301.
Pharmacoinetic Srudy Of Ketoprofen In Healthy Sheep
by Awais Ali | Dr. Sheryar Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Objective of this bioequivalence study was to compare pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate bioequivalence of two generic drug products. A multinational company brand was compared with locally manufacture brand. It was a randomized, single dose, two-period crossover study in which 12 volunteers were participated with the age limit of 18-30yrs. These volunteers were selected according to different inclusion and exclusion criteria and the study was conducted with one week washout period. Each volunteer was one tablet of montelukast (reference or test) 10mg. 14 blood samples of 4-5ml collected at predefined time intervals i.e, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, 12 and 24 hours. . Heparinized vacuette were used for collection of blood samples. After sampling, blood samples were centrifuged immediately to separate plasma and stored at -80°C till analyzed. Plasma montelukast concentration was evaluated by using reverse phase - high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05M at pH 3.5 with orthophosphoric acid in combination to acetonitrile (20:80) was used as mobile phase. The wavelength of detector was set at 345nm and flow rate was set to 2.0ml per min. Drug from plasma was extracted by de-proteinizing the plasma with acetonitrile. 70 µl injection volume was given to HPLC for analysis. For comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters two compartment analysis was used and pair t-test was applied. Non compartmental analysis was used for evaluating pharmacokinetic parameters to evaluate the both drugs were bioequivalent or not. 3 major parameters of bioequivalence Cmax, AUC 0-inf and AUC 0-t were evaluated and they did not show significant difference in between two formulations. Also the 90% confidence interval values were within the limit. So, it was concluded that both the test and reference drug were bioequivalent and test drug could be used interchangeably with the reference drug.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1312,T] (1).
302.
Detection Of Mycoplasma Synoviae By Pcr And Its Histopatholohical Studies In Poutry Breeder In District Abbottabad
by Sajjad Ahmad | Dr. Muti- ur- Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry, an important sub-sector of livestock, has emerged a cheaper source of protein for human consumption. Mycoplasmas are the smallest known bacteria, 300-800 nm in diameter and are capable of replicating outside the cell. Mycoplasma synoviae is a member of the class Mollicutes, order Mycoplasmatales, family Mycoplasmataceae. Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is considered economically to be most important pathogen. Mycoplasma synoviae infections occur in poultry worldwide, affecting poultry and causes diseases like respiratory distress, synovitis and arthritis. Mycoplasma is transmitted from infected to healthy birds both by horizontal and vertical routes. Horizontally disease is transmitted via infected and healthy carrier birds, hatchery, housing, equipments, feeding and during transportation.
To have an insight on pathogenesis and reliable diagnostic techniques, the present project was designed to know comparative sensitivity of rapid agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction for MS diagnosis and to study the gross lesion and histopathological changes in chicken joints produced by MS.
The birds showing clinical signs that included respiratory i.e. tracheal rales, conjunctivitis, coughing, sneezing, ocular and nasal discharge and infectious synovitis were selected for sample collection. Initially the collected sera samples were examined by Rapid Serum Agglutination test. RSA and PCR tests were used in order to confirm the pathogenic agent. RSA and PCR positive samples were further processed for histopathological study in order to identify the lesions in tissues produced by causative organism. In field visits it was observed that the suspected birds were with pale comb, mild to severe lameness, dull, depressed, ruffled feather, conjunctivitis, oculo-nasal discharge, tracheal rales and greenish or sulfur faeces. Birds hock joints, toe joints and paws pad were swelled. The infected birds were occasionally found with generalized infection. The infected birds complicated with other diseases of poultry such as Newcastle and infectious bronchitis causes infection airsacculitis.
Rapid serum agglutination test was conducted at 14 broiler breeder farms. The birds at a farm were showing respiratory and infectious synovitis signs and symptoms, suspected to Mycoplasma synoviae. The tests were performed at the spot. A total of 239 sera samples were examined out of which 63 (26.35%) sera samples were positive for MS. The clinical samples were identified and confirmed as Mycoplasma synoviae infection by PCR. The amplified PCR product was given about 211 bp size while PCR buffer was used as negative control. A total of 213 samples were subjected to PCR and 65 (30.52%) revealed PCR positive results for tracheal swabs, 28.16% (20 samples out 71) showed positive results. For tracheal and lung 33.38 % (24 out of 71) and 29.57% (21 out of 71 samples) were positive, respectively. The PCR test successfully amplified the DNA of MS clinical positive samples. Sixty five out of 213 Mycoplasma synoviae isolates were positive in MS specific PCR while the other 148 samples were negative. The sensitivity and specificity of molecular method Polymerase chain reaction was 100 percent.
For histopathological studies the samples of different organs including trachea, lungs, liver, hock joints (articular cartilage, piece of synovial membrane) and foot pad were further processed. The trachea was examined. There was epithelial degeneration, desquamation. congestion, haemorrhages and inflammatory cell infiltration. The lungs were examined and it was revealed that there was marked congestion, haemorrhages, necrosis and mononuclear cells infiltration. Liver showed infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Articular cartilage showing chondrocytes degenration. Synovial membrane was thickened due to infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cell. Foot pad showed hyperkaratosis and thickning of epidermis, acanthosis, degeneration of cartilage, infiltration of both mononuclear and plasma cell.
It is concluded from findings of present study that PCR is more appropriate technique than RSA for timely diagnosis of Mycoplasma synoviae. However combination of findings of both techniques may be utilized for accurate detection of Mycoplasma synoviae from broiler breeder in district Abbottabad.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1316,T] (1).
303.
Study Of Livestock Health Issues And Availability Of Veterinary Services To Pastoral Herds Of Northern Pakistan
by Ahmad Wasim Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pastoralists contribute great contribution in the economy of the developing world providing food and employment to peoples. In Pakistan pastoralism is also present and the pastoralists having their livestock keeping mobile through all the year upland and lowland. The goal of this research study has been to assess the major health problems in market oriented Livestock development. Although the feed resource and grazing land are quite enough, the research that was carried out in Narran valley reveals of how widespread the diseases are the health problems of livestock. The study indicates Narran valley has a high livestock population, which plays a substantial role in the livelihood of the farmers. In general, livestock is the most important unit of the Agricultural Community in both the market and the households' level. Unfortunately, animal productivity is very low in the area there are many reasons for this, among which is the major obstacle of widespread animal health problems and veterinary services availability. The diseases reported in the herds are the CCPP, FMD, Brucellosis, Small Pox, Liver flukes, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Enterotoxaemia, GID, Tympany, and PPR. These diseases cause heavy economic losses in their herds every year. The veterinary services for the land less pastoralists were not available where their herds were settled. For this research a survey was conducted to get the perceptions of the pastoralists and the veterinary services providers. Questionnaires were made for the pastoralists and veterinary services providers.
Results of this study lead to development of a policy for the landless herder's livestock. This was a useful study on the livestock health issues and veterinary services, as no other study has been carried out in Pakistan for the livestock of land less transhumant herders. Additionally this study can become the basis for further research in their livestock.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1318,T] (1).
304.
Surveillance Of Tuberculosis In Buffaloes, Cattle And Derectton Of Mycobacterium Bovis And Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Food of Animal Origin
by Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Younus | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The main objectives of this study were: to survey the prevalence of TB infection in livestock and their products in Pakistan; to standardize PCR based techniques for the detection of TB in buffaloes, cattle and animal products (milk and meat) as presently no such system has been developed for the detection of TB in animals and their products in Pakistan; to evaluate improved tests for the differentiation of Mycobacterium complex isolates in cattle, buffaloes and animal food products and to compare modern and conventional methods for rapid diagnosis of the Mycobacterial spp. The study was performed in different experiments to have surveillance of tuberculosis in Buffaloes and Cattle; and to detect the presence of different Mycobacteria in animal food products. One thousand animals from different areas of Lahore District were screened with the tuberculin test. The milk and blood of tuberculin tested animals were further studied for the presence of Mycobacterial spp. by conventional methods as well as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In other experiments one hundred market milk samples and ten thousand five hundred tissue samples from twenty-one hundred carcasses at Lahore slaughter house were screened with conventional microbiological tests and multiplex PCR for differentiation of Mycobacterium species. The results indicated that PCR had more sensitivity and required less time to detect and differentiate different Mycobacterial species as compared to conventional methods. It was also noted that M. bovis were found in milk and blood of milking animals as well as tissue sample collected from Lahore slaughter house. On the basis of findings, regular monitoring of the milking animals, animals to be slaughtered, and workers handling these animals is suggested. It is also recommended to review the current slaughter act to prevent the slaughtering of TB affected animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1321,T] (1).
305.
Studies On Cyanide Toxicity In Ruminants
by Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was conducted with the objectives to: (a) determine the cyanogenic potential of various livestock fodder and grasses, (b) determine CN? content in blood of ruminants feeding cyanogenic plants, (c) develop a simple, reliable and inexpensive assay for the determination of CN? in blood, (d) evaluate the efficacy of various antidotes against CN? toxicity in a rabbit model, (e) find out the effect of CN? on hematological and biochemical profile, (f) study the postmortem and histopathological changes associated with CN? toxicity in various organs and (g) study alterations in tissue oxygenation and metabolic variables during acute CN? toxicity in pigs. For this purpose a total of 500 samples of various plants being used as fodder to livestock were collected from the field and analyzed for CN? content spectrophotometerically. To develop a simple picrate method for CN? estimation in blood, two goats were infused with KCN at 0.6mg/kg for 1 hours. Blood samples were collected at intervals and were subjected to the general method. Standard curve was developed using standard solutions of various concentrations of CN?. Additionally 6 rabbits were also given CN? orally for 40 days and blood samples were collected for CN? estimation. Later on, this method was successfully used to determine CN? levels from 500 blood samples of cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats (n=125 each) feeding cyanogenic plants which were collected from the field. For antidotal studies forty two rabbits were randomly divided into seven groups viz. A, B, C, D, E, F and G each comprising of six animals. Rabbits in group A were given feed only and served as negative control, while the rabbits in group B received feed plus oral solution of potassium cyanide (KCN) and were positive control. Animals in group C were given feed, KCN and intraperitoneal (IP) injection of garlic extract. Rabbits in group D were treated with feed, KCN and IP injection of sodium thiosulfate (STS). Members in group E received feed, KCN and IP injection of both garlic extract and sodium nitrite (SNT). Animals in group F were treated with feed, KCN and IP injection of both STS and SNT whereas the rabbits in group G were given feed, KCN and hydroxocobalamin IP. The treatments were given to respective groups for a period of 40 days. At the end of 40 days, serum and fresh urine samples were drawn from each rabbit to study biochemical panel. Subsequently the rabbits were euthanized for postmortem and histopathological changes in various organs. For hematological and growth rate studies 12 rabbits were divided into two groups of six viz. A and B. Rabbits in group A were given feed only while members in group B were treated with feed and oral KCN at 3mg/kg for 40 days. The animals were weighed after every 10 days. Feed consumption rate, feed efficiency and weight gain for the members of each group were recorded. Blood samples were also collected for hematological studies at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. To study tissue oxygen and metabolic variables during acute CN? toxicity, 26 piglets were anesthetized. The non-invasive monitors were used to measured oxygen saturation, heart rate and rhythm and cerebral response to sedation. The invasive monitors were placed to measured beat to beat variability of the arterial blood pressure, pulmonary artery pressures. Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and cardiac output were continuously monitored. Regional brain O2 (cerebral cortex) and skeletal muscle O2 saturation (rSO2) were also measured via sensors. After getting baseline metabolic and hemodynamic measurements that included arterial and venous blood gas analysis, lactates and cyanide levels, all pigs were started on an infusion of NaCN (0.55 mg/kg/hr). The infusion continued until the occurrence of sustained apnea (?3 minutes). A non-significant difference was found in the CN? content of Sorghum bicolor and S. sudanese, while a significant difference was observed between the CN? content of Jumbo grass (S. bicolor x S. Sudanese hybrid) and S. halepense. Jumbo grass and S. halepense were found to have significantly higher CN? concentrations than S. bicolor or S. Sudanese. Maize has significantly lower CN? content compared to S. bicolor, S. sudanese, Jumbo grass, or S. halepense. A gradual increase in CN? content with increasing height of plants was also observed. Highest CN? levels were observed at heights of 91-100 cm in sorghum varieties. At greater heights, a gradual decrease in CN? content was seen in all plant species, with the lowest levels at heights of 200 cm or above. No CN? was detected in maize at heights over 131 cm. In picrate method, the calibration curve was linear (R2=0.99) in the range of 0.3-120 mg CN?/L. In standard CN? solutions a color change in picrate paper from yellow to brown was observed at a concentration of 3 mg CN?/L and above. This method was sufficiently sensitive to quantify the low concentrations (0.3mg CN?/L) of CN? found in ruminant blood. In goats infused with KCN, the CN? concentration in blood was time-dependent and continued rising during infusion, gradually declining after infusion ceased after 1 h. Blood CN? levels showed a time-dependent increase in all experimental rabbits with the maximum concentration (1.34 mg/L) at day 40. The highest blood CN? concentrations were found in cattle, followed by goats and buffalo, with the lowest in sheep. When blood CN? levels of these species were compared statistically, a non-significant difference was observed. A non-significant difference was found between males and females. No relationship was observed between blood CN? levels and age of the animal for any species. Buffalo, cattle, sheep, and goats allowed to graze showed significantly higher blood CN? levels than animals kept in a stall feeding system. Animals grazing on jumbo grass were found to have significantly higher blood CN? levels than those fed S. bicolor or S. sudanese with a non-significant difference found between animals fed S. bicolor or S. sudanese. No CN? was detected in blood samples of animals fed maize. Hydroxocobalamine was found to be a significantly more effective CN? antidote than garlic, STS, SNT plus garlic extract, or SNT and STS, either alone or in combination. A combination of SNT and garlic extract was the second most effective CN? antidote. The efficacy of garlic alone was significantly higher than STS or SNT in combination with STS. The efficacy of combined SNT and STS was superior to STS alone in treating rabbits with CN? toxicity. No rabbits in any group demonstrated gross deviation from the normal organ structure. The activities of serum ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH enzymes, as well as serum bilirubin, were significantly increased in CN? treated rabbits compared to controls. Severe hepatocyte vacuolation and degeneration were present in liver of rabbits in the CN? treated group. Liver of rabbits in the control group showed normal morphological patterns. The concentrations of serum urea, uric acid and creatinine were significantly higher in CN? treated rabbits than in control group. Urinary thiocyanate levels were also significantly higher in the CN? group than in controls. Kidneys of rabbits in the CN? group demonstrated severe glomerular and tubular necrosis and congestion. Pyknotic nuclei were present in tubular epithelial cells, whereas a normal histological pattern was observed in kidneys of rabbits in control group. Serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly lower in the CN? group compared to controls. A non-significant difference in blood glucose levels was recorded between rabbits in control and CN? treated groups, and histological examination of pancreas revealed no microscopic lesions. No significant differences were observed in serum cholesterol levels of CN? and control group rabbits. The serum albumin and total protein concentration in CN? treated rabbits were significantly lower than in the control group. Heart of rabbits in both CN? and control group did not show histopathological changes under microscopic examination. The erythrocyte count, the hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were all found to be significantly lower in blood of CN? treated rabbits than control group. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly higher in the CN? group rabbits than control group animals. On the other hand, the difference in leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count and platelets were non-significant. The difference in total and daily feed consumption between CN? and control group rabbits was non-significant, whereas the feed efficiency of rabbits in the control group was significantly higher than for rabbits in CN? fed group. The net weight gain of rabbits in the control group was significantly higher than in the CN? fed group. Cyanide infusion to pigs resulted in toxic levels of blood CN? accompanied by lactic acidosis. In addition, there was a progressive increase in cardiac output, Venous oxygen saturation, heart rate, elevation of central venous pressure and pulmonary artery blood pressure. Skeletal muscle rSO2 progressively and significantly decreased with increasing lactate and CN? levels. However, there was no significant change in brain rSO2.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1322,T] (1).
