201.
Bioavailability Of Amoxicilin Trihydrate In Broiler Chickens Administered Through Drinking Water
by Amir Bakhsh | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Biosciences.
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Bioavailability of two oral commercial formulations of amoxicillin trihydrate i.e. oracin-50 (Mediexcel, Pharmaceuticals (Pvt.) Limited Pakistan) and Bioxil-20 (Bioceutica, µµchickens. The birds were divided into two groups A and B and than six replicates of each group were made. The birds were reared upto 30 days. Group A was medicated by Oracin-50 and group B was medicated by Bioxil-20. The medication was continued for three consecutive days and blood samples were collected before and after medication as per schedule. The plasma level of amoxicillin were determined by microbiological assays. The concentrations versus time data were plotted on logrithmic paper and various bio-availability parameters were determined.
Peak concentrations of both oral preparations appeared with in two hours. However Oracin-50 peak concentration revealed 5.26±1.605µg/ml which was not significantly higher than 4.71±0.142ig/ml as depicted by Bioxil-20.
Mean ±SEM of the area under curve (AUC) for Oracin-50 was 296.783±6.331µg. hr/ml and 259.26±4.866 µg.hr/ml for Bioxil-20 statistical analyses revealed no significant different minimum concentration of Oracin-50 revealed 2.550±O.0763µg/ml while 2.450±O.07637µg/ml as depicted by the bioxil-20.
Both the preparations took the same time (2 hour) to attain the peak level of the plasma concentration. The present study also revealed that amoxicillin is not much stable in water. Oracin-50 decreased 34% and Bioxil-20 decreased 35% in 72 hours There was no significant difference (P<O.05) in the stability of both groups. The comparative study of the two Pharmaceutical preparations Oracin-50 (Mediexcel Pharmaceutical Pakistan) and Bioxil-20 (Bioceutica Pharmaceutical Pakistan) revealed that there was no significant difference (P<O.05) between the means of two groups. The statistical evaluation revealed bio-equaleancy between two drugs.
Amoxicillin is broad spectrum antibiotic, its bioavailability is better than other antibiotic. Its MIC is also very low (O.25igIml) but its half 1fe is short. So its repeated doses should be given. As it is somewhat unstable, in case of drinking water. The medicated water should be changed get the maximum efficacy.
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202.
Occurrence And Importance Of Enteric Protozoan Infections On Different Goat Farms In District Swat
by Farooq Shah | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmed hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: A study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence and importance of enteric protozoa in goat population. A total of 225 faecal samples were collected from fifteen different goat farms in district Swat. These samples were collected from three age groups i.e Group I (day 1 to 6 months), Group II (7 - 12 months) and Group III (over one year). These samples were processed by Direct Smear method, Sheather's Flotation and Zinc Sulphate Flotation technique for the detection of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Eimeria cysts and oocysts. Overall prevalence of Eimeria 37.77%, Giardia 12.44% and Cryptosporidium 6.22% was recorded. Age related prevalence showed highest the number of Eimeria 53.33%, Giardia 18.66% and Cryptosporidium 8% in Group I which comprised animals of I day to 6 month. Among 225 faecal samples 73, were collected from diarrhoeic and 152 from non diarrhoeic animals. The infection rates were higher in diarrhoeic animals, Eimeria 45.22%, Giardia 21.9% and Cryptosporidium 10.99% than non diarrhoeic animal. 34.6% faecal samples were found positive for other parasites such as Haemonchus 10.22%, Trichostrongylus 8%, Trichuris 20%, Strongyloids 6.6%. A large number of faecal samples (58.66%) were found positive for parasitic infections. Results of this study indicated widespread prevalence of' parasitic diseases in goat population and especially Eimeria and Giardia are the predominant protozoan parasites
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203.
Seroprevalence Of Ftoxoplasma Gondii Infection In Sheep And Goats
by Sher Hayat Khan | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of Toxoplasmosis the present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats using commercially available kit "Toxopalasmosis Latex" based on the principal of Latex agglutination. . For this purpose 100 blood samples (50 sheep & 50 goats) were collected randomly from slaughter house of Lahore and local sheep & goat forms, the serum was separated and analyzed for anti Toxoplasma antibodies. The animals were divided in three groups, Group I included animals below one year, Group II 1-4 years and Group III included animals aged 4 years and above. The overall 8% and 6% seroprevalence were recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Age titer relationship in sheep showed that Group III had (12.5%), Group 11(7.6 %) and Group I had no positive cases in sheep examined. In goats Group III had (10 %), Group II (5.7%) and no seropositive cases in Group I could be recorded. These results indicate that the infection was higher in older animal than young ones, Breed wise seroprevalence indicated that, Kchhi sheep 14.28%, Desi (non descript) 8.33% and no seropositive case in Lohi and Thali breeds was recorded. In goats Teddy breed had 11.11%, Desi (non descript) 5.55% while no seropositive case in Beetal goats could be recorded.
From the data analyzed it is concluded that although the seroprevalence of T gondii infection in sheep and goats is relatively low in this area as compared to the other parts of the world. Yet adequate management might be useful and essential to further minimize the infection in sheep and goats herds. Consequently, preventive measures could further reduce the exposure of toxoplasmosis in the human population.
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204.
Occurrence And Importance Of Enteric Protozoan Infections On Different Sheep Farms In District Swat
by Habib Ali | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of various enteric protozoan infections in sheep. A total of 225 fresh faecal samples were collected from different sheep farms in District Swat N.W.F.P. These animals belonged to three different age groups i.e. Group I (up to 6 months of age), Group II (7-12 months of age) and Group III (above 1 year of age). Faecal samples were processed for the detection of Eimeria spp. oocysts, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and other parasites by three different techniques. By Direct smear method, Sheather,s sugar flotation and zinc sulphate flotation technique. A total of faecal samples found positive for Eimeria oocysts 63 (28%), Giardia cysts 35 (15.55%), Cryptosporidium oocysts 16 (7.11%) and mixed parasitic infection 58 (25.77%). Data recorded for various protozoan infections indicated that prevalence rate in Group-I (Eimeria 37.33%, Giardia 22.66% and Cryptosporidium 12%) was higher than the Group-II (Eimeria 28%, Giardia 16% and Cryptosporidium 3%) and Group-III ( Eimeria 18.66%, Giardia 8% and Cryptosporidium 5.33%). Prevalence rate was also higher in diarrhoeic animals (Eimeria 35.71%, Giardia 23.80% and Cryptosporidium 16.66%) than the non diarrhoeic animals (Eimeria 26.22%, Giardia 13.66% and cryptosporidium 4.91%). A large number of faecal samples (25.77%) were found positive for various other parasitic infections. No significant difference was noted in males and females. Results of this study indicated wide spread prevalence of parasitic diseases in sheep population and mostly young animals were found to be infected by different protozoan parasites.
It can be concluded that enteric protozoan infections in sheep can be controlled through improved managemental practices, hygienic measures and avoidance of overcrowding the animals.
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205.
Comparative Efficacy Of Various Drugs Against Git Nematodes And Their Effect On Blood Parameters In Sheep And Goats
by Naseeb Ullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the comparative efficacy of various drugs; 1) Albendazole (Farbenda), 2) Oxfendazole (Oxafax) and 3) Karanjwa (Caesalpenia crista) against naturally infected GIT nematodes in sheep and goats under field condition in and around district Kohlu, Balochistan and to find out their effect on some blood parameters; 1) Haemoglobin, 2) Total leukocyte count and 3) Differential leukocyte count and to detect the prevalence
For this purpose 180 sheep and goats naturally infected coprologically were examined. Out of 180 sheep and goats 106 were found positive showed 58% prevalence. For the treatment protocol, forty naturally infected and ten non-infected were selected and divided randomly into five groups having ten sheep and goats in each group viz A, B, C, E and D. Group A was treated with Albendazole 1ml/20mg body weight. Group B was treated with Oxfendazole 1ml/5kg body weight. Group C was treated with Karanjwa (Caesalpenia crista) @ 2mg/kg body weight. Group E was kept infected non-medicated control group. Group D was kept non-infected non-medicated control group.
In group A the eggs per gram of faeces were 22,700 on day zero and no eggs were found on day 7th which was treated with Albendazole. It has been observed from the result that Albendazole showed 100% efficacy on day 7th. In group B which was treated with Oxfendazole with egg per gram of faeces were 23,200 on day zero 22,800 on day 7th and no egg were found on day 14th. It has been observed from above results that the Oxfendazole shown 95% efficacy on day 7th and 100% efficacy on day 14th. In group C which was treated with Karanjwa, the eggs per gram faeces were 19,500 on day zero 22,100, on day 7th 31,800 on day 28th. Group E which was kept infected non-medicated control group, the egg per gram were found on day zero, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th, 20000, 23700, 27500, 31200 and 35300.
On the haematological study the haemoglobin and lymphocyte level were decrease as compared to non-infected control group whereas the value of leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil were increased as compared to normal group. In group A and B the haemoglobin and lymphocyte value slightly increase on day 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th post-medication. Moreover, the values of leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil were slightly decrease on day 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th post-medication in group A and B. It has been observed from above study that Albendazole and Oxfendazole shown their effect on blood parameters, whereas group C which was treated with Karanjwa have shown no effect on faecal egg count and blood parameters.
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206.
Studies On The Incidence Of Iodine Deficiency In Lahore
by Farrukh zahoor | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Nisar | Dr. Saghir Ahmad Jafri.
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Publisher: 1983Dissertation note: The iodine which is so necessary for normal thyroid function is obtained from the food we eat, and to a much less extent: , from the water we drink4 Iodine deficiency is the commonest cause of goitre. Deficient dietary intake is the most important single cause of iodine deficiency, and its role is especially important in districts with a high prevalence of simple goitre. The best known areas of high prevalence of iodine deficiency in the world are mountanious, e.g. the Alps, the Himalayas and the Andes, but high prevalence was also found in certain low lying areas. In countries where most of the population receive iodized salt and where iodine-containing foods are widely distributed, this condition is becoming less common.
Pakistan is one of the developing countries of the world which faces malnutrition as a serious public health problem. Trace mineral imbalance and deficiency are one of the causes of malnutrition in people of the country. Surveys carried Out in recent years have shown goitrous areas particularly North-West of Pakistan. Iodine prophylaxis has been introduced in some of such areas with success and the disease has been practically controlled.
The present study was therefore designed to determine the iodine status of the people of Lahore city and collect information of the factors that interfere with the availability and utilization of iodine.
A total number of 1,000 patients of thyroid dysfunction were selected at random at the Atomic Energy Medical Centre, Mayo Hospital Lahore. The observations on the incidence of iodine deficiency and its relation to age, sex, type of thyroid diseases and financial status of the patients were recorded.
The map of Lahore city was divided into five experimental areas and the numbers of patients from each area were counted.
Clinical tests showed a wide variety of thyroid problems including iodine deficiency goitre, simple goitre, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, puberty goitre, thyroid cancer,etc. Some patients were proved to be normal.
Results of the survey showed that there was a highly significant (P/ 0.01) occurrence of thyroid patients in the experimental area II, i.e. North West of Lahore city. It showed the highest frequency of 42.1% of thyroid patients, as compared to other experimental areas I, III, IV and V having 19.3, 18.8, 9.0, 10.8% frequency respectively.
Comparison of different thyroid diseases showed that there was highest profusion of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients. There was highly significant (PLO.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre of 37.0% as compared to simple goitre, hypothyroidism and miscellaneous thyroid diseases, which were 14.2, 13.5, and 4.2% respectively. Prevalence of iodine deficiency goitre was also significantly (PLO.05) higher i.e. 37.0% in occurrence as compared to hyperthyroidism)i.e. 27.0%. Only 4.1% patients were found normal.
It was revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients of the experimental area II as compared to the experimental areas IV,V,III and I.
The survey revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of the patients having thyroid problems from 30-40 years of age as compared to the patients of thyroid dysfunction from 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 40-50 and 50-above years of age.
It was observed that there was a much higher occurrence,i.e 76.2 % of thyroid complaints in females than in males.i.e 23.8%. The results showed that there was a higher occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in females, i.e 30.2% as compared to males,i.e 6.8%. )
The survey revealed that thyroid dysfunction was prevalent in the patients belonging to the three categories of incomei.e upper class, middle class and lower class. But there was no significant difference between the three classes.
Out of a total number of 50 samples of drinking water from the five experimental areas 30 samples were found deficient in iodine,i.e having lower than 40 microgram of iodine per liter. 20 Samples were found normal in iodine level having more than 40 microgram of iodine per liter of water. The highest iodine level of 44.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area V and the lowest iodine level,i.e 20.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area II, having the highest thyroid dysfunction rate of 40.3% of the patients.
