benefits but the use of probiotics at low concentration is useful. This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
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4.
Effect Of Form Of Feed And Dietary Supplementation Of Phytase And Vitamin D3 On Phytase Utilization In Broilers
by Muhammad Farooq | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Farina Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: AThe purpose of this research trial was to study the effect of form of feed and dietary supplementation of phytase and vitamin 1)3 on phytate utihzation. growth performance, minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and nitrogen retention in broilers. I he findings of this study on the above mentioned parameters have been discussed as under in the light of the available literature.
One hundred and eighty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from local market. The
chicks were weighed on the first day and then randomly divided into 6 groups of 18 replicates. [here were ten chicks in each replicate. Six isocaloric (M[ 2750 Real/kg) and isonitroginous
(CP% 19) broiler starter rations (A, B, C, 1), E and F) were formulated. Similarly six isocaloric (ME 2850 kcal/kg) and isonitroginous (CP% 18) broiler finisher rations (A, B, C, D, E and F)
were formulated. Ration A and ration B was control but ration A was in mash form and ration B in the Form of pellets. Rations C and I) were Formulated in mash form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 LV!) 500 FlU/Kg along with 1, 25(OH) 2 1)3 a' 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg
respectively. Rations E and F were formulated in pellets form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 TPT) @ 500 FTU/Kg along with 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg of 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 respectively. Starter diets were fed I to day 28 and finisher diets were led from day 29 th to 42 Ui day. All the birds were provided ICed and water ud-/ibiluin and were provided with 24 hours light. The parameters defined for study were feed intake, weight, FCR, dressing percentage, toe ash percentage, calcium and phosphorus in toe ash and excreta, nitrogen retention and economics. The data was subjected to statistical analysis and differences among treatment means were analyzed through l)MRl lest.
The results indicated average feed intake that highest feed intake was found in group F (D3 3000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg) and E (1)3 2000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg,) which were in pellet form respectively. The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake of the birds fed diets in pellet and mash form containing varying levels of D3 and phytase level. The lowest feed intake was found in group A (control, 0 phytase and 0 D3 level) which was in mash form. The maximum average weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing phytase 500 units/kg and vitamin D3 containing 2000 and 3000 units/kg in group F and F in pellet form respectively, while minimum weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing no phytase and vitamin D3 ( group A in mash form). The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in weight gain of the birds fed diets containing varying levels of phosphorus. 1)3 and phytase (a) 500 units with pellet and mash form. Ihe poor FCR was found in group F and best ICR was observed in group E. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference (P<0.05) in feed conversion ratio of the birds of all the groups. The highest dressing percentage was observed in group F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in pellet form followed by group 13 (control. pellet) and F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin 1)3, 2000 units/kg). The lowest dressing percentage was observed group A (control, mash).A significant difference was found between dressing percentage of all the groups (P<0.05).
Statistical analysis showed non-significant difference between all the groups (P<0.05). Highest toe ash percentage was observed in group D (phytase So0units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in mash form) followed by group A. C and F. The lowest toe ash percentage was found in group F. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference among all the groups (P<0.05). The highest phosphorus in toe bone was in group D followed by F and F and lowest phosphorus was found in group A. The results showed that non-significant difference was found between all groups (P<O.05). The highest calcium in toe bone was in group A and F and lowest calcium was in group D.
There was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). Calcium excretion in group B was lowest while calcium excretion in group A was highest. The statistical analysis showed that there was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). The lowest phosphorus excretion was found in group F and highest phosphorus excreted in group B and E. The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group F. There was significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). A significant difference was found in all the groups at 6th week (P<O.05). The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group E and F. Net profit was highest in F and F followed by B and D.
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5.
Bioavailability Of Macro Minerals (Ca,P,Na,K)In Different Feed Stuffs Commonly Used In Broilers Ration
by Arslan Farooq | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Farina Malik | Dr.Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Many reports have illustrated the limitations of feed stuffs in meeting the mineral needs of poultry and other monogastric species. Many feed millers base their estimates of requirements on the NRC. However, the commercial feed industry has adjusted these levels based on their own 'gut feel' rather than on any scientific basis. So, when poultry feed is formulated on this basis, it may not fulfill the bird's nutritional requirement due to their tabulated values instead of actual, resulting in some nutritional disorder and many other related problems.