306.
Production Of Single Cell Proteins (Yeast) To Fortify Human Food
by Umar Bacha | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The production of single cell protein on agricultural wastes is amongst the potential non-conventional protein source for humans in protein deficient countries like Pakistan. Microorganisms in single cell protein have high protein contents and short growth times which lead to rapid biomass production. Moreover, microorganisms are able to utilize cheap sources of nitrogen and abundant carbon sources. Thus, the resulting biomass is usually economical having high potential as a supplement as well as protein fortificant to provide balanced nutrition.
The peels used for yeast biomass production study resulted in variable composition. Orange peel contained significantly highest (38.66 %) moisture content as compared to other peels. Regarding dry matter, the maximum DM (80.66 %) was present in potato peels while, crude protein contents were higher (10.13 %) in orange peels. In biomass production, the maximum growth (5.29 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained on potato peels while, lowest growth (0.3 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed on apple peels. Both apple and potato peels nitrogen free extract were statistically non-significant.
Proximate composition of experimentally produced yeast biomass was comparable with commercial yeast. Biological evaluation of single cell protein (SCP) diet in Sprague Dawley rats was conducted and compared with casein diet to determine the SCP protein quality. The values for SCP protein quality for parameters of TD, NPU, BV, NPR, FER and PER were 93.68 %, 67.02 %, 70.56 %, 4.55 %, 3.62 % and 2.19 % respectively, which were significantly lower as compared to casein diet. Although the scores for biological parameters of SCP diet were lower as compared to casein diet, yet the differences in actual values for both the diets was not much which indicates the overall good quality of SCP protein.
SCP also showed excellent water holding capacity (303.40±0.30 %) and oil absorption capacity (196.50±0.20 %). Similarly, foaming capacity, loose bulk density and packed bulk density were observed as 10.60±0.20 %, 0.65±0.01 % and 0.66±0.01 %, respectively. It also showed good gelling capacity as 0.7 g/20mL of yeast biomass resulted in complete gelling of the solution.
Yeast was used to fortify flour at various concentrations to prepare and evaluate protein enriched sugar-snap-cookies. The cookies, thus prepared, were subjected to physical and sensory evaluation to find out the most appropriate level of SCP fortification for cookies development. The spread factor and diameter of cookies decreased while cookie thickness increased with SCP fortification. There was not much difference in most sensory scores attributed to all fortified cookies with the exception of texture and taste which deteriorated with fortification. Although taste and texture scores were less yet the cookies fortified with up to 4% of SCP were well in high acceptable limit.
In a nutshell, potato peels can serve as a good vehicle for production of single cell proteins. Experimentally produced yeast was chemically comparable with that of commercial yeast; however its growth production varies with carbohydrates present in the industrial waste peels. The overall protein quality of SCP protein was found to be very good and thus can be used in various food formulations to enhance protein quantity and quality. Cookies fortified with up to 4% SCP were found to highly acceptable and thus recommended for fortification.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1325,T] (1).
307.
Bioequivalence Study Of Deferiprone In Healthy Volunteers
by Naila Waheed | Dr. Sualeha Riffat | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating bioequivalence, relative
silability and efficacy of deferiprone manufactured locally (Ferinil, Global
aceutical, Pakistan) with a reference drug (Ferriprox, ApoPharma, Canada) in healthy
volunteers. It was a randomized crossover study enrolling 12 volunteers within age limit
g·55yrs and meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, Each volunteer was
administered two tablets of deferiprone 500mg of both reference and test drug with a two-
washout period. Blood samples of about 5ml was collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 5,4, 6, 8, 12 hour at predetermined time intervals and one sample was taken as control
giving first dose to volunteers. Heparinized vacuette was used for collection of blood
les. After sampling, blood samples was centrifuged at approximately 3000 rpm for 10
les and then stored at -80°C till analyzed. Plasma deferiprone levels were analyzed using
led High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pharmacokinetic parameters
calculated from plasma concentration time curve non-compartmentally and two-
artmental. After logarithmic transformation of data statistical comparisons of Cmax,
(0-1), AUC(o.oo) was calculated and appropriate statistical method was used for calculation. mean relative bioavailability was 104% and was proved to be bioavailable. The Cmax
(mean ±SD) for reference and test drug was 12.68 ± 4.91 and 14.41 ± 5.04 ug/ml,
ctively while average ± SD of AUCO-t and AUCO-inf of test and reference drug was 40.49
6,05 and 42.84 ± 18.47 ugh/ml and 38.63 ± 13.65 and 40.75 ± 14.17 ugh/ml. Average
(test/reference) of Cmax 90% CI was 0.9876-1.3125. Average ratio (test/reference) of
Co.190% CI was 0.9737-1.1150, and of AUCo-inf 90% CI was 0.9542-1.1343. Therefore both test and reference drug was fairly tolerated by volunteers and no adverse event was
detected. Hence, the average ratio of 90% confidence interval of AUCo-t and AUCO-inf was
0.9737-1.1150 and 0.9542-1.1343 that lie within the acceptable limit of (0.80 - 1.25) for
bioequivalence acceptance. Effectiveness of deferiprone depends on AUC instead of Cmax therefore the average ratio of 90% confidence interval of Cmax was 0.9876-1.3125 that lie
with the acceptable limit of WHO bioequivalence acceptance (0.75 - 1.33). ANOVA show
no significant variations among drug, period and sequence effect. Therefore, it was concluded
that Ferriprox was proved to be bioequivalent in healthy male Pakistani volunleers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1327,T] (1).
308.
Growth Performance And Carcass Characteristics In Four Different Varieties Of Native Aseel
by Muhmmad Iqbal | Dr. Abdul Waheed Sahota | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: In Pakistan rural poultry has been playing an important role in the production of eggs and poultry meat. During the year, 2010, the contribution of rural poultry in overall production of eggs and poultry meat in the country has been about 32.15 and 15.38 percent, respectively. However, conservation and genetic improvement of native poultry breeds has been the major problem hindering the development of rural poultry. Aseel is a native rural poultry breed which possesses very good meat production character, however very little research work has been conducted to study its growth and carcass traits. Keeping this in view, the present study was planned to evaluate comparative growth and carcass traits of different varieties of native Aseel. For this purpose 96, day-old Aseel chicks, 24 each of 4 different varieties viz Peshawari, Mianwali, Mushki and Lakha were maintained under standard managemental conditions for a period of 15 weeks according to Completely Randomized Design. The data on weekly body weight gain and feed intake were collected and feed conversion efficiency was worked out. At 12 and 15 weeks of age, carcass characteristics such as dressing percentage, shank length and width, breast length and width, intestinal length and weight and giblet weight were studied
The average feed intake (g) of four varieties of Aseel varied significantly (p>0.05) from 1 to 15 weeks of age. The average body weight (g) of four varieties of Aseel was significantly differed at 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15 weeks of age. However, non-significant effect was observed at day-old chick and also at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 8th, 9th, 11th and 12th weeks of age. The average of weekly body weight gain (g) of four varieties of Aseel significantly differed at 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th and 10th weeks of age. However, non-significant effect was observed at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th weeks of age.
The average of FCR of four varieties of Aseel was varied significantly (p<0.05) at 1st, 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th and 11th weeks of age, however, non-significant effect was observed in 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 10th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th weeks of age. The average mean of times weekly body weight gain of four varieties of Aseel significantly varied (p<0.05) at 3rd, 4th, 8th, 9th and 10th weeks of age. Non-significant effects was however observed at 1st, 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th weeks of age. The weekly average mean intake of protein, calories, calcium, phosphorus and fiber in four varieties of Aseel significantly differed (p<0.05) throughout the experimental period from 1-15 weeks of age.
The results of this study in respect of carcass characteristics indicate that Aseel males had higher live body weight, weight with viscera, dressed weight, shank length, shank width, than Aseel females at 12 and 15 weeks of age. However non-significant differences were observed among the four varieties of Aseel at both 12 and 15 weeks of age in these parameters. The results indicated that males had higher, gizzard weight (with contents), gizzard weight (without contents), breast width, and breast length, than Aseel females at 12 weeks of age. However, non-significant differences were observed between sexes at 15 weeks of age and also among the four varieties of Aseel at both 12 and 15 weeks of age in the above mentioned parameters. Aseel males also exhibited higher intestinal and proventriculus weights than those of Aseel females at 12 weeks of age, however, non-significant differences were observed between sexes at 15 weeks of age in both these parameters.
Significant difference in proventriculus and blood weight was observed among the four varieties of Aseel at 12 weeks of age, whereas, non-significant difference was recorded in proventriculus and blood weight at 15 weeks of age. The results indicated non-significant differences between the sexes at both 12 and 15 weeks of age. Aseel males had higher intestinal length and lungs weight, than that of Aseel females at 15 weeks of age, however, non-significant difference in these parameters was observed between the sexes at 12 weeks of age and also among the four varieties of Aseel at both 12 and 15 weeks of age.
Non-significant differences were noted in liver, heart, abdominal fat and spleen weight among the four varieties of Aseel at 12 and 15 weeks of age. Similarly, non-significant difference was observed between the sexes in respect of liver weight and also non-significant difference was recorded in intestinal weight between the four varieties at 12 weeks of age. Whereas, significant differences were observed in these parameters among four varieties of Aseel at 15 weeks of age. Significant difference was observed in abdominal fat percentage among the four varieties of Aseel at 12 weeks of age, however, non-significant differences was found among the four varieties at 15 weeks of age. The sexes differed non-significantly in abdominal fat percentage and also non-significant difference was observed in testes and ovary weight among the four varieties of Aseel at 12 and 15 weeks of age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1332,T] (1).
309.