There was highly significant (P/_0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency in the blood of the patients having thyroid dysfunction. Iodine deficiency in the blood was highly significant (P/_0.01) in the patients of group II as compared to the patients of group III.
The results of water test and blood test were in agreement with the findings of the general survey of the patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction. The experimental area II had the highest number of patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction, i.e 42.1% and the larger number of patients having deficiency of blood iodine was also observed in the same' area,i.e 70%. The lowest iodine level of 20.0 microgram per litre of water was also found in the same experimental area.
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207.
A Study Of Babesiosis In Calves At Livestock Experimental Station, Qadirabad And Adjacent Areas
by Nadeem Niazi | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Javed Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Bovine babesiosis (Piroplasmosis, Texas fever, redwater, tick fever) is a febrile, tick-borne disease of cattle, caused by one or more protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia and generally characterized by extensive erythrocytic lysis leading to anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and death.
There are probably at least six Babesia species responsible for bovine babesiosis. Most can be categorized as being small or large Babesia. Morphological and serological differences are used to distinguish the different species. The two that are of most concern in our country are Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis which are inflecting considerable losses to the livestock especially cattle.
The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of babesiosis in cow calves at livestock experimental station Qadir Abad and adjacent areas of District Sahiwal and to find out the comparative efficacy of two babesicidal drugs i.e Fa-try-banil (diminazene aceturate) Prix Pharmaceutica. Lahore, Pakistan and Imizol (Tmidocarb dipropionate) ICI, Pakistan. In this study effect of babesiosis on different blood parameters i.e hemoglobin estimation and total ervthrocytic count was also studied.
For this purpose 415 calves were examined for the presence of babesiosis. Out of these 30 calves were found positive showing 7.2 percent prevalence. For treatment purpose 40 calves were selected randomly i.e. 30 infected and 10 healthy. i'hcse were divided into 4 groups A, B, C and D comprising 10 animals each. Diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of blood smear method. The animals of group A were treated with Fa-try-banil (dirninazene aceturate) @ 3.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly at day zero.
Four out of 10 calves recovered at 3" of injection, one calf recovered 7 day of 1S' injection, 4 calves recovered at 10th day of injection. This drug showed 90% efficacy while the calves of group B were treated with Imizol (Imidocarb dipropionate) lml/l00 kg body weight at day zero. Seven out of 10 calves recovered at 3rd day of injection, two recovered at 7 day of injection and remaining recovered at l0" day of 1S1 injection. This drug showed 100 percent efficacy at 10th day. Animals of group C served as infected untreated control and group D served as healthy non-infected control. Comparative efficacy of both the drugs was determined on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and babesia from the blood. No side effects of the drugs were noted.
Haematological examination revealed a significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration and total erythrocytic count pre-medication. It has been observed from the present study that Imizol was the drug of choice for the treatment of babesjosis in calves.
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208.
An Epidemiological Study Of Nosocomial Infections At Mayo Hospital, Lahore
by Tayyaba Ijaz (Phd) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the Prevalence of Etiological Agents of Nosocomial Infections in Mayo Hospital, Lahore-Pakistan of the 32,620 patients studied during 1997-2001; a total of 4502 (13.80%) patients acquired various types of nosocomial infections during their stay at Hospital. Clinical samples collected from various types of patients consisted of 1040 samples of Pus & Wound Swabs, 109 samples of blood; 115 of Pleural Fluids, 286 of Ascetic Fluids, 37 of Cerebrospinal Fluid, 1398 of Urine, 988 of Sputum; 329 of Burn Swabs, 99 of Patient Body Devices and 101 of Fecal and Drainage Material. The routine techniques for isolation. Identification through Biochemical, Serological and Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing were used for studying the Bacteriology of the selected samples. The present findings revealed that from a total of 4502 samples, 1287 Strains of Staphylococci, 429 Strains of Streptococci, 328 Strains of Enterococci, 781 Strains of Pseudomonas, 349 Strains of Enterobacter, 41 Strains of Acinetobacter, 26 Strains of Klebsiella, 140 Strains of Proteus, 1031 Strains of Escherichia, 67 Strains of Serratia, 93 Strains of Haemophilus, 119 Strains of other types of Gram Positive Bacteria, 13 Strains of other types of Gram Negative Bacteria, and 189 Strains of Yeast and Fungi were found as Etiological Agent for Nosocomial Infections.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0912,T] (1).
209.
Efficacy Of Livergen And Icterene Aginst Experimentally Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rabbits
by Ahmed Sardar Mirza | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof.Dr.
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The study was conducted on 35 male rabbits weighing from 1-1.5 kg. The study was carried out on the basis of elevation and decline in the levels of Alanine Transminase (ALT/SGPT), Aspartate Transminase (AST/SGOT) by inducing experimental hepatic injury by paracetamol and then treating it with hepatoprortective agents like, Livergen, Icterene and Jetepar. The rabbits were divided into the seven group i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F and G. All animals except animals of group A which is a control group were administered with hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol 2.5g/kg at day zero, while group C, D and E received hepatoprotective dose of Livergen syrup 1ml, 2ml and 3ml/kg respectively at day 2 for five consecutive days in addition to the toxic dose of paracetamol at day zero. The animals of group F received hepatoprotective dose of Icterene tablets 140mg/kg at day 2 for 5 consecutive days in addition to paracetamol toxic dose at day zero. The animals of group G received hepatoprotective dose of Jetepar syrup 1ml/kg at day 2 for five consecutive days in addition to the hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol 2.5g/kg at day zero. The blood samples were collected at day 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Concludingly, the drug Jetapar was found to be best effective. While Livergen and Icteren showed equal effective results at normal dose but significantly less than Jetepar. However, Livergen at dose 2ml/kg and 3ml/kg showed equal but almost similar results to Jetepar at last day.
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210.
Comparative Study Of Flank Vs Midline Approach For Overiohysterectomy In Cats
by Mudassir Ahmad Rana | Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Asim Khalid Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Nasim | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Ovariohysterctomy is one of the most commonly performed operation in cats and is indicated for both medical and behavioral reasons. The most common indication of ovariohysterectomy is elective sterilization which avoids all objectionable sexual behaviors and over population. Ovariohysterectomy is the treatment of choice for most uterine diseases and it greatly reduces risk of mammary neoplasia. The method of performing ovariohysterectomy in cats must be affordable, safe, reliable & convenient. In the past different approaches have been tried for ovariohysterctomy in cats viz. linea alba(ventral midline) and vertical flank. But the relative efficacy of the approaches has not been determined in the past in our conditions. The objective of our study is to compare and evaluate these two approaches in our environmental conditions. The Flank approach was found to be relatively better than the Ventral midline approach in our conditions in terms of convenience, reliability, safety with rapid recovery and less postoperative complications.
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211.
Sero-Epidemiological And Haematological Studies On Toxoplasmosis In Cats, Dogs And Their Owners in Lahore
by Azeem Shahzad | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Mr. Kamran | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, caused by Toxop1asna gondii and is very common in cats, dogs and human. Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of the disease, the current study was conducted to find out the epidemiological status of toxoplasmosis in cat, dog and human population in Lahore city and to determine the possibility of transmission of toxoplasmosis from cats and dogs to their owners. For this purpose serum samples from cats (ii=25 domestic, n=25 stray) dogs (n=50 domestic, n=50 stray) and human (n=25 cat owners, n=50 dog owners, ii=50 people having no contact with cats and dogs, ii=25 UVAS, Employees) were collected and analyzed by using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) to find out the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cat, dog and human population.
Overall 56% cats were seropositive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. Stray cats had the high prevalence (64%) followed by domestic cats (48%). Overall, 53%, 25%, 10.7%, 10.7% cats were seropositive at screening dilution of 1:16, 1:64, I : 128 and 1:256, respectively. The highest prevalence (71%) was detected in cat in the 7 year or above age group. Neither of the positive rates was found to be different between male (56.5%) and female (55.5%). The sero-positivity percentage of toxoplasmosis was highest in local breeds of the cats (64%) followed by Himalayan and Persian (50%) and Siamese breed of cat (46%). Furthermore the domestic cats, which had wandering habits, had higher seropositivity (62%) than the cats, which had not these habits (41%). The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was high in the cats receiving raw meat (66%) however the prevalence in the cats receiving commercial cat food and kitchen prepared/left over human food was 40% and 44.4%, respectively.
Overall 39% dogs were sero-positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. Stray dogs had the high prevalence (50%) than the domestic dogs (28%). Overall 46%, 28.2%, 15.3% and 10.2 % dogs were sero-positive at screening dilution of 1:16, 1:64, 1:128 and 1:256, respectively. The highest prevalence of toxoplasmosis (45.9%) was recorded in dogs of age group of >1-3 years. Neither of the positive rates was found to be different between male (35.4%) and female (35.4%). The sero-positivity percentage was highest in local breeds of dogs (50%) followed by German Shepherd (42%), Bulldog , Labrador Retriever and Russian (33%), English Pointer (30%), Alsatian, Bull Terrier and German Pointer (25%) and Greyhound (20%). Dogs having access to house as well as yard has the highest prevalence (40%) following the dogs having access only to yard (25%) and the dogs kept strictly at homes had the lowest prevalence (16%). Dogs fed raw meat had a relatively high prevalence of toxoplasmosis (40%) than the dogs fed commercial dog food and home cooked food had prevalence of 18.7% and 2 1.4%, respectively. Overall 22% human were sero-positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. The highest seropositivity was observed in cat owners (3 2%) followed by dog owners (26%), UVAS, employees (20%) and the lowest sero-positivity (14%) was observed in people having no contact with dogs and cats. Overall 63.6%, 27.2%, 3.0% and 6.0% human were seropositive at screening dilution of
1: 16, 1:64, 1: 128 and 1:256, respectively. The highest prevalence of toxoplasmosis (26%) was observed in people of 30-40 years or above age group. Neither of the positive rates was found to be different between male (21.9%) and female
(22.2%).
There was decrease in haemoglobin level of cats, dogs and human positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. There was significant decrease in total leukocytic count of cats, dogs and human positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. Nutroplielia, lymphocytopenia, cosinopenia and monocytopenia was observed in cats, dogs and human positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies.
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212.
Comparative Therapeutic Trials Against Coccidiosis In Dogs
by Maryam Nisar | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Haji | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of coccidiosis (Isosporiosis), to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Co-trimoxazole &Furazolidone and to study the effect of Isosporiosis on blood parameters.
For this purpose the faecal samples of two hundred dogs were examined in the Medicine laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore by direct smear method, and also concentration technique for identification of Isospora oocyst. Out of two hundred dogs thirty-six were found positive for the coccidial infection, showing the prevalence of Isosporiosis as 18%. For chemotherapeutic trials, thirty naturally infected and ten non-infected dogs were selected and divided randomly into four groups having ten dogs in each groups viz A, B, C and D. Group A was treated with Co-trirnoxazole at the dose rate of 15mg/kg (orally) and group B was treated with Furazolidone at the dose rate of 8mg/kg (orally). Group C was kept as infected non-medicated control. Group D was kept as non-infected and non-medicated control.
Faecal samples of experimental dogs were examined for OPG counts on day zero (pre-medication), 3rd, 7th and 10th day of medication and percentage reduction of oocyst was calculated. Cotrirnoxazole showed 63%, 90%and 97% efficacy whereas Furazolidone showed 63%, 89.8%and 95% efficacy on day 3, 7 and 10, respectively.
Statistical analysis of data revealed non-significant difference (P>0.05) between the groups A, B and D (-ye control) on day 7 and 10 of treatment. Based on criteria of percentage reduction in the number of oocyst in faeces, it was observed that Co-trimoxazole was the most effective (97%) followed by Furazolidone (95%) against Isosporiosis in dogs.
Haematological study revealed that the values of haemoglobin and packed cell volume were lower in groups A, B, and C as compared to non-infected control group. Whereas as a result of treatment in-group A and B the values of haemoglobin and packed cell volume gradually increased on day 3, 7 and 10 post-medication. It has been observed during the present study that Cotrimoxazole and Furazolidone showed their effect on blood parameters as a result of curing Isosporiosis.
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213.
