1.
Eeffect Of Cryopreservation And Equilibration Time On Characterstics Of Buck Semen
by Rashad Nasrullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The objectives of present study were a) to determine the effect of stages of cryopreservation on motility, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome and sperm morphology of buck spermatozoa (exp. 1) and b) to find out the effect of different equilibration periods on post thaw semen characteristics (exp. 2). In the first experiment semen ejaculates from three Beetal bucks were collected (n= 15) and diluted in Tris-citric acid extender, cooled to 4ºC in 90 min., equilibrated at 4ºC for 2 hr, filled in straws and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Semen assays (motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome and sperm morphology) were examined at different stages of cryopreservation i.e., (after extension (AE), at cooling (AC), before freezing (BF) and after freezing (AF). In experiment two, semen samples (n=4) were cryopreserved with different equilibration periods (0 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr). Frozen semen was thawed at 37ºC for 30 s. In exp. 1 mean percent motility of after extension (86±1.4) was reduced (P<0.05) at cooling (77.6±1.3) or before freezing (74.6±1.45) but dropped significantly (P<0.05) after freezing and thawing (42.3±2.47). Mean percentage of swollen spermatozoa after extension (82.2±1.14) was reduced (P<0.05) at cooling (75±1.71) or before freezing (72.6±1.96), however, it decreased greatly (P<0.05) after freezing and thawing (50.1±2.97). The mean percentage of normal acrosome of fresh semen sample (87.7±1.3) was reduced (P<0.05) significantly before freezing (81.7±1.8). It did not differ from mean percentage at extension (85.8±1.7) and at cooling (83.2±1.58) but it declined (P<0.05) significantly after freezing and thawing (45.2±2.8). Mean percentage of live spermatozoa of fresh semen samples (92.6±0.68) and after extension (89.3±1.4) did not differ but it reduced (P<0.05) at cooling (84.8±1.78) and before freezing (80.2±2.51). Mean percentage of live spermatozoa declined (P<0.05) significantly after freezing and thawing (56±3.46). Mean percent morphology of after extension (96.4±0.27) was reduced (P<0.05) at cooling (88.8±1.28) or before freezing (87.6±2.14) dropped (P<0.05) after freezing and thawing (81±1.89). In experiment two mean percentage motility at 2 hr of equilibration time (57.5±6.3) significantly (P<0.05) improved compared to 0 hr (10.75±1.5). However, this motility did not differ (P<0.05) significantly due to 4 hr (53.75±4.7) and 8 hr (45±3.53) equilibration. Mean percentage of swollen spermatozoa at 2 hr (55.75±6.24) significantly (P<0.05) improved compared to 0 hr (28±8.9). However, this percentage of swollen spermatozoa did not differ (P<0.05) significantly due to 4 hr (53.25±4.42) and 8 hr (54.25±7.33) equilibration. Mean percentage of normal acrosome at 2 hr (62.75±2.9) significantly (P<0.05) improved compared to 0 hr (33.5±7.4). However, normal percentage of acrosome did not differ (P<0.05) significantly due to 4 hr (52.25±6) and 8 hr (56±6.5) equilibration. Mean percentage of live spermatozoa at 2 hr (53±6) significantly (P<0.05) improved compared to 0 hr (26.25±9.43). However, Mean percentage of live spermatozoa did not differ (P<0.05) significantly due to 4 hr (55.25±5.02) and 8 hr (50.5±3.92) equilibration. Mean percentage of live spermatozoa at 2 hr (53±6) significantly (P<0.05) improved compared to 0 hr (26.25±9.43). However, this percentage of live spermatozoa did not differ (P<0.05) significantly due to 4 hr (55.25±5.02) and 8 hr (50.5±3.92) equilibration. Mean percentage of morphology at 0 hr
(80.5±4.29), 2hr (84±2 ), 4h ( 82.5±7.1) and 8 hr( 69±4.6) did not differ significantly. In conclusion, maximum changes to motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and morphology occur during freezing and thawing. Furthermore, equilibration period from 2hr to 8hr seem to be optimal for cryopreservation of goat semen.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1259,T] (1).
2.