Therefore it becomes more imperative that we must have nutrient profile of our local feed stuff. The present study has been designed to ascertain mineral profile of the poultry feedstuffs (cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30%) locally available to the industry and prepare a document on the basis of data analyzed which will be used as a ready reference through out the country. Evaluation of the minerals (Ca, Na, K, P) bioavailability of these ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed in broiler was also be determined. For this purpose poultry feed ingredients and commercial broiler starter feed were procured from a commercial feed mill. For bioavailability of minerals a total of 200 day old Hubbard broiler chicks were used and allocated to five (5) dietary treatments (A, B, C, D and E) in such a way that each treatment was replicated 4 times with 10 chicks in each replicate. Diet A was of corn- soybean meal. Diet B, C, D and E was contain cotton seed meal, wheat bran, corn gluten meal 60% and corn gluten meal 30 %, respectively. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance Technique. The difference among the treatment means was tested through Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The maximum Ca bioavailability was observed in group B (61.56±5.51%) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (46.30 ±4.29) containing cotton seed meal, E (41.61±8.05) containing corn gluten meal 60%, A (37.60±5.0) containing control(corn- soybean meal), D (35.12±9.20) which was wheat bran and F (22.3 1±8.04) containing corn gluten meal30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Ca in group A between the groups B and F, respectively.
The maximum P bioavailability was observed in group A (58.48± 3.59) which was control feed, followed by group D (52.32±3.09) containing wheat bran, B (49.06±5.81) containing control feed, E (45.94±7.12) containing corn gluten meal 60%, C (40.45±4.55) which was cotton seed meal and F (38.68±8.3 1) containing corn gluten meal 30%. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of phosphorus in group A among the group B C, E and F, respectively.
The maximum Na bioavailability was observed in group B (77.50± 5.86) which was commercial feed, followed by group C (75.03±3.28) containing cotton seed meal, F (73.62±4.75) containing corn gluten meal 30% feed, D (73.10±4.5 1) containing wheat bran, A (65.05±7.16) which was control diet and E (58.40±7.34) containing corn gluten meal 60% respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of Na in group A among the groups B, C, D, E and F respectively.
The maximum K bioavailability was observed in group A (94.17± 0.85) which was control feed, followed by group B (93.98±0.51) containing commercial feed, E (93.05±1.05) containing corn gluten meal 60% feed, D (91.62±0.84) containing wheat bran, F (90.69±0.69) which was corn gluten meal 60% feed and C (90.26±1.07) containing cotton seed meal respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in bioavailability of K in group A among the groups C, D, E and F, respectively.
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6.
Effect Of Different Forms Of Alfalfa On The Performance Of Lohi Lambs
by Hifz-ul-Rahman | dr.Jalees ahmad Bhatti | Dr.Saima | Mr.Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Animal feed resources are still deficient in total digestible nutrients (28.62 million tons) and digestible protein (1.76 million tons), which is not sufficient to meet the feeding requirement of livestock in the country. Fodder crops cover 16 to 19% of the total cropped area in the country. Shortage of fodder is a major limiting factor for livestock growth. To meet the requirement of animal, there is need to properly conserve the flush season growth of Rabi fodder like Berseem and alfalfa in their different physical forms. Pelleting of hay and other feeds for ruminants is developing rapidly as a new method of preparation for livestock feed. Pelleted feeds, particularly roughages can be self-fed more efficiently and can be handled with less cost than unpelleted feed, because they are heavier per cubic foot and because they can be handled in bulk with machinery more easily than unpelleted feeds The feeding management experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of lohi lambs raised on different levels of alfalfa hay and alfalfa pellets at Small Ruminant Training and Research Center (B Block) UVAS Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Eighteen male Lohi lambs having approximately same body weight (20 ± 3 kg) were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C of six lambs each. Lambs were fed on different physical forms of alfalfa on individual basis for 12 weeks. Group A having alfalfa pellets 100 %, group B alfalfa pellets and hay, 50:50 and group C were fed 100 % alfalfa hay. The data on Daily feed intake, weekly weight gain, feed analysis, feed digestibility, feed efficiency and comparative economics were recorded, analyzed and interpreted in the manuscript.