Effect Of Hormone Addition (Pgf 2 Alpha) And Oxytocin In Semen Extender On Post Thaw Semen Quality And Fertility in Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Dr. Rafaqat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This project was executed to improve the semen quality during freezing process and to improve subsequent fertility rate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes with hormones (PGF2a and oxytocin) supplementation. Pooled semen from Nih Ravi buffalo bulls (n2) was divided into 8 equal parts after complete evaluation and subjected to the hormonal treatments. PGF2a (Lutalyse®) @ 2.5mg, 5.0mg and 7.5mg and oxytocin (Cintocinon®) @ 2.5 I.U, 5.0 I.U and 7.5 I.U/lOOml of diluted semen were added. One group (-ye control) received indomethacin @ 20mg + PGF2a @ 5.Omg/lOOmi of diluted semen. One group remained without any treatment (+ve control). Semen was cooled, filled in 0.5ml straws, equilibrated at 4°C for 4 h ours and frozen i n liquid nitrogen. After 24 hours of deep freezing, semen was thawed and evaluated for percentage motility of spermatozoa, plasma membrane integrity (HOS assay), acrosome integrity (NAR), viability (Live/Dead), longevity (hours) and fertility. Four (4) straws from each treatment group were thawed and pooled in 5m1 cuvette in water bath at 37°C and evaluated for quality parameters. Twenty five (25) straws from each treatment group were used to inseminate the buffaloes in standing estrus at 3 A.I centers (Phool nagar, Changa manga and Kot radlia kishen) in district Kasur. Pregnancy was checked 60 days post insemination. Data collected was presented as mean ± SEM, treatment groups were compared using ANOVA, unpaired two sample test and Pearson correlation at 5% level of confidence interval using Minitab® computer software. Results o f this study revealed that addition of both Lutalyse® (PGF2a) and Cintocinon® (oxytocin) did not show significant (P>0.05) improvement in any quality parameters measured and a non significant correlation was observed between treated groups and control except indomethacin and viability of spermatozoa where a significant negative correlati9n (r = -0.980) was found. However, blocking of seminal prostaglandins with indomethacin shows significant (P<0.05) deterioration in percentage motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability and longevity of spermatozoa but acrosome integrity remain unchanged. Results of fertility trial showed significant difference (P<0.5) among treatment groups. In conclusion, we can say that although hormonal addition did not improve semen quality but improve fertility rate, therefore, the importance of prostaglandins in semen can not be neglected. The W nature and physiological amount in buffalo semen should be investigated and maintained by exogenous addition after dilution during processing to maintain post thaw semen quality and fertility. However, it is suggested that pure forms of hormones should be used to add in semen instead of Lutalyse® as it contains 1.56% alcohol which is supposed to be detrimental to spermatozoa.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0923,T] (1).
214.
Antimicrobial Activity Of Mentha Longifolia And Artemisia Maritima
by Sakhawat Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This study was undertaken to determine the use of medicinal plants as an antibacterial agent and its potential as an alternative medicine against bacterial infections. For this purpose water, methanol and chloroform extract of the Artemisia maritirna and Mentha Ion gifolia were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Bacillus subtilis by Disc Diffusion Method, Well Diffusion method and Micro Dilution Method. After determination of the antibacterial properties the data was analyzed statistically by using paired t-test and it was observed that methanol extract had greater antibacterial activity as compared to chloroform and water extract, whereas, chloroform extract had moderate antibacterial activity but the water extract had negligible antibacterial activity. From the four tested organisms Escherichia coli was more susceptible to methanol extract of Mentha ion gfolia. In general Staphylococcus aureus was more susceptible to both plant extracts as compared to other three tested microorganisms.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0924,T] (1).
215.
Toxicity Of Flunixin Meglumine In Avian Species
by Muhammad Irfan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: This project was designed for the evaluation of different effects of toxic dose levels of flunixin meglumine and diclofenac sodium in broiler chickens. For this purpose one hundered and fifty broiler chicks were purchased from the market and were reared upto day 28 and then were divided into different groups (A, B, C, D E and F). Groups A, B, C and D were treated with flunixin meglumine at the dosage rate of 1.25, 2.5, 5.00 and 10.00mg/kg body weight JIM once daily respectively and group E was kept as Control. The remaining 25 birds of group F were treated with Diclofenic sodium 5.00mg/kg body weight by same route of administration and dosing interval as mentioned for flunixin meglumine. Treatment was continued for five consecutive days. Clinical signs, mortality, liver and kidney function tests were performed by estimation of Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid and Creatinine in the serum samples. Postmortem findings and histopathological changes of different tissues were also recorded. Toxicity of flunixin meglumine was evaluated through the above mentioned parameters and this toxicity was compared with that of Diclofenac sodium. Based on the mortality data and biochemical analysis it was concluded found that flunixin meglumine was toxic in avian species. Keeping in view the environmental problem (vultures crises) it is suspected that flunixin meglumine may cause some problems in avian species as diclofenac sodium.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0925,T] (1).
216.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Balantidium Coli In Cattle Around River Ravi Bank Lahore
by Ch. Qasim Bilal | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Haji | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of Balantidium coli and to evaluate the efficacy of Terramycin, Dysen forte, Flagyl against naturally occurring balantidosis in cattle under field conditions around the river Ravi bank Lahore. The faecal samples from animals were collected directly from rectum of animals and brought to the laboratory of Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for coprological examination.
For this purpose two hundred cattle were examined coprologicaly around the bank of river Ravi in Lahore. Out of 200 cattle, 50 were positive, so the prevalence of Balantidium coli in cattle was 25%. Out of 50 positive animals thirty two cattle having balantidiosis were selected for chemotherapeutic trials and eight non effected cattle were selected and divided into five groups viz. A, B, C, D and E comprising eight animals each. The animals of Group-A were treated with oxytetracycline capsules (Terramycin) @ 8mg/kg orally, Group-B with secnidazole tablets (Dysen forte) @ 10mg/kg orally, Group-C with metronidazole tablets (flagyl) @ 25mg/kg orally. The animals in Group-D were serving as infected untreated control group and Group- E were serving as untreated healthy control.
The efficacy of drugs was evaluated on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and by reduction in number of cysts/trophozoites on zero, 3, 7 and 1 0 day post medication. Efficacy of oxytetracycline (terramycin) was 25%, 50% and 62.5% on 3, 7 and 10 day, respectively. Efficacy of secnidazolc (dysen forte) was 37.5%, 75% and 87.5% on 3, 7 and 10 day, respectively. Efficacy of metronidazole (flagy) was 12.5%, 25% and 37.5% on 3, 7 and 10 day, respectively.
It was concluded from the above results that Dysen Forte was more effective than Terrarnycin or Flagyl. However, Terramycin showed better efficacy than that of Flagyl.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0927,T] (1).
217.
Molecular Detection Of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis In Fresh And Cryopreserved Buffalo Sper Matozoa)
by Daulat Raheem Khan | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Irshad | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The objectives of present study were a) to validate annexin V/Pl assay, for buffalo sperm, using graded doses of camptothecin through fluorescent microscopy (Exp. 1) and b) to determine the effect of stages of cryopreservation on apoptosis (PS externalization, using annexin V/PT assay), motility and plasma membrane integrity in buffalo sperm (Exp.2). In the first experiment graded doses of camptothecin were used (n=2) in different aliquots of sperm suspension (1x106/mL) for induction of apoptosis. Higher dose levels of camptothecin (10.0 iM and 20 jiM) resulted in inducing apoptosis (P<O.05) compared to the lower (5tM) dose or control. In the second experiment semen samples (n=9, from three bulls) were cryopreserved using vapor freezing. Annexin V/PI assay for apoptosis, visual assessment for percentage motility and hypo-osmotic swelling test for plasma membrane integrity were employed at various stages of cryopreservation (i.e. fresh, after equilibration and post thaw). The mean percentage of apoptotic, necrotic and viable sperm did not differ between fresh and after equilibration stages. However, freezing and thawing increased (P<0.05) the percentage of apoptotic sperm (25.4±0.6 vs. 36.5±1 .9) while decreased (P<0.05) the necrotic (29.7±0.7 vs. 35.1±1.2) and viable sperm (37.2±1.3 vs. 32.8±1.9, (P<0.07). Similarly, freezing and thawing decreased (P<0.05) the mean percentage motility and plasma membrane integrity, compared to other stages. Based upon the difference in initial and post thaw values of two variables (percent motility and percent apoptosis) it is concluded that apoptosis contributes more than 50% sperm motility loss during the process of freezing and thawing in buffalo.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0933,T] (1).
218.
Determination Of Apparent Metabolizable Energy Of Indigenous Vegetable Protein Sources In Poultry
by Hammad Ali | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Muhammad | Mr. Muhammad Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) of indigenous vegetable protein sources in cockerels by force feeding method. Six indigenous vegetable protein sources viz. soybean meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, guar meal, sunflower meal and linseed meal were used. Thirty five 18 weeks old broiler breeder cockerels were used in such a way that five birds were force fed 25 gm of each feedstuff for estimation of AME and TME. Five birds were kept fasted to serve as negative control for determination of metabolic faecal and urinary endogenous energy excretions. The pre-feeding fasting period was 24 hours and excreta was collected over a period of 24 hours. The gross energy of test ingredients and the excreta was measured by using adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. Proximate analysis for moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash and nitrogen free extract were carried out. All had almost similar dry matter and ether extract values. Sunflower meal and canola meal had less CP% because of presence of sulphur containing amino acids. The observed AME values for soybean meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, guar meal, sunflower meal and linseed meal were 2556, 1920, 1887, 1847, 1629 and 2061 Kcal/Kg, respectively. Soybean meal had the highest value 2556 Kcal/Kg and sunflower meal had the lowest value 1629 Kcal/Kg. The observed TME values for soybean meal, canola meal, rapeseed meal, guar meal, sunflower meal and linseed meal were 2694, 2053, 2022, 1992, 1764 and 2198 Kcal/Kg, respectively. Soybean meal had the highest value 2694 Kcal/Kg and sunflower meal had the lowest value 1764 Kcal/Kg. Endogenous energy ranged from 2.93 Kcal/gm to 2.95 Kcal/gm with the average of 2.94 Kcal/gm. It was also found that crude fiber has indirect relationship with both AME and TME. While, it has also come to notice that ether extract has direct relationship with gross energy of the feedstuff.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0936,T] (1).
219.
Isolation And Biological Characterization Of H7 Type Avian Influenza Virus
by Syed Abid Hussain | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr.Azhar | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken with the objectives to isolate and characterize avian influenza virus responsible for high morbidity and mortality in layers flocks in Karachi area of Pakistan. AIV H7 type was isolated from the morbid tissue samples by inoculating their tissue homogenate in the 9-1 1 day old developing chicken embryos. This isolate later declared as AIV H7 type, induced death of chicken embryos within 36 to 48 hours post inoculation. The type and subtype of the isolate was confirmed using known nionospecific antisera against various haemagglutinating viruses. Infectivity potential of AIV was determined by inoculating it in 9-11 day old embryos of layer, duck, desi-bird and pigeons. The AF from experimentally infected embryos, haernagglutinated the chicken red blood cells. However, the haemagglutination titer of virus in AF from eggs of various avian species was variable. For evaluating the survival/resistance of the virus against various chemical disinfectants, it was inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs following treatment of various dilutions disinfectants like Beloran, Zeptin and Formalin. These disinfectants were effective in inactivating the avian influenza virus at various concentration levels. For monitoring pathogenic characteristics, isolated virus was inoculated in the developing chicken embryos. The mean death time was evaluated as 42 hrs post inoculation. This investigation indicated that AIV-H7 type was widely circulating iii poultry flocks, and was causing high morbidity and mortality in the susceptible populations. The use of disinfectants like Beloran, Zeptin and F'orrnalin is suggested for inactivating the virus present in-and-around poultry farm premises.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0937,T] (1).
220.
Bioavailability Of Tylosin Tartrate After Flock Medication Via Drinking Water In Broilers
by Shahid Bashir | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Microbiological assay was used to determine the biological availability of tylosin tartrate in broiler chickens with bascillus subtillus as a test organism. Two groups of birds were made (A & B). Group A was medicated with Tyloexcel and group B with Tyleco soluble. Then blood samples were collected serially. Plasma concentration was found by using microbiological assay and the obtained data was compared with published pharmacokinetic data. Stability of two products (using the same technique) showed both products are equally stable in water and no significant difference is between these two products. In the present research Maximum time (tmax) 2 hours for tylosin obtained after oral administration indicates that using this antibiotic with driking water in broiler chickens is the method of choice. However, relatively, low value of Maxmimum plasma concentration (Cpmax) 1.28±0.030 g/ml (Tyloexcel) and 1.2±0.025 g/ml (Tyleco soluble) after oral administration of tylosin shows that dosing of this antibiotic in chickens should be higher than in other food producing animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0944,T] (1).
221.
Effect Of Different Doses Of Bovine Somatotropin Hormone In-Ravi Buffaloes On Growth, Milk Production and Physiological Parameters
by Hafiz Faisal Majeed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of different doses of bovine sornatotropin hormone (bST) on milk production, milk composition, growth! body weight, and physiological parameters (Hemoglobin, Total protein, 1-lernatocrit values, Cholesterol, Glucose, Urea and ESR level). For this purpose 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Livestock Experimental Station Bahadur Nagar Okara with similar stage of lactation were selected. They were randomly divided in to three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full- recommended dose of bST hormone (250 mg /animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 S/C at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group B were given S/C injection on alternate days with divided doses of(36 mg/animal). The group C was kept as control. The maintenance requirement of the animals was met through by available green fodder at the rate of 40-50 kg per animal per day while production requirements were met through concentrate ration at the i-ate of half of the milk production. Milk production was recorded daily and milk sarnpes weve coXeeted on weakly basis or analysis. The blood samples were collected on fortnight basis to see the effect of bovine Sornatotropin hormone on physiological parameters. The research trial continued for 6 month till the completion of lactation.