Determinaton Of Multiple Drug Resistance Against Pasteurella - Multocida Isolates From Cattle And Buffalo In District Naseerabad, Balochistan
by Abdul Salam Baloch | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Hemorrhagic Septicemia is one of the major problems from livestock point of view with high morbidity, mortality, loss of production and cost of treatment. The predisposing factors such as high temperature, high humidity and uncontrolled transportation of cattle and buffalo round the clock favor outbreak from time to time in the District Naseerabad, Balochistan. Forty samples were collected aseptically from Cattle and Buffalo and transported for further processing placing temperature 4 0C in to the Laboratory Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.
Samples were cultured on blood agar for isolation and purification .These isolate were identified macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical profile characteristics test. The antibiotic sensitivity test of Ceftriaxone, Cephaloridine, Trimethoprim, Streptomycin, Cinoxacin, Colistin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenical and Amoxycillin were determined for P. multocida isolates and also observed noticeable resistance against these antibiotics. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed statistically.
The aim and objective of present study was to determine multiple drug resistance against Pasteurella multocida so that proper antibiotic for the above said ailment with recommended dosage may be accomplished according to standard dosage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1333,T] (1).
310.
Helminthiasis In Children Upto Twelve Years Of Age And Their Effect On Different Blood Parameters
by Dr. Fareed Ahmad Afzal | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Tayyaba Ejaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Helminthic infections causing anemia are the major public health problems globally. Intestinal parasites are most prevalent in tropical countries. Tropical countries have mild climate and heavy rains which are breeding grounds for parasites.
The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of intestinal helminthic infections in two to twelve years old children at three different hospitals of lahore. For this purpose, a total of 250 stool samples were examined for the presence of various endoparasites. Stool samples were examined by direct smear and floatation techniques. Identification of eggs was made on the basis of morphological characteristics.
250 blood samples of the same children were also collected for the determination of haemoglobin level. Haemoglobin determination was done by haematology analyzer (Sysmex- model number KX-21). In this way association of parasitic infections with anemia was done.
Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was noted in children according to age and gender, among different hospitals of lahore and among children whose family members had received different levels of education. The present study has also dealt with the relationship between haemoglobin levels along with their means and standard deviation.
Out of the total 250 stool samples examined, it was found that 29 samples were infected with a prevalence of (11.6%). Out of these 29 samples, there were 13(44.82%) cases of Ascaris lumbricoides, 8(27.58%) cases of Hymenolepis nana, 6(20.68%) cases of Taenia saginata and 2(6.89%) cases of Hookworm. The level of haemoglobin in these children ranged from 3.7gm/dl to 9.8 gm/dl. This indicates that there is a relationship between helminthiasis and anemia.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1334,T] (1).
311.
A Study On Prevalance Of Hcv Genotypes And Risk Factors Of Hepatitis C Virus In Punjab
by Tahira Tarar | Miss Faiza Masood | Dr. Muhammad | Mr. Zahid Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was marked as major agent which causes non-A, non-B hepatitis. Various partial and complete sequences of HCV nucleotide had been identified in the world. When these sequences were compared a marked genetic heterogeneity was revealed, that suggested the existence of HCV genotypes. Recent studies have pointed out the association of different HCV genotypes with different profiles of pathogenecity, infectivity and response to antiviral therapy. In our study we used typing system based on genotype specific primers focused on HCV 5´-UTR by using PCR. Genotype specific primers were designed for genotype 1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b and 4. 100 samples of HCV positive patients were collected. The frequency of occurrence of genotype 2a was 4 %, 2b was 5 %, 3a was 71 %, 3b was 11% and untypeable was 9 %. Blood transfusions, therapeutic injections, reuse of needles, dental procedures, shaving practices, body piercings, jaundice, dialysis, surgery and other multiple risk factors associated with HCV were studied. Major risk factor among females was therapeutic injections and among males the major risk factor was absence of shaving precautions. The study concludes that the most prevalent genotype in Punjab province is 3a. As each genotype sequence is different, the antiviral therapy against that particular genotype is also different. The treatment would only be successful if the genotype of HCV infected patient is known. This study will help in correlating efficacy of interferon therapy with different HCV genotypes and to understand the mode of transmission for hepatitis C virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1336,T] (1).
312.
Genetic And Phenotypig Trends In Some Performance Traits Of Kajlli Sheep
by Farman Ullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Kajli sheep is one of the native breeds and is found in the irrigated areas of central Punjab
(Districts of Sargodha, Khushab, Gujrat, Mandi Baha-ud-Din, and Mianwali). Kajli sheep is
mostly raised for mutton, wool and occasionally for milk production. Wide variation exists in
various production and reproduction traits of Kajli sheep which indicates a great scope of
improvement in these traits of economic importance. Any program of breed improvement is
based on maximum exploitation of genetic variation. The potential of genetic improvement
largely depends on genetic variation of the trait and its relationship with the other traits.
Knowledge of heritability, repeatability and correlations among various traits is essential for
formulating efficient breeding plan and selection strategies. Objective of this study is to evaluate
the performance of a purebred flock of Kajli sheep maintained at Livestock Experimental Station
Khushab and Livestock Experimental Station Khizrabad (Sargodha). Data on performance traits
as Birth weight, Weaning weight, Yearling weight and Greasy fleece weight from 1994 to 2009
were collected, An effort was made to determine the effect of all environmental and non genetic
factors on the performance of animals. For this purpose LSMLMW computer program was used.
The genetic parameters i.e., heritability, and phenotypic and genetic correlations among various
traits will be estimated. The breeding values for different traits were estimated for comparative
ranking of animals. Phenotypic and genetic trend lines were drawn to assess the selection success
in previous generations of Kajli sheep. These analyses were done using DFREML computer soft
ware which is s pecially designed for the estimation of variance components. The information so
generated will ultimately be helpful in developing future breeding plans for genetic improvement
of Kajli sheep in Pakistan. The birth and weaning weight in this flock averaged 4.16±0.0Ikg and
18.70±0.08 kg whereas yearling weight was 37.52±0.06 kg. The pre weaning average daily gain
was 142.34±0.83 gms. Birth weight varied significantly due to years, season, sex, type of birth
and flock. Data showed non- significant interaction between sex and type of birth. Analysis of
variance revealed significant effect of year of birth and season of birth on weaning weight.
However, the difference due to sex is non-significant. Type of birth and age of the dam were
significant. Effect of weaning age of the lambs on weaning weight was also significant, whereas,
birth weight had a non significant effect (P<0.05) on weaning weight. The variation in body
weight due to year, sex, and season of birth were significant (P<0.05).Whereas, effect of flock
and type of birth were non- significant. Weaning age of the lambs and birth weight had a non
significant (P<0.05) effect on yearling weight whereas weaning weights of the lambs had
significant effects on the trait under consideration. The analysis of variance revealed that year
and season of birth and birth type showed significant effect on pre weaning average daily gain
while sex had non-significant effect on the trait. The regressions of weaning weight and birth
weight on pre weaning average daily gain were significant (P<O.OI). The estimates of heritability
for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, pre-weaning average daily weight gain, and
greasy fleece weight were 0.054±0.019, 0.069±0.016, 0.015±0.020, 0.056±0.016, and
0.170±0.060 respectively. The low heritability estimates indicated the presence of less additive
genetic variance and large environmental variance. Hence, improvement in the traits through
selection may be limited. The estimated breeding values for Khizerabad farm were, for birth
weight from -0.205 to 0.164 kgs in males. The corresponding values were from -0.149 to 0.180
kgs in females. The estimated breeding value for weaning weight ranged from -1.029 to 1.822
kgs in males and corresponding values were from -1.205 to 1.555 kgs in females. The breeding
value estimated for yearling weight was -0.152 to 0.285kg in males and -0.159 to 0.224kg in
females. The estimated breeding value for pre weaning growth rate was -0.194 to 0.212 gms in
males and -0.174 to 2.00 gms in females, and for greasy fleece weight it was -0.247 to 0.708 kgs
and -0.429 to 0.575 kgs in males and females respectively. The estimated breeding values for
Khushab farm were, for birth weight from -0.157 to 0.173 kgs in males. The corresponding
values were from -0.148 to 0.145 kgs in females. The estimated breeding value for weaning
weight ranged from -1.478 to 0.284 kgs in males and corresponding values were from -0.976 to
1.923 kgs in females. The breeding value estimated for yearling weight was -0.198 to 0.176 in
males and -0.166 to 0.170 in females. The estimated breeding value for pre weaning growth rate
was -0.281 to 0.195 gms in males and -0.205 to 0.148 gms in females, and for greasy fleece
weight it was -0.380 to 0.706 kgs and -0.267 to 0.590 kgs in males and females respectively. The
estimated breeding values for sire in Khizerabad farm were, for birth weight ranged from -0.169
to 0.164 kgs. The estimated breeding value for weaning weight ranged from -1.029 to 1.694 kgs.
The breeding value estimated for yearling weight was -0.151 to 0.285 kgs. The estimated
breeding value for pre weaning growth rate was -0.190 to 0.212 gms, and for greasy fleece
weight it was -0.146 to 0.520 kgs. The estimated breeding values for sire in Khushab farm were,
for birth weight ranged from -0.157 to 0.173 kgs. The estimated breeding value for weaning
weight ranged from -1.478 to 2.846 kgs. The breeding value estimated for yearling weight was -
0.198 to 0.176 kgs. The estimated breeding value for pre weaning growth rate was -0.281 to
0.195 gms, and for greasy fleece weight it was -0.335 to 0.706 kgs. The genetic trends for birth
weight in Kajli sheep showed decreasing trend and phenotypic trend was fluctuating, whereas, the genetic
and phenotypic trend for weaning weight showed fluctuating trend. For yearling weight genetic and
phenotypic trend was also observed which show fluctuation, pre weaning growth rate also not statistic.
The phenotypic trend for greasy fleece yield showed little increasing trend.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1345,T] (1).
313.
Comparative Study Of Patent Versus Locally Manufactured Chemotherapeutic Agents Used In Breast Cancer Patients.
by Marriam Sharif | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The pharmaceutical companies produce anticancer drugs after extensive research and development. Number of generics of doxorubicin, fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide has recently been introduced but their clinical efficacy and toxicity has not been documented in comparison to the brand leader product in Pakistan.
Objective of this study was to compare the toxicity and efficacy of patent FAC (fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy combination versus local FAC manufactured by Pharmedic laborteries Pakistan.
Study was conducted on two groups of patients having 15 patients in each group with breast cancer. Median age was 48 years in group "A" and 47 years in group "B".
Patients in group "A" received patent FAC while group "B" received locally manufactured FAC. An inclusion and exclusion criterion was used for patient selection or rejection. Pre-treatment evaluation was done before the start of the chemotherapy. The dosage regimen and route of drug administration was same for both groups.
A median number of two cycles of FAC chemotherapy was given in each group. Toxicity was evaluated with special reference to hepatic function, renal function, hematological profile and S-T changes in ECG on day 14 after the execution of FAC combination of
chemotherapy and on day 21 before the start of second dose of chemotherapy according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE).
Partial response was seen in 83% patients of group "A" and 60% in group "B". Two patients had stable disease in group "A" while three patients had stable disease and one patient had progressive disease in group "B".
In this small series of patients group "A" patients treated with patent or branded FAC appeared to have better response rate at higher cost than group "B" patients treated with locally manufactured FAC combination of chemotherapy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1357,T] (1).
314.