The mean daily feed intake on treatment A, B and C were 1170± 31.18, 851.69± 259 and 699.39± 23.74 g, respectively.. Daily feed intak showed increasing trend as the proportion of alfalfa pellet was increased in the diets. Feed intake difference was highly significant (P< 0.01) between treatments A, B and C, respectively. The mean weight gain of lambs on weekly bases was 0.8385±.00117, 0.6847±.00398 and 0.6272±0.0014 kg in treatment A, B and C, respectively. The lambs showed an increasing trend in weekly weight gain with the increase in the proportion of alfalfa pellet in the diets. The weight gain data also showed a highly significant (P< 0.01) difference between treatments and weeks.
The feed efficiency of the diets in different treatments was calculated considering the amount of feed consumed per unit of weight gain.. Mean feed consumption per kg of weight gain was of 0.0945±0.00012, 0.1060±0.00069 and 0.1196±0.0003 kg for labs on treatment A, B, and C, respectively. The diet C having 100 % alfalfa hay was found highly efficient and diet A having 100 alfalfa pellet was least efficient to convert it into one kg gain.
The comparative economics calculation of feeding experiment showed that highest daily gross margin of Rs. 9.01 was recorded in lambs under treatment C followed by treatment B (Rs. 6.086) and lowest (Rs. 0.94) on treatment A. The calves showed an increasing trend in daily gross margin as the proportion of alfalfa hay was increased in the diets and decreased with the increase in the level alfalfa pellets in the diets
CONCLUSION:
On the basis of findings it is concluded that to increase palatability, more feed consumption, achieve better gain, minimize feed wastage and most economical feeding proportion is 100 % alfalfa pellets. It is suggested that this proportion is desirable to achieve higher growth rate.
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7.
Effect Of Different Stabilizers On Physio-Chemical And Microbiological Properties And Storage Stability Of Whey Drink
by Israr Hussain | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Abdullah | Dr.Saima | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ayaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The main objective of this research work was to develop mango flavored drink from cheddar cheese whey by using stabilizers at different concentrations and to investigate the effect of stabilizers on the stability of mango flavored whey drink by using different concentrations of stabilizers and effect of stabilizer on mango flavored whey drink quality. Carageenan and guar gum was incorporated in whey drink at five different levels i.e. T1 (100% Carrageenan), T2 (75% Carrageenan and 25% guar gum), T3 (50% Carrageenan and 50% guar gum), T4 (25% Carrageenan and 75% guar gum) and T5 (100% guar gum). All these treatments were compared with a control which did not contain any addition of stabilizer. Whey was pasteurized, then the ingredients were mixed and stored at 4°C in the refrigerator for 28 days. Mango flavored whey drink was analyzed for chemical parameters like pH, acidity, fat, protein, lactose, ash, total solids, total plate count and sensory evaluation at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage period.
The pH of mango flavored whey drink decreased after 28 days of storage. It decreased from (5.22) to (5.10) during 28 days of storage period. The acidity of the mango flavored whey drink increased during the 28 days of storage. It increased from (0.24%) to (0.31%) during the storage period. The highest acidity was noted in T4 (0.29 %), followed by T1 (0.28%) while the lowest acidity was found in T0, T2. T3 and T5 (0.27%). The means values of fat content of mango flavored whey drink differed momentously and T4 contained the highest value (0.31%) followed by (0.30%) in To and 0.29% in T1, T2 and T5 and T3 (0.28%), respectively. The protein content was not influenced by the addition of stabilizers in mango flavored whey drink during the storage period of 28 days. Lactose content ranged from (4.49%) to (4.62%) from beginning to end of the study. Decreasing trend was observed throughout the storage period. The addition of stabilizers in different treatments of mango flavored whey drink along with control tended to decrease the total solids. The highest total solids were recorded in T3 (12.85%) followed by T1, T2, T4 and T5 (12.84%) whereas the lowest total solids were found in case of T0 (12.58%). No significant changes were recorded in ash contents of mango flavored whey drink after 28 days of storage. It ranged from (0.59%) to (062%) from initiation to end of the study. The total plate count of the mango flavored whey drink increased during the 28 days of storage. The highest TPC value was noted in T5 (2.87x105 cfu/mL), whereas the lowest TPC was found in T0 (2.75 x105 cfu/mL). Mango flavored whey drink samples were found coliform negative and none of the samples showed positive results for coliform test.