The average (rnean± SD) milk production of groups A, B and C were 7.38±1.30, 7.29±1.20 and 6.66±0.80 litters respectively. The increase in milk production was found to be 11% as compared to group C (control). The average (mean± sd) Fat, SNF and T.S percent in animals of group A were recorded 6.59±0.10, 9.13±0.28 and 15.73±0.34, respectively Where as in group B it was 6.58±0.15, 9.28±0.26 and 16.01±0.30 respectively. The averages (mcan±SD) Fat, SNF and TS percent in control group C were, 6.42±0.111, 8.83±0.47 and 15.45 ±0.245 respectively. There was improvement in Fat, SNF and TS percent of the treated group versus control group. The average (mean±SD) body weight found in subgroups A, B and group C was 528.78±50.64, 561.02±91.35 and 518.06±37.50 kgs respectively. There was slight increase was observed in treated group.
The average values of Hemoglobin, 1-Iaernatocrit, ESR, Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, and Urea in experimental animals of group A were I 1.44g/dl, 32.84%, 94.15mm/h 173.87mg/lOOrni, 10.99g/dl, 567.57 g/dl, 86.25 mg/dl, and 4.089 rng/dl and respectively. In animals of group B there were 11.96 g/dl, 32.04%, 74.70 mm/h 181.10 mg/lOOm!, 11.10 g/dl, 548.03 g/dl, 84.655 mg/dl and 3.7474 rng/dl respectively. Whereas in-group C (control) the average values of Hemoglobin, Haernatocrit, ESR Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, Urea were 12.20 g/dl, 33.11%, 83.11 mm/h 190.78, mg/lOOm!, 10.60 g/dl, 557.32 rng/dl, 84.92 rng/dl and 3.8848 g/dl, respectively. It is concluded that the bovine Somatotropin hormone had no desirable effect on physiological parameters. It is concluded that treatment of bovine sornatotropin hormone had no effect on blood composition, milk composition and physiological parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. It is also concluded that dose of bSt of 250mg injected at 14 days interval is beneficial for overall performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloe. To overall bST had positive effect on economic parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0950,T] (1).
222.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Helminthases In Parrots At Lahore Zoo.
by Ashgar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Haji | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the incidence of helminthiasis in all breeds of parrots and to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two different broad spectrum anthelmintics, albendazole (Farbenda, Farvet) and levamisole (Nilverm drench, ICI) used against the nematodes at Lahore Zoo. For this purpose, 130 Faecal samples were collected group wise in clean polythene bags, properly labeled for identification and examined for the identification of helminths. Eighty eight out of 130 were positive for single or mixed infection of Heterakis gallinae and Ascardia gaul have individual percentage as 73.86% and 26.14% respectively.
Of 88 positive birds belonging to different breeds of parrots, 72 of the same age, weight and number were devided in three equal groups (24 each) i.e. A (love birds peach face breed), B (budgerigar ring necked breed), and C (Alexandrine parrots, Blossom headed parakeet and Blue fronted amazon breeds), while in group D (Cockatiel, Blue ring necked parakeet, Eclectus parrot and African grey parrot breeds), only uninfected and untreated birds were kept.
Drug therapy was only induced to the group A i.e. albendazole (Farbenda, Farvet) @ 0.lml/kg body weight and group B (levemisole hcl (Nilverm, ICI) @ 5m1/litre of water, while infected but non treated birds were placed in group C.
Faccal samples of experimental birds were examined for counting of egg/gram of faeces on day"O" (pre-medication) with McMaster egg counting technique (Soulsby, 1982).
Faecal egg counts were again carried out on day 3, 7 and 10 of medication and percentage reduction of EPG calculated. The overall prevalence of gastro intestinal helminthes in different breeds of parrots was found as 67.69%.
Albendazole was found to be the more effective (96.33%) among the two anthelmintics while levamisole was less effective (84.90%). The EPG rise up to 8.98% at day 10 post medication in untreated group C was noted while no infection was observed in group D through out the experimental study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0962,T] (1).
223.
Immmunobiolotical Observations On Avian Influenza Virus Types H7 And H,
by Shahid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was designed to 'find the prevalence of Avian Influenza disease in and around Lahore in commercial and household poultry. A total of 1000 blood and 500 cloacal swabs were collected from Broilers, Broiler-Breeders, Ducks, Pigeons, Sparrows, Quails and Desi Chickens. The blood samples from all the flocks showed non-significant titers while vaccinated flocks showed protective titers. All the cloacal swabs were negative for virus isolation.
The final conclusions from this study were the following.i.e.
- Avian influenza caused by H7 & H9 type is not prevalent in broiler and broiler breeders in and around Lahore.
- The vaccinated poultry flocks showed higher titers of antibodies as compared to non-vaccinated flocks which means that vaccine can play a vital role in protection of bird from H7 & H9.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0963,T] (1).
224.
Effect Of Supplementation Of Different Types Of Fat On Buffalo Semen Production And Quality
by Muhammad Adeel | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Amir Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0969,T] (1).
225.
Effect Of Malathion On Serum Cholinesterase Activity And Lipid Profile In Rabbits
by Muhammad Imran | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Malathion is an organophosphorous compound widely used as pesticide, mostly in spray form. The present project was designed to study the effect of Malathion on lipid profile and inhibition of cholinesterase activity in rabbits. The experimental rabbits were kept at the animal shed of Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and were divided into five groups A, B, C, D, and E, each comprising of five animals. All the animals of each groups were shaved from their dorsal side for the application of Malathion. The animals of group A were treated with Malathion 50 mg / kg body weight, dermally. Group B was treated with 100mg of Malathion per kg B.W., dermally. Rabbits in group C were treated with Malathion at the rate of 200mg! kg B.W. Group D was treated with 400mg/kg B.W., dermally. The application of Malathion was repeated on Day 1, Day 3, Day 5 and Day 7 of the experiment. Group E was as control. Blood samples were collected from each animal separately before and after the experiment from their marginal ear veins. Serum was separated from the blood samples and was further analyzed for cholinesterase activity and lipid profile by spectro photometric method. Specified Randox kits were used for this purpose. Data collected from the experiment showed that Malathion inhibits the activity of cholinesterase enzyme. Also Malathion influences the lipid profile. In group A which was treated with Malathion 50mg/kg, the total cholesterol was increased up to 27.11%, high density lipoprotein (HDL) were increased up to 22.40%, low density lipoprotein were increased up to 175.44% and triglycerides (TGs) were decreased by 14.42%. In group B which was treated with Malathion 100mg/kg, total cholesterol was increased up to 34.46%, HDL increased up to 35.40%, LDL increased up to 183.09% while TGs were decreased by 14.02%. In group C which was treated with Malathion 200mg/kg, total cholesterol was increased up to 31.46%, HDL were increased up to
42.10%, LDL were increased up to 137.44% and TGs were decreased by 15.44%. While in group D which was treated with Malathion 400mg/kg, total cholesterol was increased up to 23.46%, HDL were increased up to 45.76%, LDL were increased up to 82.37% and TGs were decreased up to 14.95%.Activity of cholinesterase was decreased up to 82.74%, 91.59%, 89.63% and 86.64% in different groups like group A, B, C and D respectively. All the results were compared with the values of control group E. All the data obtained from these experiments was analyzed statistically.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0974,T] (1).
226.
Effect Of Levamisole On The Cholinesterase Inhibition By Trichlorfon In Rabbits
by Hafiz Muhammad Irfan | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: This project was designed in female rabbits to find out Trichiorfon- induced toxicosis and its interaction with Levamisole by inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme, taking account of the administration of levamisole before trichiorfon dosing. For this purpose, twenty female rabbits with weights of 1.0kg to 1.9kg were divided into four groups. Each group (A, B, C and D) containing five rabbits. Group 'A' was considered as control, group B was given trichiorfon 10mg/kg body weight (orally), while group 'C' was treated with levamisolelomg/kg (S/C) and then trichiorfon 10mg/kg (orally) after 30minutes of levamisole and the group 'D' was given levamisole 10mg/kg (S/C). After determination of butyryl cholinesterase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, aspartate aminotransferase activity and alanine aminotransferase activity, it was observed that Trichiorfon and Levamisole significantly inhibited butyryl cholinesterase enzyme at 10mg/kg body weight Where as Levamisole pretreatment did not potentiate the inhibitory activity of Trichlorfon at 10mg/kg body weight dosage whether the Levamisole was given subcutaneously or orally. The alkaline phosphatase activity was increased significantly with Trichiorfon and Levamisole had no significant effect on it while the effect on aspartate aminotransferase was non significant. The alanine aminotransferase activity was decreased significantly with Levamisole. The results also showed that the time interval between Levamisole and Trichiorfon dosage and route of administration did not affect the cholinesterase activity. No clinical signs and postmortem lesions were observed at 10mg/kg body weight dosage while Levamisole at 50mg/kg body weight, produced signs of toxicosis. In general, there was no adverse drug interaction between Levamisole and Trichlorfon.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0975,T] (1).
227.
Effect Of Detomidine And Chloramphenicol On Propofol-Induced Ana Esthesia
by Salamat Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: In clinical practice anaesthetics are of great importance as for as surgeries are concerned whether in human beings or animals. This project was designed to evaluate the effect of Chioramphenicol and Detomidine on Propofol-induced anaesthesia in mice and dogs. The study was conducted in two separate experiments. In first experiment, sixty mice were divided into six groups; group A, group B, group C, group D, group E and group F. Each group comprised of ten mice. Group A was treated with Propofol (100 mg/kg). Chioramphenicol pretreatment (100, 150, 200mg/kg), 15 minutes prior to administration of Propofol (100 mg/kg) were used in Group B, C, D. Group F was treated with normal saline 0.3 ml only. Both the drugs were given as intraperitoneal injection. In second experiment, twelve dogs were divided into three groups i.e. group A, B and C. Each group comprised of four dogs. Group A was treated with Propofol (6 mg/kg, I/V) as a single bolus, while group B was given Detomidine hydrochloride (40 pg/kg body weight) intramuscularly as a premedication 15 mm before Propofol intravenously (6 mg/kg) while group C was treated with 3 mg/kg Propofol along with 40 pg/kg of Detornidine as premedication. After a wash out period of two weeks the dogs of group A were treated with Detomidine hydrochloride (40 jig/kg body weight) intramuscularly as a premedication 15 mm. before the Propofol intravenously (6mg/kg body weight) while, the dogs of group B were treated with Propofol 6 mg/kg body weight intravenously as a single bolus and group C was repeated with the 3 mg/kg Propofol along with 40 pg/kg of Detomidine as premedication. Anaesthetic parameters were noted. Serum level of Calcium, Chloride, Potassium and Sodium fell and were normal after recovery.
The results indicated that induction time remained same and was smooth with these premedication while duration of anaesthesia increased to threefold compare to control groups and uncomplicated recovery was recorded.
The collected results from this study conclude that this premedication gives better results and should be used in clinical practice.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0976,T] (1).
228.
Factors Affecting Hemagglutination Potential Of Avain Influenza Viuruses (H5, H7, H9 Subtypes)
by Mubashir Hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The objective of this study was to standardize hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests for AIV H5, H7 and H9 subtypes. These subtypes were propagated in 09-day old chicken embryonated eggs and after 72 hours post incubation the allantoic fluid (AF) was harvested and confirmed by spot agglutination test and by AGPT. While standardizing HA test maximum titers were recorded using 1% RBCs of chicken, human blood group Qe and dog using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a diluting agent for washing suspension of erythrocyte and by incubating the micro titer plates at 22c or 37C for 30 minutes or 40 minutes time period. The AIV subtypes eluted rapidly with increase in temperature with maximum elution observed within the time period of 8 hours. The live AIV provided much higher HA titer when compared with the titers obtained from AJV subtypes inactivated with formalin or Binary ethylene imine (BET). The BET was found to have little effect on HA activity as compared to formalin. While standardizing the HI test the best titers were obtained using 4 HA units of AIV antigen as compared to 1 HA and 8 HA units of antigen and by incubating the micro titer plates for 60 minutes period (time given for antigen-antibody reaction before the addition of erythrocytes suspension).
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229.