Correlatin Response Of Udder And Body Measurements As Affected By Age And Parity On Milk Contents And Yield In Nili- Ravi Buffaloesin Peri- Urban Areas of Lahore
by Muhammad Salman Khalid | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is diverse specie of domestic livestock and the utmost need of
modern dairy farms in developing countries especially where it is indigenous animal as in
Pakistan and India. To achieve and enhance the full genetic potential of the animal, first of all,
one must be able to select the animal which will seems to have good genetic for the dairy
production on the basis of phenotypic characters. As far as. selection of this animal. on the basis
of its milk producing unit i.e. udder conformation is concerned has not yet been conducted
precisely. Only animals are judged by traditional ways without scientific approach. The core
purpose of this study was to select Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes on the basis of their phenotypic
features for commercial purpose. A total of 200 lactating ili-Ravi animals were measured in
and around peri-urban areas of Lahore. Out of 200 animals 4, 32, 63, 53, 34 and 14 were
belonging to first, second, third, fourth, fifth and Sixth lactations, respectively. The animals
found in different lactation stages. 47 (23.5%) were in first. 76 i.e. 38% were in second and
77(38.5%) were present in their third lactation stage. The mean and standard deviation of udder
length in first to sixth lactation were 57.0 3.05cm, 62.4 1.08cm, 63.6±0.98cm, 65.9±0.95 em,
66.1±1.17 ern and 62.7±2.41 em, respectively. Whereas, measurements of udder depth in
lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes ranged in six lactations from 13.3±3.05 cm,10.7±0.37 ern. IO.8±0.20 em, 14.7±2.64cm. 11.11:0.22 ern andl0.5±0.40clll respectively .. Udder width of lactating buffaloes in first six parities was 23.9±0.6 cm, 28.0:1..3.2 em, 28.3 4.2 ern, 29.2±4.6 cm, 31.6± 3.2 ern and 30.7±1.3cm respectively. The size of milk vein in from parity one to six was 5.6±0.7 ern, 6.6±1.1 ern, 7.3±1.2 ern, 7.4±1.6 ern, 8.1±0.8 cm and 7.9±O.77 em respectively. The average udder length, udder depth. udder width and milk vein in all lactations were found to be 64.2±0.52cm, I 0.9±0.14 ern, 29.1 0.29cm and 7.4±0.1 ern respectively. Bowl shaped udder was found in 156 animals (78%), whereas only 39 out of 200 (19.5%) had round and only five animals got goaty shaped udders i.e.2.5%. The average teat length and teat diameter in all parities under study were 9.6±0.86 ern and 4.08±0.046 ern, respectively. Whereas, average distance between both fore teats was found 14.4±0.23cm. between rear teats 6.3±0.13cm and between fore and rear teats of right and left side were 6.4±0.13cm and 6.4±0.13cmrespectively. 89% (178/200) Nili- Ravi animals in the peri-urban areas of Lahore were found to have cylindrical shaped teats. Whereas only eight animals (4%) have bottle and fourteen animals (7%), was having funnel shaped teats. Average Heart Girth. Body Length and Body Height of lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were found to be 203.2'10.77 em, 147.3 0.71 em and 140.2± I.06cm. The mean distance between the two pin bones and hook bones of the body were 30.2±0.26 em and
56.9±0.32 em, whereas, mean body depth found in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes was 83.2±1.23 ern. The average scoring given to the different parts and overall body in the study were: Tail Head: 22.5±0.02; Ribs and Sacral region: 3.1±0.018; Angularity of Bones: 3.1±0.01; and Overall BCS: 2.9±0.0 17. The average fat%, protein%, SNF%, lactose% and solids (ash) % were 5.98±l.S, 3.3±O.2, 8.67±O.5, 4.58±O.3 and O.83±0.04 respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1358,T] (1).
315.
Antiviral And Cytotoxiv Oroperties Of Solybum Marianum Chenopodium Album And Nigella Sativa Against Peste Des
by Abid Ali | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1361,T] (1).
316.
Morphology Of Some Bat Species Of District Bajaur Agency And Adjacent Areas
by Hamid-ullah | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-Ul-Hassan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ali Nawaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009-2011Dissertation note: This one year study extending from June 2010 to May 2011 was made to collect information on various bat species inhabiting Bajur Agency (FATA) and some adjacent areas (KPK). A total of 30 bats were captured and measured for body and cranial parameters during the present study. Of these twenty specimens were collected from Bajaur Agency and ten from Dir (Lower). All the potential roosting sites were thoroughly searched and their GPS locations were recorded. Bat samples were collected through mist nets and hand nets. Each captured specimen was tagged in the field indicating a specific field number, date and time of capture, exact locality, age, sex and the name of town or village of Bajaur Agency. They were preserved in 95% Alcohol before weighed, measured and autopsied. The standard morphometric, cranial and bacular measurements of each specimen were recorded and compared with that given in the literature.
Twenty bats were captured from two Tehsils of district Bajaur Agency (SA1). Fourteen bats were captured from Tehsil Khar. These included Scotophillus heathii (1?) captured from Molakaly, Pipistrellus ceylonicus (1?, 1?), Pipistrellus tenuis (1?) Pipistrellus cromendra (1?), Pipistrellus javanicus (1?) and Scotophilus kuhlii (2?) captured from Tuhaidabad and Pipistrellus cromandra (1?, 5?) captured from Daray. Six bats were recorded from Teshil Salarzo. These included Pipistrellus pipistrellus (2?), Pipistrellus tenius (1?, 1?) and Pipistrellus javanicus (1?) captured from Malkana and one Rhinolopus hipposiderous (?) captured from Tattay. Ten bats were captured from Dir (Lower). These included Megaderma lyra (1?,4?) Rhinolopus ferrumequinum (1?) and Rhinolopus hipposiderous (4?).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1363,T] (1).
317.
Comparative Performance Of Lohi Lambs Supplemented With Lucerne (Medicago Sativa) Hay And Pelleted Diets In Addition
by Abdul Raziq | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Animal feed resources are still deficient in total digestible nutrients (28.62 million tons)
and digestible protein (1.76 million tons). To meet the requirement of animal, there is need to
properly conserve the flush season growth of Rabi fodder like berseem and alfalfa in their
. different physical forms. Lucerne pallets are economical feed supplement to fulfill protein and
energy requirements of grazing lambs. Feeding management study was conducted to evaluate the
different physical forms of lucerne in eighteen extensive grazing male Lohi lambs having
approximately same body weight. Lambs were fed on individual basis on three experimental
diets designated as A, Band C having extensive grazing, chopped lucerne hay, Lucerne hay
pellets respectively. Each lamb was also given concentrate ration @ 0.5% of body weight on dry
matter basis. The data on daily feed intake, weekly gain, feed digestibility, feed efficiency and
economics was recorded. Samples of feed were analyzed by official method of analysis. Mean
daily dry matter intake of Lohi lambs kept on treatments A, B and C was 820.88 ± 13.22,905.19
± 13.83 and1010.24 ± 15.34 g, respectively. The dry matter intake difference was highly
significant (P< 0.001) between treatments and weight gain on daily bases in lambs was 82.89 ±
0.27, 91.74 ± 0.40 and 119.49 ± 0.44g in treatment A, B and C, respectively. Group C is highly
efficient consuming 8.49 kg dry matter for 1 kg of weight gain following group B consuming
9.86 kg dry matter for 1kg weight gain. Group A showed lower efficiency as it consumes 9.90kg
dry matter for one kg of weight gain. It was highly economical to feed Lucerne pellets with
grazing with a gross margin of Rs.13.75/animal/day followed by extensive grazing with a gross
margin of Rs.11.15/animal/day. Lowest gross margin of Rs.11.12/animal/day was shown by the
lambs kept on extensive grazing.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1364,T] (1).
318.
Sero Epidemiology Transmission Dynamics And Hematological Studies On Neospora Caninum In Dairy Buffaloes
by Amir Nasir | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The current study was carried out in two districts of the Punjab province (pakistan),
viz. Lahore and Narowallocated;on the eastern part of the province bordering Indian Punjab
::.
and the first study assessing the epidemiology of N caninum in dairy buffalo in Pakistan.
Overall, the true sercprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy buffalo (assessed by using
cELISA validated for buffalo by using IFAT as reference test) of the two districts was 39.4 %
-
with no significant difference in the prevalence of N caninum antibodies between male
(29.5%) and female (41.5%) dairy buffalo. However, in the Lahore district alone, the
prevalence in the female (46.1 %) buffalo was significantly higher than in their male (23.8%)
counterparts. In contrast, in Narowal district, the prevalence in male (42.4%) buffalo was
higher than females (32.2%) but this difference was not statistically different. The other risk
factors evaluated in regards to the prevalence of N caninum in buffalo were similar overall in
both the districts; these included age-specific, season-specific, pregnancy-specific, parity-
specific, abortion-specific and dog contact-specific prevalence. The difference in sero-
prevalence was not significant amongst all the ages but was significant between the younger
" 3yrs.) and adult (> 3yrs.) age buffalo. The adult buffalo showed a higher prevalence of N
caninum antibodies compared with younger buffalo. Anyhow, the age group of buffalo >3-5
yrs. showed consistently the highest prevalence of N caninum antibodies overall and in both
the districts in the current study. The summer season was the one in which buffalo of the two
districts and overall showed the highest prevalence, followed by high prevalence in autumn; while
the lowest prevalence of N caninum antibodies was observed in buffalo sampled during the
winter. The prevalence in the higher parities buffalo was significantly higher than the lower parity
and pregnant heifers. The prevalence in pregnant dams was significantly higher than in non-
pregnant buffalo in the herds in different areas of the two districts.
Similarly, aborting buffalo in regular contact with dogs- at the dairy properties showed significantly
higher prevalence of N. caninum antibodies than non-aborting buffalo without the contact of dog.
The serological analysis-of dogs (using cELIS A) present at some dairy buffalo
'"
properties generally showed high prevalence of N. caninum; antibodies at the dairy properties
where the buffalo were in regular contact with dogs compared with farm premises and their
buffalo without any contact with dogs at the farm. This signifies the roleof the dogs in the
-
. transmission of N. caninum oocysts and infection to buffalo (intermediate host) as the isolates
of dog and bovine origin has been reported to be identical (Stenlund et al., 1997).
The analysis of milk samples from the dairy buffalo. also tested for serum antibodies
using iscom (immune stimulating complex) ELISA and showed a good level of agreement
(Kappa ratio=O.567) between the performance of two tests (iscom ELISA versus cELISA).
However, the cELIS A (VMRD, Pullman, W A) showed higher sero-positivity compared to
iscom ELISA (SV ANOV A, Uppsala, Sweden). Therefore, the use of either ELISA used on
milk for evaluating the prevalence of N. caninum antibodies in buffalo can give good results
. for lactating buffalo, but cELIS A appeared to have superior sensitivity in our study. The use
of iscom ELISA offers advantages regarding ease of sampling and repeated screening of
lactating herds but with little lower sensitivity than serum antibody cELISA.
The co-existence of N. caninum with Br. abortus, another important abortifacient
pathogen in buffalo, is quite significant as the probability of such infectious abortions is
increased in the susceptible herds resulting in more economic losses compared to those
caused by single pathogen. The co-existence of Br. abortus in N. caninum seropositive
buffalo in the current study was 13.2%, while the overall prevalence of Br. abortus antibodies
in buffalo of two districts was 12.2%. The prevalence trend of Bt: abortus was related to age,
~
though not exclusively; as prevalence continued to increase with age except in the age groups
of 6-7 yrs, and> 7 yrs. old buffalo. The higher prevalence in the adult age groups indicates
the association of Br. abortus with development of the reproductive system of the host
(buffalo). It also suggests the increase in the exposure of the buffalo to the pathogen with
increase.in age to some good extent. However, this prevalence was statistically not signific~
"0.
in all the age groups of buffalo. The prevalence of co-existence was highest (18.5%) in -,
buffalo >3-5 yrs. old followed by 18.2% in buffalo >7 yrs. age. Howe er, statistically, the
difference in the prevalence of co-existing antibodies against N caninum and Br. abortus in
buffalo was not significant.
Hematological analysis of the N caninum sere-positive and sero-negative dairy
buffalo for different haematological determinants, such as total leukocytic counts (TLC),
differential leukocytic counts (DLC), RBCs, haemoglobin, haematocrit, platelets and blood
plasma glucose level showed no difference in sero-positive and sero-negative two groups
particularly, regarding the effect of sero-positivity in buffalo. Albeit, some interactions such
as season x N caninum seropositivity showed significantly lower monocyte counts and high
blood glucose level in N caninum sere-positive buffalo compared with sero-negative buffalo.
Overall, in both groups no significant changes were observed in the seropositive buffalo
compare to sero-negative ones. Some interaction have independently affected certain
haematological parameters although, the animals were not seropositive. This suggests the
effect of some environmental factors and physiology states of the buffalo on its haematological
dynamics. These effects included the effect of lactation on the lymphocyte count in the lactating
and non-lactating buffalo, where lymphocyte counts were higher in non-lactating compared with
lactating buffalo most possibly due to the recruitment of lymphocytes in the udder for excretion in
milk. Similarly, blood haemoglobin was lower in the hot months and packed cell volume was
higher in the cooler months of the year in the buffalo.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1366,T] (1).
319.
Sheep Breeding Options And Role Of Support Services For Landless Mobile Herders In Norther Pakistan
by Muhammad Mudussir | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Northern areas of Pakistan are blessed with countless natural resources. One of these resources is small ruminants including sheep and goat. This study was done on sheep population of up and low land areas. This study was designed to investigate the breeding practices followed, perceptions about different breeding strategies by the low and upland pastoralists and support services provided by the livestock promoting authorities (JABA research & experimental station and Local veterinarians). By the help of this study productive, economical and ecological adaptation characteristics of native (Kaghani), exotic (Rambouillet, Afghani) and crossed sheep breeds were also be examined. For this purpose three questionnaires were developed. First questionnaire were carry questions on current number, number in last year and relative proportion of different sheep breeds on breeding strategies, productive characteristics, ecological adaptation and economical characteristics of different pure and cross breeds of sheep. While the investigations on support services provided by the livestock promoting authorities (JABA research & experimental station and Local veterinarians) were covered in second questionnaire. Interviews were be conducted from the low and up land pastoralists for the data recording of first questionnaire, while data recording of third questionnaire was done by interviewing the livestock promoting authorities. Statistical analysis of all the data recorded was done by epi - info software.