Feeding Behavior And Performance Of Sheep And Goats Under Various Feeding Management Systems
by Nasrullah | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullan | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Sheep and goats have been bestowed with the capacity of surviving under a variety of environmental conditions including the coastal region, plains and high mountains. The profitable small ruminants farming depend upon feeding and management systems because the feed cost is 70% in any livestock farming. In Pakistan, mostly people grazed ruminants on summer and winter fodders for maintenance and production requirements. Commercial livestock production demands a change in feeding with a trend for more efficient utilization of scarce feed resources. The proposed study was planned in to three experiments under a factorial arrangement to evaluate the growth performance of sheep and goats. In experiment one a study was first conducted to compare the voluntary intake and digestibility of janter (coriandrum sativum), guar (cyamopsis tetragonolba), cowpea (Vigna sinesis) in sheep and goats. For this purpose, 90 female animals (sheep n=45 and goats n = 45) were selected randomly and divided equally in, 6 groups representing each species under 2×3 factorial arrangements, Groups A,B ,C represented goats while group D,E,F represented sheep. Results showed that goats spent more time on eating than sheep while ruminating time was higher in sheep than goats. Drinking time was not different (P>0.05) among the species. Goats spent more time on playing and resting than sheep fed guar, cowpeas and jantar. Dry mater CP, NDF, ADF and GE intake was higher in sheep than goats fed guar, cowpeas and jantar. DMD and CP were higher in sheep than goats fed guar. NDF and ADF digestibility was similar in both species. Average daily weight gain, feed efficiency and cost of gain were similar in both the species. It is concluded that the jantar fodder in summer is most suitable fodder for sheep and goats compare to guar and Cowpea. In the second trial of the first phase study comparison of voluntary intake and digestibility maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and millet (Pennisetum americanum) in sheep and goats were compared. Statistical analyses showed that eating time was higher (P?0.05) in goats than sheep fed maize, millet and sorghum while, sheep spent more time on ruminating, drinking and standing than goats. Goats showed higher playing, resting and other activities than sheep fed maize, millet and sorghum. Dry matter CP, NDF and ADF intake was similar (P>0.05) in both the species fed maize, millet and sorghum. Dry matter digestibility was similar in sheep and goats fed maize, millet and sorghum. NDF digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in goat and sheep fed sorghum while this was different (P?0.05) when maize and millet were fed. ADF digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in goat and sheep. Average daily weight gain feed efficiency and cost of gain was not significant (P>0.05) among both the species fed maize, millet and sorghum. Results of the study showed that the non leguminous fodders during summer are equally preferred by both species. In second the phase voluntary feed intake and digestibility of berseem, (Trifolium alexandrium) lucerne, (Medicago Sativa), oats, (Avena Sativa) in female sheep and goats was studied. For this purpose, female animals (n=90) of sheep (n=45) and goats (n=45) were randomly selected and divided equally in six in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Results showed that eating time was higher (P<0.05) in goats than sheep, while ruminating time was more in sheep than goats fed berseem lucerne and oats, whereas time spent on drinking was similar in both goats and sheep. Goats utilized less time in standing, higher (P<0.05) time in playing, resting and other activities than sheep fed maize, millet and sorghum. Crude protein intake was higher (P<0.05) in goats than sheep fed berseem and lucerne. DM intake was higher (P<0.05) in goats than in sheep fed berseem, while it was similar when fed lucerne and oats fodder. NDF, ADF and GE (M cal/d) intakes were higher (P<0.05) in goats than sheep fed berseem and lucerne fodder however it was similar in both the species fed on oats fodder. DM digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in sheep and goats fed berseem, lucerne and oats. CP digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in goats than in sheep fed berseem. When fed Lucerne and oats there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between goats and sheep.. NDF digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in goats than in sheep fed berseem. Average daily gain, feed efficiency and cost of gain/kg was non-significant (P>0.05) between goats and sheep fed berseem, lucern and oats. Results demonstrated that during winter the most suitable fodder for sheep and goats is lucerne fodder. In the second experiment the study was conducted to compare the performance of sheep and goats under various feeding management systems in which ninety female animals were selected and divided into six equal groups with three groups of each species (sheep n=45, goats n=45) under a 2×3 factorial arrangement. These were in extensive, semi-intensive and intensive feeding management systems. Dry matter intake was higher (P?0.05) (P<0.05) in sheep than goats kept under extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. Crude protein intake was significantly higher (P<0.05) in sheep than goats fed intensively. NDF and ADF intake was higher (P?0.05) (P<0.05) in sheep than in goats. Average daily weight gain was higher in sheep than goats on the extensive system followed by the semi-intensive system. Feed efficiency was similar in goats and sheep while the cost of gain per kg was more economical in sheep than goats. Results of study revealed that both species performed better on extensive feeding system than the other systems might be of natural grazing behavior. The third experiment of study was conducted to compare the performance of sheep and goats under the intensive management system. Sixty female animals (lambs n= 30 and kids n=30) were used. The animals were divided equally in four groups A and B representing lambs while C, D was for kids. Both species were allotted two treatments i.e. fodder ad libitum with concentrate supplement (240 grams/animal/day) and total mixed ration ad libitum under a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Results showed that DM, CP, NDF and ADF intakes were higher (P?0.05) in lambs than kids. Average daily weight gain was higher (P?0.05) in lambs than kids fed total mixed ration. Feed efficiency was higher (P?0.05) in kids than in lambs fed fodder plus supplement. Dry matter and CP digestibility was higher (P?0.05) in kids than lambs fed a total mixed ration. NDF digestibility was maximum (P?0.05) in lambs than kids fed the TMR, it was also higher in kids than in lambs when fed fodder plus the concentrate supplement. ADF digestibility was maximum (P?0.05) in lambs than in kids fed the total mixed ration. The performance of lambs was better on TMR while kids showed good results on fodder plus the concentrate supplementation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1503,T] (1).