Diagnosis And Therapeutic Trials On Cryptosporidium Parvum In Dairy Calves
by Amar Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian agent of diarrhoeal disease affecting many mammals, including dairy calves. Calves infected with this enteropathogen may either be asymptomatic or manifest mild to profuse diarrhoea and dehydration. Keeping in view the importance of Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy calves, the current study was conducted to find out the prevalence in dairy calves, in and around Lahore and also to find out the most effective therapeutic measure to control the infection. For this purpose, 500 faecal samples (n=250 cow calves, n=250 buffalo calves) from different dairy farms and home-bred dairy calves were collected and analyzed by using faecal floatation method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Overall, 25.6% Calves were shedding C. parvum with a slightly high infection rate in the cow calves 27.2% than buffalo calves 24%. The highest infection rate was recorded in 1-30 days age group of dairy calves as 50.81% and 42.02% in the cow calves and buffalo calves, respectively. The infection rate of C. parvunm in the dairy calves of cow breeds indicated relatively high infection rate in crossbred cow calves (28.18%) than the Sahiwal cow calves (20%) and Nih Ravi buffalo calves (24%). The pattern of oocyst shedding was negatively correlated with increase in age, highest in the 1-30 days age group and lowest in the age group ranging from 9 months to 1 year and above. Diarrhoeac calves were infected significantly higher than the nondiarrhoeac calves indicating a direct relationship of diarrhea with C. parvum infection. Diarrhoea was the highest contributing factor to infection in 1-30 days age group with 58.97% infection rate in both the cow calves and 48.88% in buffalo calves than the nondiarrhoeac calves of the same age group as 36.36% and 29.16%, respectively. The infection rate was not associated with the sex of the dairy calves and the infection rate was almost equal in both the sexes. The cumulative rate of infection was relatively high (30.28%) in the physically healthy calves than weak (21.5%) and emaciated (19%) calves. Milk suckling calves were infected almost two times more than the ones utilizing both milk and fodder and almost 7 times of the fodder eating calves. The calves kept on dirt yards were infected more (28%) than the ones on the paved floor (21 .11%). A significantly high infection rate was observed in the cow calves and buffalo calves having some sort of contact with birds, rodents, dogs and cats (31.3%) and (25.80%) respectively, than the calves having very little or no contact with birds, rodents, dogs and cats as 19.27% and 12.12% in cow calve and buffalo calves, respectively. The results of the comparative efficacy of a.zithromycin and cotrimoxazole and kalvangi showed that azithromycin was the most effective of the three in treatingcryptosporidial infection in dairy calves under field conditions. It resulted in significant reduction in the oocyst shedding and consequently, better weight gain compared with kalvangi and Cotrimoxazole. The efficacy of Kalvangi in weight gain compared with kalvangi and Cotrimoxazole. The efficacy of Kalvangi in weight gain may be due to its vitamins, enzymes and Nigellone and Thmoquinone acting as an immune system booster. The results of Azithromycin in the present study on the overall weight gain of calves was significantly higher than the other two drugs used in the study suggesting it as a drug of highest efficacy.
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230.
Isolation And Characterization Of Clostridium Perfringens From Domestic Animals An Man In Punjab
by Waheeda Raana | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The objectives of present investigation were to isolate the Cl. perfringens from the domestic and zoo animals and human beings; characterize it through biotyping and pathogencity observation, and to develop a vaccine- from the common CI. perfringens isolate. For this purpose a total of 1240 samples of morbid tissues (faecal samples from animals and gangrenous tissues from humans). From cattle (n=180), goats (n=180), horses (n=250), camel (n=250), deer (n=28), wild beast (n=07), monkeys (n16), zebra (n10), elephant (n01), yaks (n=09), foxes (n07), jackals (n=08), baboons (n=08), and bears (n08) were collected and processed for isolation of CI. perfringens. In addition a total of 100 human cases; 83 wound swabs and 17 gas gangrene were also collected and analyzed bacteriologically. This study has indicated that Clostridium (Cl.) perfringens causes multiple clinical problems in animals and human beings as was indicated by good rate of its isolation from the examined morbid tissues and fecal samples. Of the total 1240 samples from various types of animals 297 (23.95%) indicated the presence of CI. perfringens. The overall isolation percentages of various types of CI. perfringens from the cattle, sheep goat, horses, camel, wild beast, deer, bear, jackal, zebra, monkeys, yak, elephant, baboon, foxes, and humans were 22.2, 12.2, 57.2, 8.0, 21.6, 57.1, 30.76, 37.50, 50.0, 50.0, 37.50, 33.33, 100.00 75.00, 57.14 and 18.00, respectively. Of the tested population of domestic animals, goats indicated the highest Cl. perfringens (57.2%) infection rate. In the zoo animal population, the elephant, baboons, wild beast, jackals, and foxes were shown to be heavily infected with various CI. perfringens types compared to other wild life animals species. Of the 298 isolates obtained through this investigation Cl. perfringens type D was obtained from 118 (39.7%) morbid samples of the domestic and zoo animals; CI. perfringens type A from 63 (21 .21%) samples, Cl. perfringens type B from 95 (31.98%) samples; and the CI. perfringens type E was isolated from 21(7.07%) samples. None of the samples indicated the presence of CI. perfringens type C. Of the total 100 samples from the humans, CI. perfringens type A was isolated from 14 (14%) and Cl. perfringens type D was isolated from 04 (4%). None of the human samples showed the presence of Cl. perfringens types B, C, or E. Of the 17 human gangrene tissue samples, Cl. perfringens type A was isolated from 09 (52.94%) samples and the Cl. perfringens type D was recovered from 02 (11 .76%) samples. However, all attempts to isolate Cl. perfringens types B, C or E from the human gangrene tissue/material samples were unsuccessful.
The overall findings indicated that of the total 297 samples positive for various Cl. perfringens types 63 indicated the presence of Cl. perfringens type A. Of those 63 Cl. perfringens type A isolates, 49 were recovered from the animals; and 14 were isolated from the wound swabs and gangrene tissue material samples from humans. Of the 63 Cl. perfringens type A isolates from the animals, 5 were isolated from cattle; 3 from sheep, 20 from goats; 5 from the horses; 10 from camels, 01 from the deer; 01 from the zebra, 01 from baboon, 01 from fox, 01 from the monkey, and 01 isolate was recovered from yak. Of the 14 isolates of Cl. perfringens type A from humans, 05 were recovered from the open wound swabs, and 09 strains of the organism were isolated from the gangrenous tissue material.
Of the 297 samples positive for various Cl. Perfringens types, 95 animal samples indicated the presence of Cl. perfringens type B. These 95 isolates were obtained from cattle (n=22), sheep (n=10), goats (n=30), horses (n=03), camel (n=14), deer (n03), wild beast (n=02), monkey (n=02), zebra (n=02), yak (n=01), fox (n01), jackals (n02), baboon (n02) and bear (n=02). None of the human samples was positive for Cl. perfringens type B. Isolation of C/. perfringens type B from the zoo animals is a matter of concern for the human health, as the zoo visitors have the possibility to get infected with this organism.
Of the total 297 positive samples of faecal and morbid tissues from various types of animals and human being Cl. perfringens type D isolates were recovered from 118 (39.7%) samples. Of these 118 isolates of Cl. perfringens typeD, 114 were obtained from various types of animals, and 04 isolates were from the humans. Of the 114 animal isolates, 10 from the cattle, 5 from the sheep, 44 from the goats, 9 from the horses, 27 from the camel, 4 from the deer, 02 from the wild beast, 02 from the monkey, 02 from the zebra, 01 from the elephant, 01 from the yak, 02 from the fox, 02 from the jackals, 02 from the baboon, and 01 isolate the bear. A total of 04 CI. perfringens type D isolates were recovered from gangrenous tissue and open wound samples from human beings.
During this investigation 21 isolates of CI. perfringens Type E were obtained from domestic and zoo animals. Of the 21 isolates, 03 were from cattle, 04 from sheep, 09 from goats and 03 from horses, 01 from monkey, and 01 from the baboon. All the 21 isolations were from the fecal material of above mentioned animals. None of the human samples was positive for CI. perfringens type E.
Alpha toxin was produced by all of the 63 Cl. perfringens type A isolates. Within the toxin producing isolates, there was no difference in the quality of toxin in respect to its lethality for mice, dermonecrosis effects for guinea pigs and cytotoxicity in the HeLa cells. The 07 fecal isolates were hemolytic, lecithinase (+), and positive for all biochemical characteristics of Cl. perfringens. Those isolates were not lethal for mice, indicated no dermonecrotic activity in guinea pig, and produced mild degree of cytotoxicity in the cell cultures.
The activity of beta toxin obtained from 95 isolates of CI. perfringens type B isolates was determined using standard toxin-antitoxin test carried in mice and the standard serum neutralization test with antitoxin raised in rabbits. Within the toxin producing isolates, no difference was seen in the potential of toxin based on its lethality for mice.
Epsilon () toxin activity of the 114 isolates of CI. perfringens type D from animals and 4 of the human isolates was also determined. Of the 114 animal isolate, 110(96.49%), and all the 4 human isolates produced E-toxin. There was no difference in the lethal potential of toxin for mice, dermonecrotis action in guinea pig and production of CPE in VERO cells.
Iota (i) toxin activity of the 21 isolates of Cl. perfringens type E was also determined serum neutralization test in mice. Many isolates produced more than one major toxin. Ci. perfringens (CP) type
A produced Alpha (a) toxin; CP type B produced Alpha (a), Beta (3) and Epsilon (E) toxins; OP type D isolates produced Alpha (a) and Epsilon (E) toxins, and OP type E isolates produced Alpha (a) toxin + Iota (i) toxin.
The immunobiologic studies of isolates showed that many of the isolates were quite antigenic. Isolates of CI. perfringèns type D and B were found highly immunogenic as those isolates producing SN titer of 1:320.
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231.
Assesment Of Buffalo Semen By Reduction Assay
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Prof.Dr.Ijaz Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: In this study twenty Nili Ravi buffalo bulls were used. Semen was collected once weekly and each collection comprised two ejaculates .. Total volume of the semen was observed using graduated tube and the concentration by Spectrophotometer. Both the ejaculates were pooled and a representative sample of each collection was evaluated for viability using MTT Reduction Assay, Eosin and Nigrosin Staining, Hypo Osmotic Swelling Test and Motility.
The results of the study shows high correlation (r = 1.00) between the MTT reduction rate and the sperm viability. When the %age of MTT viable sperm cells were compared with the E&N, HOST and Motility a negative correlation was found suggesting the physiological difference between the tests. On the basis of this study it can be concluded that the MTT reduction Assay is an objective test and more reliable than the other tests which are more subjective and can be influenced by the experience of the indivi~
MTT Reduction Assay is more reliable test for the assessment of viability as it is simple and inexpensive. The results of our study suggest additional advantages of this test in evaluation ofNili Ravi Baffalo semen. Many samples and its replicates can be measured in the same time. It can be used successfully in routine analysis, where time, costs and practicability are important
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232.
Evalution Of Berseem Hay Based Total Mixed Ration In Nili-Ravi Buffalo Calves
by Sher Ahmed tareen | Jalles Ahmed Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The feeding management experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of Nili-Ravi Buffalo calves raised on different levels of Berseem hay and
concentrates at Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. Twenty four (24) buffalo calves of approximately same age (7-8 month) and body weight (77 kg) were randomly divided
into four groups' six calves in each. The calves were kept in individual stalls and fed for 12 weeks on Berseem hay based Total Mixed Rations (TMR) having Berseern hay only (A), Berseern hay: concentrate ratio of 70:30 (B), Berseem hay: concentrate ratio of 50:50 (C) and diet D: Berseem hay: concentrate ratio (30:70). The data on Daily feed intake, weekly weight gain, feed analysis, feed digestibility, feed efficiency and comparative economics were recorded, analyzed and interpreted in the manuscript.
The mean daily DM1 on treatment A, B, C and D were 503±0.16, 3.94±0.16, 3.67±0.12 and 3.12±0.11 kg, respectively. Daily DM1 showed increasing trend as the proportion of berseem hay was increased in the diets. DM1 was statistically highly significant (P< 0.01) between treatments. The mean wejght gain of calves on weekly bases was 2.48±0.13, 3.30±0,13, 3.89±0.l7and 4.46±0.21 kg for treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. The calves showed an increasing trend in weekly weight gain with the increase in the proportion of concentrate in the diets. The weight gain data also showed a highly significant (P< 0.01) difference between treatments and weeks.
The feed efficiency of the diets in different treatments was calculated considering the amount of feed consumed per unit of weight gain on dry matter basis. Mean feed consumption per kg of weight gain was 14.21±2.24, 8.37±1.04, 6.60±0.57 and 4.90±0.40 kg for calves on treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. The diet D having inclusion of 70 % concentrate was found highly efficient and diet A having 100 % berseem hay was least efficient to cnvert it into one kg gain.