The studied parameters presented by various breeds in this experiment elucidated the fact that Afghani breed could be regarded as most economical and successfully adapted breed of the Northern areas of Pakistan in respect of its market value, disease resistance, twining rate, age at puberty and meat quality. The Kaghani breed on the other hand was having an advantage of being native breed of the respective area as it presented one of the best disease resistant characters among the studied breeds; for the same reason, it was the most prevalent breed of the area. Ramboullite is an exotic breed introduced in the area from USA and was kept mostly for having a trait of better and high wool production though its poor disease resistance and low twinning rate renders it less economical. The crossbred animals were produced mostly as a result of deliberate cross between Kaghani and Ramboulette and the maximum heterosis results in many of the better characters, increased wool quantity and quality, increased disease resistance and accelerated twinning rates, to name some of them.
The present study can be concluded to rate Afghani sheep breed as most economical breed of the Northern areas of Pakistan. This study was lead to explore the breeding practices in sheep in northern areas and future breeding policies making in sheep. The investigators of this trial opine that the Afghani breed being most economical breed of the area be bred and reared on a priority basis with selective breeding and proper management of the parent herds. In context of the wool production and disease resistance, crossbred animals should be investigated in a number of future trials to determine the most productive combination of blood percentage of the two parent breeds, i.e. Kaghani and Ramboullette. In spite of all the measures to improve economical scenario of the mobile herders with reference to sheep production, the gene pool of each pure breed population, i.e. Afghani, Kaghani and Ramboulette, should be maintained via selective breeding to ensure the availability of the parent nucleus. All these healthy and economical practices can be propagated only by the effective and efficient provision of the extension and support services of the local area, implementation authorities and livestock business related institutions.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1367,T] (1).
320.
Epidemiology, Serodiagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Anaplasmosis In Cattle
by Farhan Ahmad Atif | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr..Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Anaplasmosis is globally distributed tick-borne disease of livestock with great
economic importance in cattle industry. The current project was designed to estimate the
prevalence of anaplasmosis, ticks and risk factors associated with seroprevalence of
Anaplasma marginale among cattle in Sargodha, Khushab and Rawalpindi districts,
Punjab, Pakistan. Moreover, haematological changes in A. marginale infected cattle and
efficacy of chemosterilization regimens were evaluated using locally available drugs for
the elimination of adult naturally infected carrier cattle.
A total of 1050 blood, serum and tick specimens were collected from randomly
selected small holders (n=90) and private livestock farms (n= 12) using multistage cluster
random sampling technique. A total of 30 union councils, 34 cattle farms (30 small
holders and 4 livestock farms) and 350 cattle were selected as primary, secondary and
elementary sampling units from each district. Sampling unit was indigenous and
crossbred cattle of both the sexes.
Microscopic examination of the Giemsa stained blood mears revealed an overall
prevalence of blood parasites as 21.14%. Anaplasma marginale was the highe t prevalent
(5.81 %) haernoparasite of cattle followed in order by Theileria sp. (5.14%) and Babesia
bigemina (4.76%), respectively. Crossbred cattle were more susceptible to TBDs as
compared to the indigenous cattle. Highest prevalence of TBDs was recorded in summer.
The prevalence of tick-transmitted diseases was higher in small holders (31.3%) than
private livestock farms (17.5%). Chi square analysis indicated a significant association
(P<0.05) among indigenous and crossbred cattle to selected TBDs. Wherea. non-
significant association between different age groups, seasons, sex and farm sizes were
revealed.
The overall seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle using cELlSA was
31.05%. Seroprevalence was higher in crossbred cattle of more than 4 years of age and
there was a significant (P<O.OO I) association between different age groups and breed. The
seroprevalence was significantly (P<0.05) higher in summer season in Sargodha and
Khushab districts. Moreover, the seroprevalence was significantly higher in small holders
in all study districts.
The epidemiological data and relevant information regarding area, host and farm
management factors were collected on a questionnaire through interview from each dairy
farmer, attendant or manager from September, 2009 to August, 20 10. Multivariate
analysis of risk factors revealed that cattle of more than 4 year of age (OR=5.42), heavy
tick infested (OR =2.10), crossbred (OR = 1.59) cattle were significantly at higher risk for
seroprevalence to Anaplasma marginale. Presence of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)
microplus (OR=3.70), use of ivermectin (OR=3.97), moderate interval of acaricide
frequency (OR= 16.50), stall feeding (OR=4.90) and use of unhygienic needles
(OR=24.00) were significantly associated with seroprevalence to Anaplasma marginale
in cattle (P<0.05). The Sargodha district was at higher risk (OR = 1.81) as compared to
Khushab and Rawalpindi.
The tick species identified from cattle were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum,
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguine us, Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) annulatus and Haemaphysalis sp. The overall prevalence of tick infestation
among cattle was 54.76%. The highest prevalence (57.71%) of cattle tick infestation was tick infested sites in cattle followed by dewlap (92%), inner thighs (90%), neck & back (54%), tail (26%), ears (13%), around eyes (10%), flanks (4%) and legs (2%).
The haematological changes were studied at different levels of parasitaemia " 7%, >7-15% and> 15%) in Anaplasma marginale infected Sahiwal and crossbred cattle. There was a significant difference (P<O.OS) among total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular
haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) at different levels of rickettsemia in both breeds. ignificant difference (P<O.OS) was noticed among RBCs, PCV and MCH blood parameters between Sahiwal and crossbred cattle.
A total of sixty Anaplasma marginale seropositive adult Sahiwal cattle were selected having their ages between 3-4 years ranging in weight from 246-341 kg. The animals were divided in four groups designated as OXY -group-I, E RO-group-II, IMC- group-III and control-group-IV, comprising IS animals each. The seropositive animals received oxytetracycline (22 mglkg IV once in a day for five days), enrofloxacin (S mglkg IV once in a day for five days) or imidocarb (S mglkg 1M twice, 7 days apart). Re ult of chemosterilization study indicated that oxytetracycline 13/1S (86.67%) and irnidocarb
dipropionate II/IS (73.33%) eliminated Anaplasma marginale infection in adult naturally infected carrier cattle on S6th day. The carrier clearance was confirmed by cELISA followed by subinoculation of blood in seronegative splenectomized calves.
It was concluded that TTBDs are widely distributed in Punjab, Pakistan. Host. management and area factors are involved with the seroprevalence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Haemolytic anaemia is the major haematological finding of Anaplasma marginale in cattle. Oxytetracycline is more effective and safe In chemosterilization of persistent Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle. There is a need for country wide epidemiological studies on ticks and TBDs using advanced serological
and molecular techniques. Moreover, the identification of the potential vector of anaplasmosis should be required for the effective prevention and control of anaplasmosis in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1368,T] (1).
321.
Incidence And Therapeutic Trails Of Sub Clinical Ketosis In Cows In And Around Lahore
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr.. Muhammad sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Subclinical ketosis is preclinical stage of ketosis. The peak incidence of subclinical ketosis occurs
during the fourth week of lactation. There are indications that cows with the highest milk yield directly
after calving are at greatest risk for developing ketosis. Subclinical ketosis causes delayed reproductive
functions, increased intervals from calving to first and last service, and an increased frequency of
ovarian cysts. The study was designed to diagnose the Subclinical ketosis on the basis of Ross Rothra's
method. This method was easy to conduct and can be able to perform at the farm. The purple color
indicated the presence of ketone bodies in the sample. After diagnosis the treatment trails was done on
three different treatment methods comprises of Dextrose, Dexamethasone and by increasing the diet.
Total 200 cow were studied for the diagnosis of subclinical Ketosis. Total positive samples of
subclinical ketosis were 62 and the overall Incidence of Subclinical Ketosis in was 31 % and in
sheikhupura and Raiwind areas it was 35% & 27 respectively. The results indicates that the use of
dexamethasone was very effective and it cured 84%,dextrose cured 64% ,and by the diet it was
25%.Although, dexamethasone was very effective but it also reduced the milk production in very next
day after the administration of drug while, the dextrose shows no any reduction in milk production. The
animals who received only green fodder as ration showed very positive results for subclinical ketosis while,
the animals who received a concentrated diet with green fodder they showed very little presence of
subclinical ketosis. Prevention of subclinical ketosis can be done by providing extra ration to pregnant
animals and during pregnancy give them pregnancy allowance and by effective managemental practices the
effects of subclinical ketosis can be minimized.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1369,T] (1).
322.
Descriptive Epidemiological Study Of Cancer Patients Registered At Mayo Hospital, Lahore
by Tamseela Naseem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The objective of this study were to report the distribution and pattern of various cancers in Mayo
hospital of Lahore over a period of last 5 years and to determine the age and gender distribution
of the various reported Cancer cases in the above mentioned teaching hospital of Lahore. This
research project was planned to study the epidemiology of various types of cancer among
population of Pakistan. For the design of study a descriptive study based on passive surveillance
system was planned. The data of cancer patients were collected from the Mayo Hospital a
Teaching Hospital of Lahore. To meet the objective of this study we took data from Mayo
Hospital, based on previous five years (from 2006-2010). Data was entered and analyzed through
SPSS version 16 by researcher herself. Quantitative variable like age was presented in form of
mean ± SD with respect to type of cancer and year. The qualitative variable like gender, type of
cancer etc were presented in form of frequency tables and appropriate charts. Chi square analysis
was used to see the association between qualitative attributes. Analysis of variance was used to
see the mean age of different types of carcinomas. Independent sample t-test was used to see the
mean age in different gender. In this study there were total 12096 cancer patients registered at Mayo
hospital Lahore in period of last five years from 2006 to 2010. Out of which, 2305(19.1%),
2182(18.0%), 2293(19.0%), 2315(19.1%) and 3001(24.8%) patients were registered in 2006, 2007,
2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. Out of total 12096 cancer patients, there were 5766(47.87%)
males and 6330(52.13%) females. Of the 12096 patients diagnosed with malignant cancers, nearly
11827 (98.5%) belonged to the province of Punjab and approximately 45 (0.4%) to the NWFP, 111
(0.9%) belonged to Azad Jammu Kashmir, 27 (0.2%) belonged to Karachi and 13 (0.1%)
belonged to Quetta. There were 2988 patients of breast and female genital carcinomas registered, out of which 592 patients were registered in 2006, 487 patients were registered in 2007, 583 were in 2008, 611 in 2009 and 715 were registered in 2010. Registered patients with carcinoma of digestive organs were 2071 in which there were 374 were in 2006, 385 were in 2007, 374 in 2008,418 in 2009 and 520 in 2010. Lymphoid heamatopietic were 1589 in which 293 were from 2006,322 were from 2007,302 were from 2008, 284 were from 2009 and 388 were from 2010.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1370,T] (1).
323.
Descriptive And Therapeutic Trial Of Iron Supplements (Standard Drug And Herbal) In Anemic Pregnant Women
by Maria Ikram | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was carried out in two phases; in first phase descriptive epidemiologic study was done in pregnant females living around district Okara. List of a total 101154 pregnant females was obtained from Health office OKARA. Hemoglobin level of each subject was assessed and prevalence of anemia in pregnant women was observed 42.15%. From village 1141., 88 44%) pregnant women were enrolled, from 25 GD village 74(37%) pregnant women were enrolled and from 36/2L village 38 (19%) pregnant women were enrolled. in phase II, experimental epidemiological study was conducted to compare the efficacy Sharbat- e-Iolad (Treatment groups) with Ascifer (standard group). Sample Size of 200 patients was enrolled with 100 subjects in each group. SPSS 16.0.2 was used for data entry and analysis. Mean ± S.D was used to present the data. Two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to see the effects of treatments in the significance of Hemoglobin levels at different follow ups. Mean age of the mothers in group A was 27.16 ± 4.97 years and in group B it was 26.07 ± 4.78 years. The age range of the patients was 17 to 38 years. Mean Hb level in Group-A was 6.89 & 6.87 in Group-B at base line. Mean Hb level after first follow up (after 3 weeks from base line) in Group-A mean Hb level was 7.34 and in Group-B it was 7.26. After second follow up (after 6 weeks) mean Hb level in Group-A was 8.81 and in Group-B it was 8.50. In both Groups Hb level was significantly improved (p-value = 0.000). I-Ib level was significantly improved in both study groups with equal effects. In future any of the treatment may be used for the treatment of anemia but Sharbt-e-Folad is recommended due to its cheap cost and accessible availability in rural areas.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1371,T] (1).
324.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms In Pouifi Gene And Its Association With Milk Production Traits In Pakistani Cattle
by Sadia Munir | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Abu Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: In farm animals, the primary focus of selection has been to improve milk yield. Milk field is a polygenic trait and a few potential candidate genes have been recognized.
Association studies have shown that POUlFl is related to many production traits in
domestic animals and is one of those candidate genes that are involved in milk
production. POUl F 1 encodes a pituitary-specific transcription factor. It is well
established that growth hormone (GH) released from pituitary gland plays an essential
role in growth, mammary gland development and lactation process. The bovine
POUlFl gene is of 15952 bp length having 6 exons. The genetic characterization of
the POUlFl gene to identify the SNPs as genetic markers and validation of these
potential markers by associating them with milk production traits has been performed.