Organoleptic evaluation of mango flavored whey drink showed that treatments had significant effect on all sensory parameters. Sweetness scores assigned to T3 was highest (8.4), while scores given To (7.0) was lowest from all other treatment scores. Storage and treatments has significant effect on sweetness of mango flavored whey drink. The scores for sourness of mango flavored whey drink prepared from different stabilizers combination showed that whey drink sample T3 obtained the highest score (7.3) followed by T2 and T4 that were assigned (6.8) and (6.6) scores, respectively. The lowest score (5.6) was allocated to T1. Storage resulted significant effect on sourness of mango flavored whey drink. Thickness slightly decreased throughout storage period of 28 days in all treatments. The mean scores for thickness in different treatments of mango flavored whey drink showed that maximum level of score was in T3 (8.1) and minimum in T1 and T5 (4.8). Storage and treatments resulted significant effect on thickness of mango flavored whey drink. Flavor of different treatments of mango flavored whey drink varied significantly among each other and the maximum score for flavor was in T3 (8.0) and minimum in To (5.4). Flavor slightly decreased throughout storage period of 28 days in all treatments. Statistical data for flavor of different treatments of mango flavored whey drink indicated that all treatments varied significantly among each other. Overall acceptability scores were affected significantly with different treatments of mango flavored whey drink and storage interval were also significant. Judges placed T3 (7.6) at the top which differed significantly with different treatments of mango flavored whey drink while the lowest mean overall acceptability scores were assigned to T5 (5.5). Storage also had significant effect on overall acceptability scores; decreased from 7.0 at the start of the study to 6.6, 6.2, 5.9 and 5.6 at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage interval, respectively.
The overall acceptability score of T3 (8.2 out of 9) was 91.22% as compared to control which is 64%. After 28 days of storage a slight decline was observed in overall acceptability scores in all mango flavored whey drink samples.
Hence it was concluded that mango flavored whey drink can be made by using carageenan and guar gum at 50:50% level with acceptable sensory quality.
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8.
Efficacy Of Commercially Available Natural Enzyme Complex On Performance And Nutrient Availability In Broiler Rations
by Asim Munawar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Saima | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Poultry feed is mainly composed of cereals and vegetable proteins, which cannot be fully digested and utilized by poultry due to lack of endogenous enzymes. As feed costs 70% of total poultry operation, so there is need reconsider enzyme supplementation in such feeds. For this purpose, a total of 800 day old Hubbard broiler chicks will be randomly selected, weighed, and assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. Feed was procured from a commercial feed mill, comprising of a control diet (2750 Kcal/kg energy with no Allzyme SSF), two negative control diets (Negative Control Diet-I and II having 2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having no Allzyme SSF) and two positive control diets (2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having Allzyme SSF @ 200gms/ton).
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group D, B, E and C, respectively, revealed that the weights of group B, C and E were significantly different from group A, whereas, the differences of group A and D were found non significant that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group B followed by group C, E, D and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) of group B and C with groups A, D, E, while the feed consumption of group B and C was found insignificantly different from each other. The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Next to this was group D, followed by group E, B and C. It is evident from the results that FCR of broilers in group D was very near to control group A, showing activity of enzyme complex in terms of performance.