The comparative economics calculation of feeding experiment showed that the calves on treatment D were able to produce highest daily gross margin of Rs. 40.75 followed by treatment C (Rs. 28.25), treatment B (Rs. 19) and on treatment A (Rs. 2.25/calf/day), respectively. The calves showed an increasing trend in daily gross margin as the proportion of concentrate was increased in the diets and decreased with the increase in the level of Berseem hay in the diets.
The mean dry matter digestibility of the treatment A, B, C and D was 72.9 1±4.15, 78.79±2.15, 79.09±3.75, and 78.85±1.68 percent and mean crude protein digestibilities were 74.45±3.64, 73.51±4.62, 74.06±2.68 and 73.86±3.71 percent and mean ash digestibility vlues were 44.72±7.15, 45.35±4.16, 45.64±6.89, and 44.6 1±2.95 percent, respectively. Statistically non-significant differences were found in DM, CP and ASI I digestibility between treatments.
CONCLUSION:
On the basis the findings in the experiment it is concluded that the most efficient and economical feeding proportion of Berseem hay and concentrate is 30:70 on dry matter basis. It is suggested that Berseem hay and concentrate proportion of 30:70 is desirable to achieve higher growth rate. A ratio of 50:50 of Berseem hay and concentrate also resulted in handsome weight gain but it was relatively less efficient than treatment D (30:70). For fattening purposes in Nili-Ravi buffalo calves these combinations can be used according to the availability and prevailing prices of Berseem hay and concentrate.
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233.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics Of Levofloxacin In Healthy Volunteers & Patients Suffering From Typhoid Fever
by Muhammed Usman | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Imran Khokhar | Dr. Shehryar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Levofloxacin in healthy volunteers and in human patients suffering from typhoid fever (target individuals). The study was conducted in six healthy male volunteers and six male patients suffering from typhoid fever in Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) Lahore. Only those patients were selected who were suffering from typhoid (confirmed after widal test) between the age of 25-40 years. Healthy volunteers were also between age of 25-40 years. The patients were considered as group A and healthy volunteers were considered as group B. Both groups were treated with Levofloxacin 5 00mg tab orally per individual. 5m1 Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 & 72 hr from vein through 5m1 B.D syring of 23guage needle after oral administration of Levofloxacin. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 5000 RPM and stored at -20°C until assayed. Levofloxacin concentrations in plasma were measured by previously described HPLC method. Calculation of all the pharmacokinetic parameters was done by entering plasma concentration-time data in software APO pharmacological analysis MW/PHARM version 3.02 by assuming bio-availability of levofloxacin after oral administration as 1. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Levofloxacin in healthy volunteers and in typhoid patients were compared. Data was analyzed by appropriate statistical methods and it was observed that there is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters of Levofloxacin in healthy volunteers and in typhoid patients after oral administration and there is no need for dose adjustment of Levofloxacin in typhoid patients.
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234.
Comparison Of Reproductive Efficiency Of Beetal Goats In Different Management
by Muhammad Younos | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem Bhatti | Prof.Dr.Hafiz | Prof.Dr.Ijaz Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was conducted at two fanns (1) NH goat fann at Raiwind and (2) BN at Okara. The study consist the reproductive efficiency of beetal goats in different management systems. In this study we compared two management systems of goat production i.e. (1) seasonal (2) year round breeding were compared on the basis of reproductive efficiency and growth parameters, moreover cost effectiveness of the both systems were compared on the basis of their outcomes.
In this study, reproductive and productive parameters of n = 72 adult goats + 2 bucks in each flock were collected and analyzed. Data regarding pubertal and twinning of their progeny born during a period of a year were collected and compared. Goats of same breed and comparable ages and body weight, body condition scoring were used in this study. Study was carried out at similar period of time for one year.
The conception rate was higher at NH than BN goat fann. It was 0.809± 0.058 in BN and 0.88 ± 0.066 in NH respectively. The birth weight of male and female kids ofBN fann was higher than NH kids. It was (3.824 ±0.083 kg) in BN kids (3.513 ± 0.20 kg) in NH kids respectively. While the weight of female kids were (3.503 ±0.083 kg) in BN kids and (3.456 ± 0.10 kg) in NH kids. The age at puberty was higher at BN (245.3 ± 2.9 days) than NH goat fann (242.4 ±1.9 days). The kidding interval at BN was higher than NH flock. It was (314 ± 20 day) and (224.8 ± 0.915 days) days respectively. The post partum anestrous exhibited only in NH does, because in this fann the buck was free all around the year and after (50.0± 3.95 days) the does mate if they are in estrous, while in BN fann, bucks were free during the season. The body condition scoring (1-5 point) was higher in NH goats (2.44 ± 0.14) than BN goat fann (1.91 ± 0.11). The Body weight of does between both flocks were higher in BN (42.47 ± 0.92) than in N H goat farm (41.10 ± 1.9). The high concentrate feeding intake between two farms showed that the concentrate feed intake was higher in BN 491.5 ± 8.5 gm per day per goat than N H goat farm (146 ± 30 gm per day.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the reproductive efficiency of Beetal goats in N H goat farm was higher than BN farm~ because the seasonal breeding at BN has limited the kidding frequency. Where as~ all year round breeding was efficient and the kidding distribution almost doubled in the same year. The cost of feeding was higher in BN than NH goat farm~ because they provide concentrate daily~ but the cost of labour and miscellaneous was higher in NH than BN goat farm. The management of feeding~ green fodder was higher and there were sufficient green fodder for whole year in NH goat farm. The reproductive performance of Beetal goats can be improved by good managemental systems and all year round breeding.
Research and development efforts can significantly improve reproductive efficiency of goats and simultaneously enhance the livelihood of the poor. Structuring the whole system via adapted reproductive techniques (thus allowing high levels of productivity). Findings of this study would be useful to determine the viability of systems on the basis of reproductive efficiency and may provide basic guidelines to establish goat farms in the future.
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235.
Clinico -Therapeutical Trials Of Lactic Acidosis In Small Ruminants
by Haq Aman Ullah | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: During the present study clinical examination of 200 small ruminants (sheep and goats)
any breed, age and sex with the history of diarrhea was performed at the Outdoor Hospital,
University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore and adjacent areas. A total of 38 animals
were diagnosed positive for the disease. Temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, rumen pH,
serum pH, ruminal movements and ruminal protozoa of affected animals were studied before and
after treatment with two drugs magnesium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate.
It was found that rectal temperature, rumen pH, blood pH, ruminal movements decreased significantly in lactic acidotic sheep and goats before treatment as compared to control group. While increased pulse and respiration rate were observed in lactic acidotic group before treatment as compared to control group. Thirty diseased and ten healthy animals were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D each having ten animals. Group 'A" was provided with magnesium hydroxide at a dose rate of 1.11 g/ Kg body weight orally mixed in water at a rate of 450 g/ 3.5 liter once, group "B" was treated with sodium bi carbonate at a rate of lg/ kg body weight orally once, group "C" was kept as diseased untreated control and group "D" acted as healthy control. Mean values obtained before treatment were rectal temperature 99.74 F° + 0.67153, lOO.59F° 1 0.75580, 101.25 F° ± 0.49448 and 102.86 F° ± 0.30155 for group A, B, C and D respectively. Rectal temperature values after treatment were 102.47 F° ± 0.2 1294, 101.9
+ 0.27849,
101.19 F°±0.41965 and 102.95 F° ± 0.16142 for group A, B, C and D respectively. Mean pulse rate values for group A, B, C and D before treatment were 100.6/mm ± 3.40008, 97.2/mm ± 4.24745, 103.6/min ± 2.5636 and 86.3/min ± 1.85626 respectively while after treatment were 88.55/min ± 1.77768, 92/min ± 1.75123, 94.3/min ± 1.90938, 86/min ± 1.06460 respectively. Mean respiration rate values before treatment were 24.1min ± 0.86218, 28.2/min ± 2.52020, 24/min ± 0.84329 and 19.8/min ± 0.59256 for group A, B, C and D respectively while after treatment were 20.55/min ± 0.78953, 22.8/min ± 0.80001, 24.5/min ± 0.79234 and 20.7/min ± 0.66751 respectively. Mean rumen pH values obtained before treatment were 4.43 ± 0.14533, 4.49 ± 0.13287, 4.76 + 0.17075 and 6.39 ± 0.13699 while after treatment were 5.66 ± 0.17125, 5.41 ± 0.13506, 4.94 ± 0.18683 and 6.42 ± 0.08035 for group A, B, C and D respectively. Mean d pH values obtained before treatment were 7.18 ± 0.04667, 7.1 ± 0.05375, 7.21 ± 0.05044 and 7.33 ± 0 .02808 while after treatment were 7.37 ± 0.02806, 7.25 + 0.02390, 7.18 ± 0.03837 and 7.41 + 0.0383 7 for group A, B, C and D respectively.
Ruminal protozoa were completely absent in ruminal fluid of lactic acidotic group. Ruminal stasis was also observed in lactic acidotic group.
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236.
Effects Of Storage And Processing Condition On The Quality Of Whola Milk Powder
by Muhammad Yaqoob Ellahi | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Milk is a complex mixture of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other miscellaneous constituents dispersed in water. Milk production in flush season is much more than the requirement. Milk production and supply fluctuate through out the year and during winter it is surplus to its demand. Dairy is one of the expanding industrial sectors in Pakistan; about 17 units are engaged in the production of various dairy products. Surplus milk is available in winter and this is the normal practice of dairy industry in Pakistan that surplus milk is converted in to different types of milk powders. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the physico- chemical and keeping quality of whole milk powder commercially available in the market and comparative study of functional properties among different brands of whole milk powders, evaluate the storage stability of different brands of whole milk powder atl5°C, 25°C and 40°C temperature and study the effects of processing conditions indicator like Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) during storage.
Project was undertaken to study the effect of storage temperatures (15, 25 and 40°C) and processing conditions on physico chemical and sensory characteristics of whole milk powder. Statistical analysis of whole milk powder samples indicated during storage non significant changes in protein, ash, fat, lactose, acidity, burnt particles within the treatments as a function of storage was observed. Significant changes were recorded in free fatty acids, solubility index and per oxide value within the treatments and during storage period of 120 days. At 120 days of storage minimum increase in free fatty acids and peroxide value was noted in T3. Acidity, free fatty acids and peroxide value increased throughout the storage period of 120 days but at 15 °C the effect of storage on free fatty acids and peroxide value was comparatively less than 25 and 40 °C.
Hydroxy methyl furfural was found significant within the treatments and effect of storage period and temperature was also significant. Hydroxy methyl furfural almost remained same at 15 °C, with the increase of temperature it increased significantly. Sensory evaluation was carried out by a panel of six trained judges it was noted that score for color, taste; smell and mouth feel decreased with the increase of temperature and storage period. The highest score for color, smell, taste and mouth feel was obtained by T3 during 120 days of storage. Chemical analysis of whole milk powder samples showed that whole milk powder samples stored at 40 °C were most affected in terms of physico chmeical and sensory quality.
Overall results indicated that physico chemical quality and sensory properties of T3 was found best and it was comparatively less affected by storage temperatures. On the basis of this study it is recommended that for proper storage of whole milk powder 15 °C temperatures is suitable.
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237.
A Study On Surveillance Of Various Diseases/Problems Of Commercial Broiler Farming In Azad Kashmir
by Shaista Fazil | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. S. Naeem Jafary | Miss Sameera | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The main objective of present work was to investigate the prevalence of various diseases and target the managemental factors affecting the prevalence of various diseases in broiler farming in Azad Kashmir. For this purpose, the project was divided into three portions.
In the first portion, a data regarding the prevalence of various diseases in broiler farms was collected from 1990-2000. Maximum mortality was due to infectious bursal disease which caused mortality percentage of 15.4. Other important diseases observed were coccidiosis (12.9%), Omphalitis (8.8%), Colibacillosis (8.2%). In the second portion of the project, one year retrospective study was done. This study was conducted from December, 1999 to December 2001. During this period, twenty broiler farms were visited. These birds had housed birds from 1000 to 5000.
The information was collected from farmers, attendants and daily mortality register present at the farms. The influence of season on the prevalence of disease was also observed. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data from each farm that related to mortality rates, vaccination, susceptible age, managemental fault. Highest mortality was due to viral diseases. Infectious bursal disease was the great problem with morality percentage of 29.2 followed by Hydropericardium syndrome having mortality percentage of 20.3 and omphalitis with mortality percentage of 19.
Influence of season on the disease was observed by dividing a calendar year into two portions i.e. summer and winter and mortality due to various diseases into two seasons was compared. Early chick mortality, Gumboro disease, Newcastle disease and respiratory diseases were observed to have high incidence in winter than summer while Hydropericardium, colibacillosis and coccidiosis were common in summer than winter.
In the third portion of the project, a three months duration study period was decided from June to March, 2001. During this period, twenty broiler farms were visited and study on the prevalence of various diseases, disease mortality rates and managemental factors responsible for various diseases was done. During this period overall mortality was 15.4% due to various diseases. Important diseases causing mortality were Gumboro (25.9%), Hydropericardium (19.3%), Colibacillosis (14.5%) and Omphalitis (14%).