A total 35 samples from Sahiwal and 30 from Holstein-Friesian cattle breeds were
sequenced for all 6 exonic portions of the POUlFl by using 6 sets of primers. A total
15 polymorphic sites in Sahiwal and 14 in Holstein-Friesian were identified from
these sequences. Out of total 15 SNPs identified in Sahiwal, 12 were in intronic
region and 3 were in exonic. Out of 14 SNPs identified in Holstein-Friesian, 10 were
in intronic and 4 were in exonic region. The sequences of the amplified POUl F 1 gene
fragments were aligned with the help of BLAST for SNPs identification. This study is
first step in finding some confirmed markers for milk yield in Sahiwal and Holstein-
Friesian cattle breed that can be used in future for selection and breeding programmes.
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325.
Bat Biodiversity (Vespertilioniformes: Order Chiroptera) In Some Tropical And Arid-Subtropical Regions Of Pakistan
by Arshad Javid | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan | Dr. Muhammad Ali Nawaz | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was conducted from June 2009 to May 2011 in those arid subtropical and tropical regions of Pakistan which included less pronounced monsoon influenced areas of the Salt Range, the Upper Indus Plains and the sand dune areas typified by the Cholistan. Bat surveys were conducted in two protected areas i.e. the Margallah Hills National Park (SA1) and the Chinji National Park (SA2) that were located in the arid subtropical region and in another, the Lal Suhanara National Park (SA3), situated in the tropical sand dune region of the Upper Indus Plains. In addition, bat samples were also collected from Gujranwala, Lahore, Tob Tek Singh and Kasur districts (SA4). These sub-areas were selected to maximize the chances of capture of as many bat species inhabiting arid-subtropical and tropical habitats of Pakistan as possible.
A total of 182 bats belonging to twelve species were recorded. These included R. blasii (Family Rhinolophidae), R. hardwickii (Family Rhinopomatidae), Taphozous nudiventris and T. perforatus (Family Emballonuridae), Scotoecus pallidus, Scotophilus heathii, S. kuhlii, Pipistrellus ceylonicus, P. javanicus, P. pipistrellus, P. tenuis and Hypsugo savii (Vespertilionidae). Rhinolphous blasii was captured only from SA1, R. hardwickii and S. pallidus from SA3 and P. tenuis from SA1. Taphozous nudiventris and T. perforatus were captured from SA1 and SA3, S. kuhlii and P. ceylonicus from SA1 and SA4, H. savii from SA1 and SA2 and P. javanicus from SA1 and SA2. Scotophilus heathii and P. pipistrellus were recroded throughout the study area.
Maximum bat activity was recorded in spring (n = 65) that was followed by summer ( n = 61), autumn (n = 32) and winter (n = 24). Rhinolophus blasii and S. pallidus were recorded only during winter, R. hardwickii and P. tenuis during autumn, while S. kuhlii was recorded only during summer. Taphozous nudiventris and T. perforatus were captured during summer and autumn. Pipistrellus pipistrellus was recorded during autumn, spring and winter while S. heathii was captured throughout the year.
Although the netting effort was the same, the number of bats captured from the SAs was different. A total of 72 bats were recorded from SA1, 52 from SA4, 43 from Lal SA3 and 15 from SA2. The dominance was highest for SA2 and lowest for SA1. Both Shannon and Simpson indices show that the diversity was the highest at SA1 followed by SA3, SA4 and SA2. Evenness was found to be highest at SA4 followed by SA3, SA2 and SA1.
The mean head and body length of three Rhinolophus blasii was 39.33 mm ± 0.577 (SD) forearm length was 40.17 mm ± 1.155 (SD) and the tail length was 19.23 mm ± 1.940 (SD). The greatest skull length of a single R. blasii was 17.22 mm and mandible length was 11.80 mm. The baculum of a single R. blasii sample was 3.5 mm long.
The mean head and body length of two Rhinopoma hardwickii 66.00 mm ± 5.657 (SD). The mean forearm length was 54.00 mm ± 0.0 (SD). The tail length was 59.00 mm ± 2.828 (SD). The greatest skull length was 19.68 mm ± 0.108 (SD), and the length of mandible was 11.28 mm ± 1.652. The baculum of single R. hardwickii was 1.1 mm long.
The mean head and body length of twenty six Taphozous nudiventris was 86.87 mm ± 5.556 (SD) and the tail length was 27.57 mm ± 12.187 (SD). The greatest skull length was 26.16 mm ± 0.323 (SD) and the length of mandible was 17.53 mm ± 1.149 (SD). The mean total baculum length of the two specimens was 0.58 mm ± 0.017 (SD).
The head and body length of four T. perforatus was measured as 84.30 mm ± 5.450 (SD) long. The forearm was 64.30 mm ± 3.457 (SD) long and the length of tail was 22.10 mm ± 2.702 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 22.24 mm and the length of mandible was recorded as 16.25 mm. The total length of a single T. perforatus was measured as 0.69 mm. The head and body length of fifty three Scotophilus heathii was 79.46 mm ± 6.941 (SD). The mean forearm length was 58.69 mm ± 2.929 (SD) and the tail length was 55.00 mm ± 7.360 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 21.39 mm ± 1.378 (SD) and the length of mandible was recorded as 16.08 mm ± 0.882 (SD). Mean total bacular length of ten S. heathii was measured 1.76 mm ± 0.150 (SD).
The mean head and body length of five specimens of S. kuhlii was 72.10 mm ± 8.096 (SD). The forearm was 49.40 mm ± 3.03 (SD) long and the length of tail was 42.40 mm ± 4.04 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 18.98 mm ± 0.613 (SD) and the mandible length was 14.41 mm ± 1.173 (SD). The total length of the baculum of a single S. kuhlii was 1.74 mm.
The head and body length of two Scotoecus pallidus was 56.50 mm ± 3.536 (SD). The forearm was 35.50 mm ± 0.707 (SD) long and the length of the tail was 35.50 mm ± 3.536 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 15.46 mm ± 0.449 (SD) and mandible length was measured 9.64 mm ± 2.425 (SD). The total length of the baculum of a single S. pallidus captured from SA3 was 5.0 mm.
The mean head and body length of twenty two Pipistrellus ceylonicus was 63.60 mm ± 7.486 (SD). The length of forearm was 29.92 mm ± 2.492 (SD) and tail length was 25.68 mm ± 3.442 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 10.76 mm ± 0.257 (SD) and the length of mandible was 9.28 mm ± 3.956 (SD), respectively. Mean total length of the bacula of four P. ceylonicus was 3.66 mm ± 1.190 (SD).
Mean head and body length of the ten P. javanicus was 52.00 mm ± 2.712 (SD). The forearm was 35.13 mm ± 1.996 (SD) long and the length of the tail was 30.38 mm ± 5.236 (SD). The greatest skull length was 13.01 mm ± 4.546 (SD) and the length of mandible was 10.29 mm ± 1.679 (SD). The mean total length of the four bacula was 3.57 mm ± 0.860 (SD).
The head and length of fifty two P. pipistrellus was 39.33 mm ± 2.690 (SD). The forearm was 28.23 mm ± 1.264 (SD) long and the length of the tail was 25.86 mm ± 3.396 (SD). The greatest length of skull was 11.04 mm ± 0.342 (SD) and the length of mandible was 7.87 mm ± 0.802 (SD). The mean total length of the eleven bacula of P. pistrellus was 3.19 mm ± 0.421 (SD).
Only two specimens of P. tenuis were captured from SA1. The head and body length of these specimens was 35.00 mm ± 2.828 (SD). The forearm length was 28.00±0.707 while the length of the tail was 22.25 mm ± 3.182 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 10.19 mm. and the mandible length was 7.82 mm. The total bacular length was 2.79.
The head and body length of the two Hypsugo savii was 55.50 mm ± 19.092 (SD). The forearm was 36.75 mm ± 3.889 (SD) long while the length of the tail was 33.50 mm ±6.364 (SD). The greatest length of the skull was 11.18 mm and the length of mandible was 7.08 mm. The total bacular length of a single H. savii was 2.67 mm.
The echolocation calls of bats of Pakistan have never been recorded and thus the accuracy of species identification on the basis of their calls remains a bit doubtful.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1374,T] (1).
326.
Epidemiological Trends, Clinical Profile And Risk Factors Associated With Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever In Quetta, Balochistan
by Khushal Khan Kasi | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an important disease in suburbs of Quetta in
particular, and other cities of Balochistan in general. The cases of this disease are brought to the
public hospital for treatment purposes. The study was carried out to understand the descriptive
nature of the disease with respect to geographic, temporal and personal distribution. The second
part of study comprised of cross sectional as well as case-control study for the identification of
different risk factors in patients as compared to their control admitted in the same hospitals. The
highest numbers of CCHF cases were from Quetta i.e. 35, 82 cases were male and 19 cases of
female, small scale sheep and goat farmer has highest number of cases i.e, 59. Mean age for male
patients was 30.82±15.47 years, while for female patients mean age was 29.17±16.40 years with
a p-value= 0.685. Mean platelet count for male and female patients was 450n.29±35934.14 and
35388.89±18081.96 respectively with a p-value= 0.270. Mean Hemogobin level for male and
female patients was 11.52±2.78 and 9.80±3.23 respectively, and with a p-value=O.023. Among
the patients, 5 patients were positive for IgG and IgM antibodies, 9 patients were having A+
blood group, 44 with B+, 16 with 0+, 1 with AB+ and 29 was not reported, 21 patients died and
the remaining patients discharged, and the highest number of cases were between April and
September. A significant association exist between platelet count with respect to cases who
suffered from CCHF (p-value= 0.000), male were 1.157 times more prone to CCHF as compared
to female (OR=1.157), (p-value=0.629) and (CI=0.641-2.089), and animals at home have has
more susceptibility to CCHF cases (OR=3.538), (p-value=O.OOO) and (CI=2.219-5.642).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1377,T] (1).
327.
Seroepidemiology And Immunoprophylactic Trials Of Rabies In Dogs
by Uzma Farid Durrani | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar khan | Dr. Muhammad Arif khan | Factuly of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A field and an experimental study were carried out on pet and experimental stray dogs,
respectively. The objectives of these studies were to evaluate the rabies immunoprofile of dogs vaccinated with different rabies vaccines under field and experimental conditions and determine the relation between vaccine type, post vaccination intervals, health status, breed, age, gender and dewormers on rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titer. Field study was carried out on 300 pet dogs including 1-108 months old males and females. Dogs were allocated to three groups; (I) regularly vaccinated (II) irregularly vaccinated (III) maternally immunized, each with 100 dogs bled at various stages. Experimental study was carried out on 16 adult, healthy stray dogs equally allocated to four groups; three groups for monovalent and polyvalent vaccine trials with Rabisin, Rabisyva-VP13 and Hexadog DHP-LR at day 0 and 21. Fourth group was negative control. Sample collection was carried out on day 0 and day 21 post vaccination followed by sampling at 30 days intervals till ten months, in each group. RVNA titers of the serum samples were determined by Rapid Florescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) at Rabies Lab., Kansas State University, USA. In field study 58% dogs regularly vaccinated with Rabisin, Hexadog DHP-LR and Rabisyva-VPl3 vaccines, were diagnosed with protective RV A titers while 33% dogs were suffering vaccine failure. Mean protective RVNA titers monovalent Rabisin, Rabisyva-VP13 vaccines were higher than polyvalent Hexadog DHP-LR vaccine without a significant difference. Among irregularly vaccinated dogs, only 25% dogs exhibited protective RVNA titers while 25% dogs were diagnosed with vaccine failure. 50% irregularly vaccinated dogs exhibited RVNA titer below minimum protective level. Maternal rabies immunity was minimum protective level. Maternal rabies immunity was diagnosed in 20% puppies with protective RVNA titers and 20% puppies were suffering immunity failure.
Remaining samples were either diagnosed with RVNA titers below minimum protective level or dcould not be assayed due to toxic effect on BHK cells. No relation was observed among RVNA titers and vaccine type, health status and gender in any field study group while a significant relation was observed among RVNA titers, breed, age and post immunization intervals with a significant difference in all groups.
In experimental study there was no case of vaccine failure in any group and all groups
exhibited high protective RVNA titers at the termination of study. Both the increasing and
decreasing trends were observed at various intervals of experimental study. Mean RVNA titers
Were 4.53±4.23, 3.48±3.40, 9.36±7.12 in Rabisin, Hexadog DHP-LR and Rabisyva-VP13
vaccinated groups, respectively. A relation was observed among RVNA titers, vaccines and post
vaccination time intervals with a significant difference. However health status, gender and use of imomodulatory levamisol were not found to be significantly affecting RVNA titers in any
group.