3.
Sero-Epidemiology Of Johne’s Disease Along With Its Effect On Serum Biochemical Profile In Cattle In District D.I. Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Nasrullah (2009-VA-90) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Johne’s disease (JD) or Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp.
Paratuberculosis (MAP) is characterized by an incubation period of several years. It is a chronic
non-treatable disease of animals causing enteritis which ultimately leads to economic losses to
dairy and meat industries worldwide. To estimate sero-epidemiology of the JD through ELISA is
inexpensive, efficient, single step and sensitive for the detection of antibodies in cattle and
buffaloes. So, keeping in view the economic and public health significance of the disease, the
present study was designed with the objective to estimate the sero prevalence of JD using
indirect ELISA and to quantify the effect of JD on the level of serum proteins in cattle of D. I.
Khan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Johne’s disease is prevalent in cattle of D I Khan
that affects serum proteins level in dairy animals.
For the study animals were well restrained and about 5 ml blood was collected in Non-
EDTA coated vacutainer from the jugular vein of each animal using 5 ml disposable syringe,
after collection and proper labeling samples were transferred in Ice packed cooler to
Microbiology laboratory, Govt. College of Veterinary Sciences D.I Khan. Serum was collected
at the top of the vacutainer with the help of disposable pipette and was stored in eppendorf tubes
in deep freezer until transported to University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for
further analysis. Data was captured on questionnaires about the clinical signs and symptoms,
management practices and possible risk factors associated with Johne’s disease, was obtained
from the owners.
Summary
40
The collected serum samples were analyzed by Indirect ELISA using commercial ELISA
kit (Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis Antibody Test Kit, IDEXX, USA) according to
manufacturer instructions.
The ELISA positive samples were processed further for the estimation of serum protein analysis
using Biuret method (Doumas et al. 1981;Spencer and Price. 1977).The serum albumin was
determined by Photometric colorimetric test (Bromocresole green (BCG) method (Spencer and
Price. 1977).The globulin will be estimated by subtracting serum albumin from serum total
proteins (Javed et al. 2010).
Data regarding sero-prevalence by indirect ELISA were analyzed through Pearson's Chisquare
Test, while data regarding the effect on serum protein was analyzed by simple t-test using
statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. P < .05 was considered significant.
The present study demonstrated (12.7%) prevalence of MAP in cattle population of D.I
Khan. There were no significant effect of MAP on serum biochemical profile. The results of all
variables studied as under breed, gender, age, vaccinated status and management system. The
most frequent level was observed in females 13.7% as compared to males 0% (0/4). Among
different age groups, higher sero-prevalence 33.3% were present at age group above 6 years
while sero-prevalence of 7.1% in 2-3 years and 0% were recorded in age group 4-6 years.
Statistically a significant different were present between these groups. Moreover, there was no
relationship of vaccination status with disease because the prevalence recorded 16.6% and
vaccinated cases positive were recorded 0% but there was no significance difference among two
groups of animals. Breed wise risk factor statistically significant because the MAP cases were
highly prevalent in non-descript cattle 25% as compared to crossbred 5.8% and Sahiwal 0%
cattle breed. BCS category I had highest prevalence 66.6% while in BCS category II prevalence
Summary
41
was 23.8% and in BCS category III the prevalence was 0% recorded. Statistically the BCS of the
disease animals was significantly associated. Highest prevalence 100% were recorded above 60
days of diarrhea duration while 0% were recorded less than 60 days of diarrhea duration.
Statistically the sero-prevalence of diarrhea duration was highly significant. Management wise
sero-prevalence of Johne’s disease on the type of housing was higher in open 19.2% as compared
to confined 6.8% showing non-significant difference statistically. Sanitation wise seroprevalence
were higher in poor 19.2% as compared to good sanitation 6.8% showing also nonsignificant
difference statistically. Sero-prevalence of disease was less in well water 0% as
compared to tap water 25% showing there were a significant difference between the seroprevalence
of Johne’s disease under different water conditions. The results of total protein
analysis was statistically non-significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2526-T] (1).