The highest toe ash percentage (10.83%) was recorded in broilers of group D which was fed diet with 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium but added 200gm/ton enzyme complex, lowest toe ash percentage (9.98%) was recorded in group C which was fed with diet having 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium than control group A with no enzyme complex supplementation. The highest Ca content in plasma was observed in group A, whereas the lowest Ca plasma content was recorded in group B. Phosphorous content in plasma of group D was found to be highest among all the groups followed by E, A, B and C.
No bird had showed any kind of leg weakness/deformity. Critical analysis of the data indicated that birds of group D were reared at lowest feed cost and this diet was found most economical.
Cost of production of feed and per kg live weight can be decreased by use of enzyme complex in feed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1286,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nano-Particles On Histological Features Of Pancreas, Liver And Kidney In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Nihar Ali (2014-VA-538) | Dr.Hafsa Zaneb | Dr.Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder, is considered one of the top five causes of death globally, affecting as many as 150 million people worldwide. In diabetic subjects, use of zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnONPs) leads to reduction in blood glucose level and higher expression of insulin receptors. However, the structural changes introduced by them in pancreas, liver and kidney of diabetic rats are largely undocumented. The current study, therefore, was designed to report the modifications effectuated in the histomorphometry of the above- mentioned organs of diabetic rats through oral use of ZnONPs.
The study included 25 Wistar rats, housed in stainless steel cages in the animal shed. The rats were kept in environmentally controlled room with temperature of 24 ± 5 ºC, under a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle and provided free access to water and food. The rats were divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan in four groups, leaving one group as negative control. The treatment of ZnONPs was mixed in the feed of three diabetic groups at 15mg/kg, 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg respectively doses for 15 days. At the termination of the trial, pancreas, liver and kidney were dissected out, fixed and processed for histomorphometry. Diameter and density of pancreatic islets of Langerhans, number and diameter of alpha, beta cells, renal cortex width, glomerular diameter, proximal and distal convoluted tubules diameter, wall to lumen thickness ratio of proximal and distal convoluted tubules, Bowman’s capsule basement membrane thickness, central vein diameter of liver, width of hepatocyte cords and Kupffer cells count was studied.
The morphometric results showed that size of pancreatic islets of Langerhans, diameter and number of beta cells per islet was lower (p<0.05) in positive control group and ZnONPs treated groups G1, G2, and G3 than in negative control group. There was no significant difference of islet size, diameter and number of beta cells between G1, G2, G3 groups and positive control group. Histomorphometric evaluation of alpha cells showed that alpha cells count and diameter remained the same in all groups. Pancreatic islet density was similar among all groups.
Glomerular diameter in control positive group was similar (p>0.05) to control negative group. Glomerular diameter increased (p>0.05) in ZnONPs treated groups (G1, G2, G3) as compared to both control groups. The cortex width decreased (p<0.05) in positive control group as compared to negative control, increased (p>0.05) in ZnONPs treated groups (G1, G2, G3) as compared to both control groups. The cortex width decreased (p<0.05) in positive control group as compared to negative control group Following treatment with ZnONPs, thickness increased (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 groups compared to positive control group but was similar to that of negative control group. Proximal convoluted tubule diameter increased (p<0.05) in ZnONPs treated groups as compared to both control groups. The distal convoluted tubules diameter increased in G1, G2 and G3 groups as compared to control groups. Wall to lumen ratio of distal tubules showed no significant difference among groups. Bowman’s capsule basement membrane thickness significantly increased in the positive control group and G1, G2 and G3 groups as compared to negative control group.
Central vein diameter of liver increased (p<0.05) in positive control group as compared to negative control group, while it was found similar between G1, G2 and G3 groups and positive control group. The hepatocyte cords width increased in positive control group as compared to negative control group. In G1, G2, and G3 groups, the hepatocyte cords width was smaller (p<0.05) than in control positive group. The number of Kupffer cells significantly increased in positive control group as compared to negative control group. The Kupffer cell count was lower (p<0.05) in G1, G2 and G3 groups than the positive control group. Microscopy of liver sections, stained with PAS staining, showed minimum glycogen deposition in hepatocytes of positive control group and treated groups as compared to negative control group.