On the basis of the present study it is concluded that monovalent rabies vaccines
Rabisyva-VP13 and Rabisin generate higher RVNA titers as compared to polyvalent
Hexadog DHP-LR vaccine under the both field and experimental conditions however, a high
incidence rate of vaccine and maternal immunity failure is one of the factors that can be
responsible for high incidence of rabies especially in rabies endemic area. It is also
concluded that health status, gender and immunomodulatory effect of levamisol do not
significantly affect the rabies immunity however, there is the significant effect of age and
post immunization intervals on rabies immunity.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1384,T] (1).
328.
Clinico-Epidemiological And Therapeutical Studies On Coccidiosis ( Isospora ) In Dogs In And Around Lahore;
by Awais Younas | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Faculty of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of coccidiosis (Isosporiosis), to
evaluate the comparative efficacy of Sulfadimethoxine and Furazolidone and to study the effect
of Coccidiosis on blood parameters.
For this purpose, the faecal samples of three hundred dogs were examined in the Medicine laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore by direct smear method and concentration technique. Out of three hundred dogs, forty nine were found positive for coccidiosis, showing the prevalence of 16.33%. For the chemotherapeutical trials, forty five naturally infected and fifteen non-infected were selected and divided randomly into four groups having fifteen dogs in each group wise A, B, C and D. Group A was treated with Sulfadimethoxine at the dose rate of 60 mg/kg (orally). Group B was treated with Furazolidone at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg (orally). Group C was kept as infected non-medicated control. Group D was kept as non-medicated and non-infected control.
The faecal samples of experimental dogs were examined for OPG (oocyst per
gram) counts on zero day (pre-medication), 3rd day, th day, and 14th day medication and percentage reduction of oocysts was' calculated. Sulfadimethoxine showed 66.69%,90.89% and 98.29% efficacy and Furazolidone showed 63.95%,
88.78% and 96.64% efficacy on 3rd, th and 14th day, respectively.
Haematological study showed that the values of haemoglobin, packed cell
volume and total erythrocyte count were lower in groups A, Band C as compared to non-infected control group. The values of total leucocyte count were higher in group A, B and C' as compared to non-infected group. As a result of treatment in group A and B, the values of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte gradually increased while that of total leucocyte count gradually decrease on day 3rd ,7111 and 14th post-medication. It has been observed during the present study that sulfadimethoxine and Furazolidone showed their effect on blood parameters as a result of coccidiosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1389,T] (1).
329.
Chemotheraph Of Ancylostomiasis In Cats In Lahore.
by Awais Bokhari | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Nisar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: It has been a long time since the affection of cats is with human beings. Cats have recorded as most adoptable pet of the modern world. Cats can be found anywhere in the world. Many diseases of cats are zoonotically important and they may cause zoonotic problem in human and mainly these pathogen are involved in enteric problems. The relationship of feline with human does provide many benefits to them but also act as a cause of zoonotic diseases.
A total of 300 fecal samples were collected from cats and were examined in the Clinical Medicine Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The positive samples for Ancylostoma were 65 out of 300, indicating prevalence of Ancylostomiasis was 21.66%. For the chemotherapeutical trails 18 positive cats and 6 healthy cats were divided into four groups viz. A, B, C and D with 6 animals in each group. The cats of group A were treated with Pyrantel Pamoate @ 20mg/kg orally. The cats of Group B were treated with the Albendazole @ 50mg/kg orally. The cats of Group C were kept as positive control while the cats of Group D were kept as negative control.
The fecal samples were collected on day 0 pre-treatment and then on day 7th, 14th and 21st of post-treatment. The efficacy of the drugs was calculated on the basis of reduction of the eggs count from the fecal samples on the respective days. The efficacy of Pyrantel Pamoate on these days was 43.47%, 67.39% and 94.20% respectively, against Ancylostoma. The efficacy of Albendazole on these days was 30.77%, 60.44% and 86.81% respectively, against Ancylostoma. Thus it was recorded
that Pyrantel Pamoate was more effective against Ancylostoma than Albendazole as it caused more reduction of the egg count than albendazole.
Hematological study showed that the values of hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count were lower in groups A, B and C as compared to non-infected control group. The values of total leukocyte count were higher in group A, B and C as compared to non-infected group. As a result of treatment in group A and B, the values of hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte gradually increased while that of total leukocyte count gradually decrease on day 7th, 14th and 21st post-medication. It has been observed during the present study that Pyrantel Pamoate and Albendazole showed their positive effect on blood parameters as a result of Ancylostomiasis with more efficacy of Pyrantel pamoate as compared to that of Albendazole.
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330.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Gastro-Intestinal Paradites In Deer In Punjab, Pakistan.
by Ruheeb Aslam | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Nisar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The parasitic load on deer affects them badly and eventually leads to death. In the present study a total of 100 feacal samples were collected from deer and were examined in the Clinical Medicine Laboratory, department of CMS, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Out of 100 samples thirty eight were positive and among these thirty eight, 12 deer were infected with cestodes, 6 with nematodes, 12 with trematodes, and 8 with the mixed infection of parasites. So, the prevalence of the cestodes, trematodes, nematode and mixed infection was 12%, 12%, 6% and 8% respectively. For the chemotherapeutic trails thirty positive animals and 10 healthy animals were divided into four groups A, B, C and D with 10 animals in each. The animals of group A was treated with albendazole @ 7.5mg/kg orally. Those of group B was treated with the ivermectin @ 1mg/ 50kg orally. The group C animals were kept as positive control and group D were kept as negative control.
The feacal samples were collected on the 0 day (pre-treatment), 7th, 14th and 21st day (post-treatment). The efficacy of the drugs were calculated on the basis of reduction of the eggs count from the feacal samples on the respective days. The efficacy of albendazole 42.59 %, 71.3% and 87.96% against cestodes, 33.33%, 60.3% and 82.88% against nematodes and 40.18%, 68.22% and 89.72% against trematodes at day 7, 14 and 21 respectively.. The efficacies of ivermectin were 42.59 %, 73.15% and 88.88% against cestodes, 51.78%, 76% and 91.07% against nematode while 42.85%, 64.28% and 85.71% against trematodes at day 7, 14 and 21 respectively.
It is thus concluded that the ivermectin is more effective drug than albendazole as it caused more reduction of the egg count than albendazole.
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331.
Srudy Of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid A Receptor Delta Subnuit Gene Mutations Involved In Generalized Epilepsy With Febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+) Patients in Punjab
by Iram Javed | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Asif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: World health organization (WHO) reports that neurological disorders affect one billion people worldwide, including 50 million affected by epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, periodic, spontaneous and unprovoked seizures. Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus (GEFS+) is an autosomal dominant disorder and a heterogeneous familial condition in which family members express febrile seizures initially, and then show multiple phenotypes of myoclonic epilepsy including partial or absence seizures and generalized tonic conic seizures. Molecular genetics techniques have identified various GEFS+ associated mutations in many genes i.e. sodium channel genes (SCN2A, SCN1A, and SCN1B) and some GABA receptor genes (GABRG2 and GABRD). GABAA receptors are the principal intermediaries of fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the eNS and have been frequently reported to playa significant role in a number of seizures. GABRD gene encodes the delta (8) subunit and is usually located in extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. The present study was aimed to investigate coding regions of GABRD gene for analyzing the mutations involved in epilepsy. Blood samples of unrelated true representative ofGEFS+ were collected from psychiatry departments of different hospitals of Lahore. DNA were extracted with the standard protocol and amplifications of the GABRD regions were done with specially designed primers. Later on, sequencing of target fragments was carried out. Sequences were analyzed through BioEdit software and then aligned with the help of custalW2 software. Out of 14 GEFS+ patients, only 3 were identified with a novel heterozygous transition mutation in intron 5. Further study, with much larger sample number, is required to revise the effects of this polymorphism and accurately identifying the associated factors. There is a need to explore the other gene mutations causing epilepsy in local population of Punjab and Pakistan that will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and prenatal diagnostic procedures for the population of Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1394,T] (1).
332.
Evaluation Of Empirical Therapy In Escherichia Coli Induced Acute And Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection
by Ijaz Alvi | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection is one of the common diseases of
human genitourinary tract, most com~only caused by E.coli, and study in patients
suffering from acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection was conducted in one
hundred in tertiary care Mayo hospital Lahore. The urine samples from patients were
collected after the diagnosis and were analyzed for its causative/pathogenic organism.
Out of 100 urine samples the Escherichia coli was found as the most common cause of
uUTI (acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection) (61 %),Jollowed by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (15%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 %), Staphylococcus aureus (7%),Proteus
mirabilis (6%), The urinary tract infections were found most frequent in female (59.9%)
than male (40.1 %).
Only Escherichia coli isolated strains of bacteria were subjected to antibiogram against
nine commonly used antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Pipemedic acid,
,
Co-arnoxiclave, Co-trimoxazole, Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, Imipenurn, and Meropenum)
for evaluation of bacterial resistance and antibiotic sensitivity, the comparative analysis
showed that among the nine (09) antibiotics used the E. coli strains prevalent in Punjab
especially to the patients at Mayo hospital were maximally resistant to norfloxacin 63.93%
(flouroquinolone), followed by ciprofloxacin 57.37 %, Co-trimoxazole 40.98, Co-
amoxiclave 39.34 %, Pipemedic acid 36.06 %, Ceftriaxone 32.78 %, Amikacin 27.88 %,
meropenum 8.20 % and imipenum found only 4.92 % resistant to E. coli strains.
It was concluded that irnipenurn was found to be most sensitive with 86.88 % followed
by meropenum 77.05%, Amikacin 63.96 %, Ceftriaxone 57.38, co-amoxiclave 57.37 %,
co-trimoxazole 42.63 %, pipemedic acid 31.16 %, ciprofloxacin 24.59 % and norfloxacin
was found to be the least s e n si t i v e drug to E.coli prevalent in Punjab.
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333.
Molecular Approach For Sex Determination In Avian Species
by Sehrish Basheer | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Madam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: To tell the difference between male and female birds takes keen observation. While not all bird species have easily visible gender differences. Almost all birds' species are sexually monomorphic so it is difficult to distinguish between male and female characters. There are some techniques for bird's sex identification. Surgical Sexing, in this an endoscope is passed into the body cavity and ovaries or testis can be observed. It is available for all types of birds. Surgical sexing is oldest and quickest method. But it cause stress to the bird and expensive technique. Fecal steroid analysis is another technique in which stool sample is analyzed for reproductive hormone presence. In this technique bird should be sexually mature for analysis. Bload Sexing is used to determine the male or female bird. This can be done at any age. Feather exing is very useful and economical method. Retrieve a feather pulp from growing feather and analyze the presence of male and female chromosome. Two chromosomes Z and Ware present in birds. ZZ in male and ZW in female. The method used in this study was based on the chromosome differences. Nine different species of birds which includes green parrot, budgerigar, .pigeon, quail, sparrow, chicken, peacock, duck and pheasants were analyzed and their sex is determined by molecular methods. DNA will be extracted from feathers and blood. The intronic egion of CHD 1- Wand CHD l-Z gene will be amplified by sex specific primer. PCR products were screened by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were show double and single bands on the agarose gel. The double bands indicate female bird because of ZW chromosome is present in females and single band indicates the male bird because of ZZ chromosomes in males.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1400,T] (1).
334.
Effect Of Different Growth Promoters On Feed Intake And Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Ahtasham Atta | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in peri- urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition. Present study related to the use of a growth promoters treatment trial of about three months in duration to further accelerate the meat production. Twenty Nili-Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the research purpose. The animals were randomly divided into four equal groups (A, B, C and D), which were given four different treatment, such as, Ralgro, Boostin-250, M2 Hormone and control (non implanted) for group A, B, C and D respectively. The basal diet consisted of concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight along with chaffed green fodder ad lib. In each group, feed offered and refusal was recorded on individual basis. The results of study revealed that animals given M2 Hormone performed better as compared to other treatment groups. Among four treatment groups, highest (43.4 ± 12.00 kg) weight gain was observed in M2 Hormone group while, lowest (35.4 ± 12.5 kg) weight gain was found in control group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (429.79 ± 28.22 kg) feed intake was observed in Ralgro group while, lowest (412.83 ± 50.56 kg) feed intake was found in M2 Hormone group. Out of four experimental groups, calves of M2 Hormone group showed best feed conversion ratio (12.40 ± 3.01) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves of Ralgro, Boostin-250 and Control group was 12.79 ± 1.99, 14.14 ± 5.87 and 14.43 ± 2.54 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that M2 Hormone group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (110.23 ± 3.79) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (136.63 ± 4.72) was found in control group. On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that M2 Hormone can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional fattening practices as it can increase body weight gain. The additional benefit of this compound is that it can be given in feed and does not have to be injected or implanted in the body. It is suggested that further trials with M2 Hormone be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
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335.