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238.
Studies On The Use Of Cowpea As A Vegetable Protein Supplement On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Zahid | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Mr. Ehtisham.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to find out nutritive value of cowpea (Vina sinensis) and to develop certain treatments to improve the nutritive value of cowpea. For this purpose two experiments were conducted on broiler chicks "Hubbard". In the first experiment, different levels of raw cowpea were fed to the chicks for L weeks, while in the second experiment cowpea were given with different treatments i.e. soaking, autoclaving, oil and methionine supplementation were included in the poultry ration for 6 weeks. During both experiments effect on growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and weight of internal organs were studied.
Feeding different levels of raw cowpea in ration during first experiment showed a linear decrease in weight gain and feed utilization efficiency with increasing level of raw cowpea. The decrease in dressing percentage was highly significant (P/ 0.01) when raw cowpea level was 66 per cent. It was also observed that feeding of raw cowpea significantly (PL 0.01) increased the weight of pancreas of the chicks. The same was the case with gizzard weight. The poor chick performance (weight gain and feed utilization efficiency) on account of feeding higher levels of raw cowpea might be attributed due to the higher contents of enzyme inhibitor(s), low digest- ability and deficiency of sulfur containing amino acids.
To investigate these possible limiting factors, second experiment was conducted. For this purpose soaked (1:1 moisture treatment) and autoclaved (15 psi for 30 mm.) cowpea were incorporated at 51 % level in the ration, while the methionine was supplemented at the level of 0.14/-f per cent and oil at the level of 6.7 per cent. Autoclaving improved weight gain of the chicks during first 4 weeks period, however, methionine supplementation improved the weight gain after 4 weeks (total period is 6 weeks). The feed utilization efficiency was improved through autoclaving, methionine supplementation and oil supplementation in the descending order. Soaking did not improve the nutritive value of cowpea with respect to weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage. The pancreas weight did not increase when autoclaved cowpea were fed as compared to ration I (corn soya ration). However, soaking increased the gizzard weight significantly (PC0.01)
CONCLUS ION
The results of experiments indicated a linear depression in growth rate and feed efficiency with increasing level of raw cowpea in the rations. The weights of internal organs i.e. gizzard and pancreas were increased with increasing level of raw cowpea.
Autoclaving of cowpea improved its nutritive value in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency. Methionine supplementation did improve the weight gain and feed conversion ratio to a significant level. However soaking had adverse effects with respect to pancreas and gizzard weight and no effect regarding weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage.
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239.
Toxonomical Study Of The Genus Trichuris And Comparative Anthelminitc Efficacy Of Fenbendazole (Panacur) Ad Albendazole (Valbazen) Against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes in Sheep
by Dr. Muhammad Iftikhar | Mr. Asif Rabbani | Mr. M. Akram | Mr. Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Pakistan has a large population of livestock, which plays an important role in the economy of the country. Parasitism is a major problem in our country. Great economic losses have been attributed to the sheep population in our country due to the parasitic infections. The genus Trichuris includes some of the most important nematode species effecting the sheep, therefore a taxonomical study of the genus Trichuris was conducted in the month of September and October, 1989. For this purpose 100 guts (large intestine) of sheep slaughtered at Lahore abattoir were procured and brought to the parasitology laboratory College of Veterinary Sciences, for further investigations. The overall incidence of Trichuris spp. was found to be 74% . The following two species were recorded.
1. Trichuris ovis 66%
2. Trichuris globulosa 18%
Taxonomy of Trichuris species was studied by preparing permanent mounts. The present work was also aimed to see the effect of two commonly available anthelmintics namely fenbendazole (panacur) and albendazole (valbazen), on naturally infected sheep with gastrointestinal nematodes. Sixty sheep positive for nematode infections were randomly divided into three groups A,B & C each group comprising of 20 animals. Group A and B
were given fenbendazole and albendazole respectively according to the manufacturers dose rate while group C was kept as untreated control. The efficacy of both the drugs was evaluated on the bases of reduction of eggs per gram of faeces after medication. The egg counts were made on zero, 7th, 14th and 21st day. Both the drugs revealed a progressive decrease in the faecal egg counts. The efficacy of fenbendazole on 7th, .14th and 21st day was 96.33, 97.05 and 99.66% respectively while the efficacy of albendazole was 92.56, 95.37 and 98.18% respectively. There was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the drugs.
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240.
Comparision Of Mineral Profile In Lactating And Non-Lactating Nilli-Ravi Buffalo
by Mohammad Akram | Prof. Dr. Saghir Ahmed Jafri | Dr. Muhammad Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Rashid | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Nih Ravi is the well established breed of buffalo in Punjab. There are about 140 million buffaloes in the World out of which the largest buffalo population is in India, China and Pakistan. It is a multipurpose animal and fulfils milk and meat demand of mankind. In Pakistan it contributes about 74% of total milk yield. The annual rate of increase in buffalo population is 2.5% and increase in milk production is 3.5% in India and Pakistan. To fulfil the increasing demand of milk and meat, there is an immense need to improve the health status and production potentials of dairy animals. This can he achieved only if we are abreast with physiological norms, the disturbance of which lowers productivity. There are numerous problems of health, reproduction and milk production of Nih Ravi buffalo. Despite this very little information is available on blood chemistry of buffalo belonging to different agro-clirnatic conditions. There are various factors which play important role in their rate of production and minerals are one of those factors. Imbalances of minerals, produces deterimental effect on the performance of livestock e.g. Mineral imbalances lead to syndromes manifested in form of retarded growth, low production, late maturity, wasting disease, non infectious abortion, infertility, silent heat, retained placenta, dystokia and prolapse of vagina and uterus. To cope with the situation more research is required on the subject to locate the extent of mineral imbalances. The conclusive results will produce direct or indirect effect on the production and reproductive performance of livestock. The study is therefore planned to find out the serum mineral profile of lactating and non lactating buffaloes from different areas of Punjab and the effect of stage and number of lactation on mineral profile and to find the correlation of serum mineral profile with prolapse of vagina and uterus.
To determine the mineral profile in lactating and non lactating Nih Ravi buffaloes 200 blood samples were collected from Okara, Jhelum and Lahore/Sheikhupura. The serum was separated from blood by centrifugation. Serum was analyzed for sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron on spectrophotometer. The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis by using analysis of variance and the differences in means were tested by using (L.S.D. test) least significant diference test.
The mean values of serum mineral in lactating and non lactating buffaloes on overall basis were subjected to statistical analysis and found non significant differences. However serum magnesium levels were found to be significant in lactating and non lactating buffaloes.
The means values of serum minerals in buffaloes of various districts were subjected to statistical analysis by using analysis of variance and L.S.D. test and significant differences were found between districts (P <0.05) for sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron, while non significant differences were found for calcium and chloride (P>0.05).
The mean values of serum mineral in lactating and non lactating buffaloes on the basis of lactation number were subjected to analysis of variance and L.S.D. test and found non significant differences for serum sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and iron, while serum phosphorus showed singificant differences on the basis of lactation numbers and stage of lactations.
The differences in the mean values of serum sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and phosphorus were found to be significant. While calcium and iron showed non significant differences within distircts.
The serum sodium showed deficiency in Lahore/Sheikhupura district while serum potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and iron values were found in normal range in all districts. However serum phosphorus level were slightly higher in buffaloes of all the districts.
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241.
Studies On Vaginal Bacterial Flora In Cyclic And Non-Cyclic Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Sana Ullah Bhatti | Dr. Rashid Ahmad Ch | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: A total number of 60 Nili-Ravi bu±faloes were included in the study to compare the vaginal bacterial flora. Out of these 60 animals 30 were cyclic and rest of the buffaloes were non-cyclic.
Bacteria belonging to five different species were isolated from 27 out of 30 in non-cyclic and 5 out of 30 in cyclic buffaloes. From the isolates, Staphylococcus aureus had the highest incidence (16.66%) followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (13.33%), Escherichia coli (8.33%), Coryriebacterium pyogenes (6.66%) mixed infection (5%) and Bacillus cereus (3.33%). The vaginal samples of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in non-cyclic group revealed a higher bacterial count as compared to cyclic group and it was concluded that higher bacterial load in the vagina was responsible for the reproductive problems.
No strain of Brucella could be isolated. The animals treated intra-vaginally responded favourably as the viable bacterial count was lowered after the intra- vaginal treatment.
On the basis of in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, Strepto-penicillin was recommended for the treatment of vaginal infections as the drug of choice as it was effective against the majority of the ilates.
During the fertility trials the average conception rate was 62.93% after the treatment in the non-cyclic group.
In the light of the results of present study, a detsiled investigation would be of significant importance as far as the sexual health control measures of the buffalo are concerned.
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242.
Studies On The Chick Growth Inhibitory Factor In Sunflowr Oil Meal
by Muhammad Zubair | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and total particulate matter ('1PM) of cigarette smoke is sternly toxic to health and may produce several pathologies. In our study, we have focused on the toxicological effects of CSC and '1PM on different events of angiogenesis using chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). CSC and 1PM from four different commercial filtered cigarettes were applied to the CAMs on day 4 of incubation. Macroscopic vascular transformations were evidently observed among all treated CAMs. Applications of CSC disk caused sturdy obliteration of main blood vessels, while whole architecture of the secondary and tertiary vasculalure was completely destroyed. Likewise, application of '1PM from all brands of cigarette caused disproportionate thinning of all primary and secondary blood vessels. Reduction in the total area and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels were observed after treatment with CSC and TPM. 1-listological evaluations revealed loss of ectodermal and mesodermal integrity in botl'i types of treatments. Scanty capillary plexuses formation, deterioration of extracellular matrix and delayed migration of blood vessels were prominent findings among all treated groups. Results obtained from CSC treated groups were more localized, while generalized results were prominently recorded in 1PM treated groups. Special considerations of CSC and 1PM should he given while smoking during pregnancy and after surgery because it may severely affect the process of angiogenesis, which is vital in maintenance of pregnancy and wound healing.
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243.
Investigation On Epidemiology And Economics Imporatanc Eof Major And Common Livestock Diseases In Distt. Gujrat
by Mohammad Riaz | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Livestock sector has faced great set back in its development programmes because of the economic losses resulting from various animals diseases. Such losses, though highly colosol in nature, had never been determined precisely in the past, hence, it became a dire necessity, the present study aimed at estimating the losses caused by various animal diseases in District Gujrat and to find out the possible contributory factors.
An active surveillance was conducted, in Tehsil Gujrat. The data was collected by a survey on the basis of a comprehensive questionnaire through personnel interview of livestock owners at their places. The blood samples were collected of aborted animals and serum samples were submitted to College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Laboratory for diagnosis of brucellosis.
In pursuance of the present study the data was analyzed statistically and the main conclusions drawn were as under. The incidence, mortality rate and fatality rate due to H.S. were in young buffalo 14.64%, 12.40% and 84.69%. In adult buffaloes were 2.36%, 1.01% and 42.79% respectively.
Diseases of various categories have been given below in order of their respective rate of mortality such as abortion 0.29% in buffalo, 0.44% in cattle and 0.08% in goat. Mastitis in buffalo 0.04%, Haeinoglobinurea in buffalo 0.46% and in cows 0.44%. Milk fever in buffalo 0.17% post parturient prolapse in buffalo 0.25%, Metritis in buffalo 0.17% and in cattle 0.22%. In case of foot and mouth disease in young buffalo incidence 5.75% and in adult 11.72%. In cattle incidence was 9.01% in young and in adult 15.11%. In case of enterotoxaeinia disease in young goat, the morbidity, mortality and fatality 0.75%, 0.75% and 100% respectively. In adult goat 10.60%, 9.83% and 92.73% respectively. In case of young sheep incidence, mortality and fatality rate were 10.08%, 9.24% and 91.66% in adult sheep 10.89%, 7.26% and 66.66% respectively.
A monetary loss of Rs.1.33 million was estimated annually in buffalo and cattle, sheep and goat, due to various diseases in surveyed area in District Gujrat.
It is evident from the informations gathered from the respondents that the livestock owners residing at distant places from a veterinary hospital may not comfortably utilize the hospital facilities.
The village ponds as the important disease spreading factor among the livestock (Nazir al. 1978) poisonous plants and entry of new animals to herd flock with out adopting precautionary measures.
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244.
Studies Of Postmortem Changes In Layer Birds Which Die At Various Stages In Life At Poultry Farms Around Lahore.
by Ishtiaq Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Irfan | Dr. Tufail Muhammad Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1980Dissertation note: A total of 50,0C birds from 8 poultry farms around Lahore were included in these studies. The ages of these birds varied from I to 9 weeks and 4.1 to 50 weeks.