In conclusion, histomorphometric evaluation showed that ZnONPs did not improve tissue micro-architecture of pancreas and kidney, rather deterioration of the parenchyma was observed. However, use of ZnONPs ameliorated the liver histology to some extent.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2706-T] (1).
10.
Influence Of Chicory Root Powder And Zinc Sulfate On Growth Performance, Relative Visceral Weights, And Histomorphology Of Muscles And Bones In Broilers.
by Amber zafar(2015-VA-1054) | Dr.Saima ashraf | Dr. Saima ashraf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Several feed additives are under investigation for improving the health and performance of broilers in this post-antibiotic era. Phytogenic feed additives like, chicory root powder (CRP)and minerals e.g. ZnSO4 has been extensively studied for this purpose in poultry. Literature indicated their positive influence on performance, mineralization of bone and muscle morphology in broiler. However, little is known regarding their utility in combination particularly with respect to their effect on performance. Therefore, present study was designed to report the individual and combined effects of CRP and ZnSO4 on performance, relative weights of viscera, histomorphometry of bones and muscles in broilers.
150 d-old broilerwerekept in environmentally controlled experimental sheds in, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, UVAS, Lahore. Ethical committee approved the whole procedure and proper techniques and protocols were used to handle the birds. The birds were randomly divided into six groups with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Broilerswere raised according to standard management protocol for 35 days. Group-CONT (control) received corn-based basal diet (BD), Group-2C (BD+2%CRP), Group-4C (BD+4%CRP), Group-Zn60 (ZnSO4 60mg/kg of diet), Group-2C+Zn60 (2%CRP+ZnSO4 60g/kg), Group-4C+Zn60 (4%CRP+ZnSO4 60m/kg).
During the trial, feed intake and mortality of the birds was measured on daily basis whereas body weights were taken on weekly basis. Weekly feed conversion efficiency was calculatedby dividing the feed intake by body weight. Footpads of the birds were observed for any dermatitis or inflammation. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Skin and viscera of birds were removedmanually. The carcass and the relative weight of visceral organswere measured. The left and right tibia of each bird was detached as drumstick. Right tibial bone was boiled for ten minutes and then cooled down at room temperature. Afterwards flesh on the drumsticks was removed andbone were allowed to air dry at room temperature. Samples of breast (Pectoralis major) and thigh (Biceps femoris) were collected for determination of pH, WHC and histomorphometery. For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Hematoxylin& Eosin. Histomorphometrywas done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that at the end of the experimentgroup 4C+Zn60 had lesser (p<0.05) FI as compared to the other groups. All supplemented groups had increased (p<0.05) BW compared to that of CONT group. Moreover, a lower (p<0.05) FCR was observed in the 4C and 4C+Zn60 groups during 5th week. All the groups scored zero when observed for the footpad lesions and there was no difference in carcass weights of broilers in all the groups. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) weight of gizzard and thymus than that of the CONT group except group Zn60. Group 2C showed increased (p<0.05) weight of proventriculus compared to all of the groups. The relative weight of small intestine was increased in group 2C and 2C+Zn60. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) right tibial bone weight and length than that of the CONT group.Diaphyseal diameter, medullary canal diameter and thickness of bony wall were increased (p<0.05)in all supplemented groups except the Zn60 group. W/L index were higher (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups of CRP and ZnSO4 as compared to the CONT group. Cartilage thickness were also increased (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups as compared to the CONT group.The results revealed thatthe group 2Cand 4C showed increased (p<0.05) pH of breast and thigh muscles and increased(p<0.05) water-holding capacity and better meat quality as compared to the other groups. Histological analysis of pectoralis majormuscles revealed increased (p<0.05)muscle fascicle and fiber diameter and cross sectional area in all supplemented groups when compared to the CONT group.Results of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorismuscles showed increased(p<0.05) diameter as compared to the CONT group. There was no significant difference in cross section area of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorisof broilers.
Conclusion
Dietary supplementation of 2% and 4% CRP individually and in combination with 60mg ZnSO4 improved the performance, relative weight of gizzard, proventriculus, thymus and small intestine,meat quality and bone strength of the broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2779-T] (1).
11.
Influence Of Chicory Root Powder And Zinc Sulfate On Growth Performance, Relative Visceral Weights, And Histomorphology Of Muscles And Bones In Broilers.
by Amber zafar(2015-VA-1054) | Dr.Saima ashraf | Dr. Saima ashraf | Dr.Hafsa zaneb | Dr.Habib ur rehman.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Several feed additives are under investigation for improving the health and performance of broilers in this post-antibiotic era. Phytogenic feed additives like, chicory root powder (CRP)and minerals e.g. ZnSO4 has been extensively studied for this purpose in poultry. Literature indicated their positive influence on performance, mineralization of bone and muscle morphology in broiler. However, little is known regarding their utility in combination particularly with respect to their effect on performance. Therefore, present study was designed to report the individual and combined effects of CRP and ZnSO4 on performance, relative weights of viscera, histomorphometry of bones and muscles in broilers.
150 d-old broilerwerekept in environmentally controlled experimental sheds in, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, UVAS, Lahore. Ethical committee approved the whole procedure and proper techniques and protocols were used to handle the birds. The birds were randomly divided into six groups with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Broilerswere raised according to standard management protocol for 35 days. Group-CONT (control) received corn-based basal diet (BD), Group-2C (BD+2%CRP), Group-4C (BD+4%CRP), Group-Zn60 (ZnSO4 60mg/kg of diet), Group-2C+Zn60 (2%CRP+ZnSO4 60g/kg), Group-4C+Zn60 (4%CRP+ZnSO4 60m/kg).
During the trial, feed intake and mortality of the birds was measured on daily basis whereas body weights were taken on weekly basis. Weekly feed conversion efficiency was calculatedby dividing the feed intake by body weight. Footpads of the birds were observed for any dermatitis or inflammation. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Skin and viscera of birds were removedmanually. The carcass and the relative weight of visceral organswere measured. The left and right tibia of each bird was detached as drumstick. Right tibial bone was boiled for ten minutes and then cooled down at room temperature. Afterwards flesh on the drumsticks was removed andbone were allowed to air dry at room temperature. Samples of breast (Pectoralis major) and thigh (Biceps femoris) were collected for determination of pH, WHC and histomorphometery. For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Hematoxylin& Eosin. Histomorphometrywas done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that at the end of the experimentgroup 4C+Zn60 had lesser (p<0.05) FI as compared to the other groups. All supplemented groups had increased (p<0.05) BW compared to that of CONT group. Moreover, a lower (p<0.05) FCR was observed in the 4C and 4C+Zn60 groups during 5th week. All the groups scored zero when observed for the footpad lesions and there was no difference in carcass weights of broilers in all the groups. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) weight of gizzard and thymus than that of the CONT group except group Zn60. Group 2C showed increased (p<0.05) weight of proventriculus compared to all of the groups. The relative weight of small intestine was increased in group 2C and 2C+Zn60. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) right tibial bone weight and length than that of the CONT group.Diaphyseal diameter, medullary canal diameter and thickness of bony wall were increased (p<0.05)in all supplemented groups except the Zn60 group. W/L index were higher (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups of CRP and ZnSO4 as compared to the CONT group. Cartilage thickness were also increased (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups as compared to the CONT group.The results revealed thatthe group 2Cand 4C showed increased (p<0.05) pH of breast and thigh muscles and increased(p<0.05) water-holding capacity and better meat quality as compared to the other groups. Histological analysis of pectoralis majormuscles revealed increased (p<0.05)muscle fascicle and fiber diameter and cross sectional area in all supplemented groups when compared to the CONT group.Results of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorismuscles showed increased(p<0.05) diameter as compared to the CONT group. There was no significant difference in cross section area of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorisof broilers.
Conclusion
Dietary supplementation of 2% and 4% CRP individually and in combination with 60mg ZnSO4 improved the performance, relative weight of gizzard, proventriculus, thymus and small intestine,meat quality and bone strength of the broilers.
Availability: No items available