Nine different diseases were prevalent at these farms which were confirid from flock histories, clinical symptoms, postmortem findings, laboratory investigations and histopatholagical studies which were carried on 542 birds out of 4,100 birds which died. The incidence of these diseases was as follow:
Newcastle disease 17.5 percent, coccidiosis 7.26 percent, colibacillosis 5.31. percent, prolapse cf the oviduct 5.10 percent, spirochaetosis 4.48 pcrcent, cannibalism 3.62 percent, heat stroke 1.35 percent, rztritional deficiency 0.48 percent and lyznphoid leukosis 0.16 percent.
The characteristic postmortem chanes and correlation of age vdth the diseases are discussed.
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245.
Effect Of Pregnant Mare'S Serum On Supervovulation In Rabbits
by Robina Mumtaz | Dr. Abrar Hussain Gilani | Dr. M.A | Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Akhtar | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1981Dissertation note: An investigation was conducts on 42 rabbit does to study the effect of different dose levels of of Pregnant mere's Serum (PMS) on superovulation in rabbits. These animals were divided into seven groups, each group comprising of six animals. The first three groups were given PMS intramuscularly at the rate of 25, 50 end 75 lU per kg. body weight for three consecutive days. The fourth, fifth and sixth group received PMS at the ease rate but through subcutaneous route, and the dose administered subcutaneously was divided into two equal halves which were given t 8.00 A.M and 7.00 P.M. on the same day. The seventh group served as control end was injected only normal saline for three consecutive days. On the morning of the fourth day, each doe wee meted and was administered HCG at the rate of 50 IU per kg body weight. The does were slaughtered 24 hours after HCG administration. The ovaries were examined for corpora haemorrhagica, corpora lutea, graafian follicles and immature follicles. Oviducts and uterus was flushed with normal saline. The eggs so recovered were counted.
The maximum number of ova were recovered with 50 IU of PMS whether giver intramuscularly (12.0 + 2.30) or subcutaneously (18.16 + 1.47). The number of corpora haemorrhagica followed the same trend as that of egg recovery. The maximum count of corpora haemorrhagica was 35.67+4.64 when PMS was given subcutaneously which was approximately twice the number obtained intramuscularly. The number of corpora lutea and immature follicles were not significantly higher than that observed in control group. Maximum number (23.16 + 4.49) of greafian follicles was obtained with 50 IUof when administrated intramuscularly. The count of graafian follicles was follicles was almost the same with 50 and 75 IU of PMS when given subcutneous1y.
The effect of various doses of PMS upon ova recovery, corpora haemorrhagica and graafian follicles was found to be statistically significant whereas the differences of corpora lutea and immature follicles was statistically non-significant. A doss level of 50 IU of PMS administered subcutaneously may be recommended for supervulation in rabbit does.
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246.
Epizootiology Of Newcastle Disease In Free Flying Birds Of Pakistan
by Muhammad Arshad | Dr. Muhammad Ajmal | Mr. Mubbasher | Mr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Epizoàtiology of Newcastle disease was studied in 105 birds each of three species of free flying birds i.e. pigeon, starling and sparrow. Incidence of Newcastle disease was measured on the basis of Haemagglutination Inhibiting antibodies against Newcastle disease virus present in the serum of each bird. It was observed that 42.86% of pigeon, 25.71% of sparrows and 21.90% of starlings were positive for Newcastle disease. An attempt was also made to isolate the virus from faecal material and pooled organs (lung,liver and spleen) of each bird in developing chick embryo. Three strains of Newcastle disease virus, 2 from pizeon and one from starling were isolated. One pigeon having virus in its organs was also found excreting Newcastle disease virus in its faeces. No virus could be isolated from sparrows. The pathogenicity of isolates was studied in day-old chicks by intracerebral inoculation and it was observed that all of the three isolates were moderately pathogenic Though non significant, the percentage of positive cases on the basis of Haemagglutination Inhibition test in male birds was found to be higher than female birds of the same species
From the tudy it was evident that pigeon could play an important role in the transmission of Newcastle disease. The other two species were also susceptible to this virus and could be source of transmission. It recommended that these as well as other species of the ree flying birds in a large number from much wider areas may be studied. It is further recommended that birds found dead in the field and pet bird markets may be investigated for virus isolation.
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247.
Disposition Kinetics Of Oxytetracycline In Sheep
by Rana Fatima | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Mr. Riaz ul Haq Siddique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: The pharmacokinetic s of ooxytetracycline was investigated in eight normal adult female sheep after intravenous administration. The blood samples collected at various time intervals were assayed for unchanged oxytetracycline. The plasma concerntrations of oxytetracycline at different time intervals from 5 minutes to 24 hours ater injection were plotted on semilograthmic graph paper versus time. The results are expressed after performing two compartment model kinetic analysis. After single intravenous administration of ox tetracycline in sheep, the distribution half life and biological half life shoed average +- values of 21.52 + 5.72 and 413.75+ 25.08 minutes and ranged between 16 to 29 manures and 365 to 442 minutes, respectively. The apparent volumes of distribution of oxytetracycline in sheep calculated by area method was 1.049+ 0.0009 1/kg and ranged between 0.99 to 1.25 1/kg-1. The average + values of volume of central compartment was 0.659+ 0.005 1/kg. The rate constant for oxyteyracyline transfer across compartment 1 to 2 (k12)and 2 to 1 (k21) were an average + SEM 0.723+0.02, 1.281 + 0.03 respectively. Total body clearance of oxytetracyline through intravenous route calculated on per kg basis ranged between 91.56 to 122.88 ml. min h-1 oxytetracylcine was bound to plasma protein on an average 49.3+ .002 percent and ranged between 46 to 51 percent. The renal clearance of total and free oxytetracycline as 5.42 + 2.09 and 10.57 + 3.81 ml/min 10 kg, respectively. The results showed that the renal clearance of oxyytetracylcine involved molecular filtration and back diffusion which is independent of pH, diuresis and presence of total and free oxtetracylcine. The average + SD urinary excretion of oxytetracycline as about 18.01 + 4.03 percent of the does at 24 hourse.
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248.
Effect Of Thawing At Ambient Temperature On The Quality Of Frozen Buffalo Semen
by Muhammad Nazir | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Naeem Ullah Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: A total of 30 ejaculates, from ten normally producing Nili/Ravi buffalo bulls, with average fertility results, were obtained for the present stidy. Semen was extended in Lactose- Fructose-Yolk-Glycerol extender in a one step dilution. Semen packaged in 0.5 ml French straws was frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours before thawing.
Thawing of semen was carried out in a water bath at five ambient temperatures (20°, 25°, 30°,35° and 40°C) and three durations ( 15, 30 and 60 seconds). Thawing temperature of 37°C for 15 seconds was taken as control.
After each thawing, seminal quality was determined by each of the five testing methods i.e. % progressive motility of
spermatozoa, percentage of intact acrosomes at 2 hours of incu-
0
bation at 38 C, livability, Absolute index of livability, and the
sephadex Gel-filteration test.
Analysis of data showed significant differences ( P L 0.05) among all 16 thawing procedures on the basis of each evaluation methods used to determine the post-thaw seminal quality.
Analysis of variance revealed that the differences accounted for the temperature alone (P L 0.01) and not the thawing durations. (P >0.01). V -39- Variations among bulls were lower than ejaculates
and therefore, interactions of bulls with treatments were not expected (p >0.05).
Multiple comparisons revealed highest values of seminal quality for all test methods after thawing at 40°C for 15 to 30 seconds.
As thawiig of semen at lower temperatures resulted in inferior quality therefore, thawing at an ambient temperature below 35°C could not be recommended.
From the above results it may be concluded that to achieve maximal post-thaw seminal quality (and fertility) and to avoid sperrn cell damage with cold shock, thawing of frozen buffalo bull semen be carried out at water bath temperature of 40°C for 15 and 30 seconds during Winter and Summer, respectively.
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249.
The Impact Of Community Based Animal Helth Services Delivery System On Epidemiological Parameters And Farmer'S
by Farrukh nazir | Dr. Muhammad athar khan | Dr. Haji ahmad hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: A study was conducted to understand the impact of community based animal health services delivery systems on epidemiological parameters and farmer's economic sustainability in Central Punjab. In Pakistan three systems for the animal health services delivery are being practiced without any data base and conclusive findings for the comparison purposes and in terms of the replication if needed in future, therefore, a study was planned to quantify and compare the three systems. These systems are; community based, public based and conventional based animal health services delivery systems. As the community based system was launched as Halla scheme, in Central Punjab through the German Technical Cooperation program / funding. Therefore, the other two systems i.e. public and conventional based were selected in the areas adjacent to the community based system (Halla Cluster). The project area was selected because of the similar geographical, environmental, socio cultural and political similarities. One cluster of five villages was selected randomly for each system. The data was obtained from each cluster through active disease surveillance and was recorded on a questionnaire. Each questionnaire was used for one farmer. The cluster of five villages was 'considered as one herd. In the 1st project, the clusters were quantified and compared on different parameters, like provision of animal health services, provided from the system to the member farmers. Epidemiological parameters like morbidity and mortality rate were recorded and analyzed statistically. In the 2IId project, the community trials were also conducted to compare the efficacy of prophylactic interventions, for the economically important diseases of buffaloes and cattle i.e. the haemorrhagic septicaemia and foot and mouth disease. The effect of deworming was also recorded with reference to morbidity and mortality. In the third project the sustainability of the farmers residing in the systems were compared in terms of cost benefit ratio. Animal health services were arranged like vaccination, treatment, deworming, artificial insemination and nutrition support. Poor, good and better services were provided in conventional based, community based and public based animal health services delivery systems, respectively. The impact of services on morbidity and mortality was recorded, the minimum morbidity and mortality rate was recorded in the community based system and moderate and maximum morbidity rate, mortality rate, number of outbreaks and fertility rate due to various diseases were recorded in the conventional based animal health service delivery system. The results were statistically analyzed and significant difference at a level 5% was estimated. The efficacy of the vaccination was estimated and it was statistically found that the morbidity and mortality rates were significantly low in the intervention herds of buffaloes and cattle, as compared to non intervention herds. The overall sustainability of the farmer in term of cost benefit ratio was higher in community based as compared to public based and conventional based animal health services delivery system. In conclusion the better the animal health services delivery system, the more prosperous was the farmer. So, it is recommended that the community based animal health service system be promoted and replicated on priority basis. The animal health services are provided by public based service deliverers but they are not of the same quality as were provided by the community based system in Halla Cluster. This is the reason that in spite of all the services provided by the public based system, the morbidity rate and mortality rate due to various infectious and non infectious diseases were higher in buffaloes and cattle as compared to the community based system. In conventional based system neither the community based services nor the public based services were available for the farmers because those areas were remote and far from the public veterinary hospitals. Therefore, the morbidity rate and mortality rate at the highest spectrum of ranking and disease burden/disease load. The magnitude of disease problems was highest in the conventional based, lowest in the community based system and intermediate in the public based system. Better the quality of services are provided the minimal are the losses due to the diseases in the animal populations and in turn better the cost benefit ratio and ultimately the more prosperous is the farmer. The only way of poverty alleviation in the rural communities is to replicate the community based animal health services delivery system (Halla) with certain modifications in the Provinces of Punjab and Sindh in particular and in North West Frontier Province and Balochistan in general
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250.
Dvelpoment And Optimization Of Multiplex Pcr For The Detection Of Avian Influenza Strains In Pakistan
by Mirza Salman Saleem | Asso. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hanif | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: The pathogenic Influenza A viruses (subtype H5N1, H7N2 and H9N3), are emerging avian influenza (AI) viruses that have been causing global concern as a potential pandemic threat. Some forms having zoonotic importance (H5N1 and H7N7). So it is a matter of priority to develop quick and efficient methods for detection of Influenza viruses.
For the detection of avian influenza, HA (haemagglutination) test and HI (haemagglutination inhibition) tests are being used for long time. But studies have shown that Influenza virus shows variability and diversity and a high rate of mutation, which makes diagnosis difficult. For this reason the reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays are considered to be a helpful tool.
In this study design, a multiplex RT-PCR strategy was optimized and developed for the detection of AI virus (subtypes H5, H7 and H9). Primers were designed from sequence available Influenza Database (IVDB) for Pakistan and neighboring regions. The primers were annealed at different temperatures so as to optimize a temperature at which all three primers can amplify their respective subtypes. The results clearly indicated that a multiplex RT-PCR is a quick and efficient method for the detection and it is also economical as fewer reagents are utilized. The PCR products of the reaction can potentially be used to provide additional information about strain variation, either by restriction analysis or PCR product sequencing.
The core objectives achieved are the development of an efficient and economical method for detection of avian influenza viruses by designing indigenous primers and optimization of a multiplex RT-PCR for the avian influenza virus.
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