Formulation And Stability Evaluation Of An Optimum Opical Preparation Using Hippophae Rhamnoidesl. Oil For The Treatment of Psoriasis
by Hina Hussain | Muhammad Irfan Masood | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Multiple emulsion is a triphasic system in which the two miscible phases are separated from each other by an inner immiscible phase. In w/o/w multiple emulsion the two queous phases are separated by oily layer. Formulation and stabilization of multiple emulsions from natural oil is the difficult task due to the complex nature of the oil and poor interaction with emulsifiers. Hippophae rhamnoide L. oil, a natural oil, obtained from barries of plant belong to family Elaeagniaceae naturally found in northern areas of Pakistan is effective for healing of skin wounds, Eczema and Psoriasis. In the present study two multiple emulsions were prepared multiple emulsion base 'B' (containing Magnesium sulfate as marker substance) and multiple emulsion formulation 'F' Containing zinc sulfate as (active ingredient). Both preparations contained Hipophae rhamnoides L. oil. Both multiple emulsions were prepared using Two-step method and its stability was evaluated by observing changes in organoleptic parameters, pH, globule size, electrical conductivity and viscosity in samples kept at 4Co ,25Co, 40Co ,40Co+75% RH at various time intervals (Ohr.24hrs,48hrs,72hrs,lstweek, 2ndweek,3rd week, 4th week) for period of 28 days. Data was analyzed using ANOV A-Two ways and LSD design to see variations in parameters at time and temperature levels in each formulation kept at different storage conditions and unpaired student T-test to compare results of stability parameters of Formulation B with Formulation F . Both the multiple emulsions B' and 'F' showed phase inversion at 4°C after 24hrs of storage were excluded from further evaluation. Change in color was observed in all the samples except sample at 2SoC. Sample of multiple emulsion base 'B' kept at 40Co + 7S% RH showed liquefaction after 72 hours. Multiple emulsion formulation 'F' at 40Co and 40Co + 7S% RH showed a significant change in liquefaction and phase separation. The average globule size of multiple emulsion base 'B' (TZurn) is larger than the multiple emulsion formulation 'F' which decreased more significantly in the samples of multiple emulsion base 'B' than samples of'F'. Similarly the pH of the multiple emulsion 'B' (S.l) is more than 'F' (4.2) but in both multiple emulsions kept at different temperatures increased significantly. The increase in electrical conductivity and decrease in viscosity of both multiple emulsions 'B' and 'F' was rather more at 40°C and 40°C+ 7S%RH temperatures while this change was comparatively more in multiple emulsion 'F'. So multiple emulsion 'B' and 'F' at 25°C were stable with respect to organoleptic parameters (except liquefaction), centrifugation, globule size, pH, electrical conductivity and viscosity change than at other temperatures (40°C and 40°C + 7S% RH). Multiple emulsion 'F' is rather more stable at 25°C than 'B' as no liquefaction occurred during the whole stability period in 'F'. For multiple emulsions from Hippophae rhamnoide L. oil refrigeration and high temperature storage condition is fatal for the stability and for relatively high shelf life formulation must be stored at room temperature. Multiple emulsion has advantages over simple emulsion as the droplets may act as reservoir for entrapping the drug molecules to release them slowly to the outer continuous phase so the advantages of multiple emulsion are i) the protection of material entrapped in the internal phase ii) more than one incompatible components can be formulated in a single preparation. None of the multiple emulsions for dermal applications has yet been available in Pakistani market so keeping in view the advantages of multiple emulsion and the Hippophae rhamnoides L. oil prospective researchers hereby suggested to manufacture such a stable formulation which can effectively be marketed in this region.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1403,T] (1).
336.
Socio-Demographical And Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated With The Diseases Of Senior Citizens of Jhelum City
by Muhammad Shahzad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Research on geriatric diseases is scarce in Pakistan. This endeavor was planned to establish a baseline data for common geriatric diseases found in lhelum, Pakistan. This study reveals the prevalence of geriatric diseases in elderly people in lhelum, Pakistan. Our first objective was to collect and interpret the baseline data about prevalent diseases among the old aged people. Our second objective was to describe the socio- demographic and epidemiological risk factors associated with the diseases of elderly population of lhelum city. In order to study the risk factors associated with geriatric diseases, a geographical cluster of lhelum was selected. The study area was Tehsil lhelum which comprises of 400,000 individuals. Tehsil lhelum is further divided into 16 union councils. In this epidemiological study, multistage sampling was performed. At first step by purposively sampling, union council number 14 of Tehsil lhelum was selected which was comprising of all socioeconomic classes of our community. At second step, by using random sampling technique, home-to-home visits were done. The data was collected on pre-tested questionnaire. The data was collected by face-to-face interviews. The pre- tested questionnaire contained variable factors and questions regarding age, gender, socio economic status, education level, exercising, smoking, marital status, walk before the age of 60 years, walk after the age of 60 years, present and past employments, financial status, use of edible oils in the past, number of children and social life. Futhermore, Information was collected regarding working of different body systems like Central Nervous system, Cardio-vascular system, Digestive system, Urogenital system, Respiratory system, ENT system, Musculo-skeleton system etc. Along with system-information, name of disease of the impaired system was also asked. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS-version 16. This present interview based study reflects the prevalence of geriatric morbidities in geriatric population of Jhelum city. In the current study, impairment of digestive system (28%), cardio-vascular system (23%) and musculo-skeletal system (21 %) was on the top of the list. Impairment of digestive system was found in a good proportion among senior citizens followed by Cardio-vascular system, musculoskeletal system, centra nervous system, respiratory system, uro-genital system and E.N.T. system. Diabetes mellitus, blood pressure related problems and arthritis are the most frequent diseases. So, vwe should try to educate the people about these diseases. As compared to other studies around the globe, our geriatric population is possessing comparatively better health. Walk before the age of 60 years and walk after the age of 60 years is helpful for health. The people who used to walk more than five kilometers usually remained healthier in theelderly. Economic status, use of edible oils and social life is also associated with health of elderly people. So, there is need to promote the habit of walk in the elderly population and in young population. Disease prevention is the most cost-effective method for the maintenance of optimal level of health in elderly population. We should understand that many of the geriatric diseases are preventable. Preventive measures can be applied during the various stages of disease progression in order to either slow or stop the process of disease.
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337.
Prevalence, Serodiagnosis And Zoonotic Importance Of Hydatidosis In Small Ruminants And Humans
by Hafiz Javed Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Athar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Hydatidosis is a world-wide zoonotic parasitic disease which is caused by the larval stage of tape worm Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. It is highly endemic in some regions of the world. Keeping in view the importance of the disease, the present study was conducted to record the age, sex, species and season wise prevalence of hydatidosis in small ruminants. The study also includes comparison of the two serological tests used for the diagnosis of this disease and efficacy of mebendazole was aIso evaluated. Prevalence and organ specificity of hydatidosis was studied in 2400 sheep and 2400 goats of different age and sexes. The overall prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep and goats was 8.25 and 6.21 percent respectively. Sex wise prevalence indicated that it was 9.85 and 7.85 percent in female and male sheep respectively whereas in female and male goats it was 5.83 and 7.23 percent respectively. A reasonably higher prevalence of hydatidosis was observed in female animals as compared with males. In adult animals hydatid cysts were present in 11.38 and 7.77 percent in sheep and goatsrespectively while in lambs and kids it was 1.79 and 1.06 percent respectively. Statistically no significant difference was observed in any season through out the year in both the species. In the present study, lungs were found to be most commonly infected organ in sheep andliver in goats. Out of 198 infected sheep, 45.45 percent had cysts in lungs, 33.84 percentin liver, 10.10 percent in both liver and lungs, 2.53 percent in spleen, 2.02 percent in heart and 6.06 percent in abdomen and thoracic cavity whereas in goats organs specificity was 34.23, 40.27, 16.78, 0.67, 8.05 percent respectively for lungs, liver, lungs & liver both, spleen and abdomen and thoracic cavity. A total of 60 cysts in sheep were examined for fertility and it was found that out of 18 cysts of less than two centimeter size, maximum (50 percent) were suppurative orcalcified and minimum (16.7 percent) were fertile in nature. Of 30 cysts of 2-4 em size,
40 percent were suppurative and 40 percent were fertile and from 12 cysts of more than
four centimeter size, maximum (66.7 percent) were fertile and only 16.7 percent were
sterile in nature. In goats, of 15 cysts of less than 2cm size, maximum (46. 7percent) were
suppurative, and minimum (13.3 percent) were fertile. Of 7 cysts, belonging to the group
of more than four centimeter seize, 71.4 percent were fertile in nature and only 14.3
percent were sterile. Overall fertility rate in sheep and goats was 38.33 and 36.96 percent
respectively whereas overall sterility rate was 23.3 and 32.60 percent in sheep and goats
respectively.
In sheep, total number of protoscolices found in 23 cysts was 936 of which 72.65 percent
were fertile in nature. The mean of total proto scolices was 40.70 with standard deviation
of 23.05 whereas the mean number of viable protoscolices was 29.57 percent with a
standard deviation of 18.92. In goats, total number of protoscolices observed in 17 cysts
was 719 whereas only 52.71 percent were fertile in nature. The mean of total
protoscolices was 42.30 with a standard deviation of 17.13 whereas mean of viable
protoscolices was 22.30 with standard deviation of 17.10.
Blood samples of 40 positive and 40 negative sheep for hydatid disease were collected
from slaughter house and serum was separated. ELISA and IHA test were applied on
these samples. The sensitivity, specificity, efficacy, positive predictive value and negative
predictive value of ELISA were 92.5 percent each whereas these values for IHA were 80
percent, 97.5 percent, 88.75 percent, 96.96 percent and 82.98 percent respectively. In
goats, blood samples from 40 positive and 40 negative cases of hydatidosis were
collected from slaughter house before slaughtering and ELISA and IHA were applied on
all of these samples. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA was 90 percent and 95
percent respectively whereas the sensitivity and specificity of IHA was 75 percent and
97.5 percent respectively.
A total of 12 i.e. 6 sheep and 6 goats (healthy) were purchased and kept at Ravi campus
Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. These were divided into
experimental (4 sheep and 4 goats) and control group (two sheep and two goats). In
experimental group, 100 eggs of Echinococcus granulosus were given orally to all
animals and then mebendazole was given to two sheep and two goats on zero day and
then after two months intervals. Blood samples were collected from all animals on zero
day, 90 days and 180th day and serum was separated. ELISA and IHA were applied to all
samples. Mebendazole was not found completely effective and ELISA detected the
infection earlier than IHA. On postmortem examination, multiple cysts were found in all
animals of group A and no cyst was found in group B.
Eighty blood samples of humans i.e. 40 positive and 40 negative for hydatidosis were
coilected, serum was separated and ELISA and IHA test were applied to all the samples.
The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA was 95 percent and 97.5 percent respectively
whereas the sensitivity and specificity of IHA was 82.5 percent and 97.5 percent
respectively.
The present study will be helpful in disseminating the informations regarding the
prevalence, zoonotic importance, effect of mebendazole in animals and the use of
immunodiagnostic tests for the diagnosis of hydatidosis in small ruminants and human
beings.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1405,T] (1).
338.
Epidemiology Of Major Transbuondary Diseases Of Livestock In Nomads Herds Of District Buner
by Farman Ali | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The research project was carried out in the livestock of nomads in District Bunere to study the epidemiology of major trans-boundary livestock diseases including foot and mouth diseases 9FMD) in buffaloes and cattle and Peste des Petite Ruminants (PPR) and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in sheep and goats. A questionnaire was designed for collecting data regarding morbidity, mortality & case fatality rate in different seasons in the animals of nomads migrate from Afghanistan to Pakistan. Serosurveillance was also conducted by collecting 600 blood samples from the apparently healthy sheep and goats, cattle and buffaloes in the summer season. A total number of 100 nomads were interviewed by systematic random sampling method and sera were collected to test the antibodies against FMDV and PPRV. The serum samples in labeled eppendorph tubes were stored in deep freezer till the sent to lab in ice container. These samples were transported to National Veterinary Laboratory Islamabad, where cattle and buffalo's sera were examined by using 3ABC-ELISA & sheep and goat's sera were analyzed by C-ELISA to detect antibody ofPPRV, respectively. Similarly 60 nasal swabs of sheep and goats collected and examined in Veterinary Research Institute Lahore, by culturing method. The data were collected and analyzed statistically by using SPSS (16.00). Means, Chi square values, P-Vlues and percentages were calculated. The overall prevalence of CCPP was 18.3% while individually 3.3% in sheep and 15 % in goats. The prevalence in goat (15%) was higher than that
of sheep (3.3%) with insignificant difference and no significant association between CCPP
disease and species of sheep/goat of nomads. Similarly age wise prevalence of CCPP in young (sheep and goats) was 10% which was higher than that of adult (8.3%) with significant association between CCPP disease and age of sheep and goat. Similarly gender wise prevalence was 6.66% in male and 11.6% in female (sheep and goats) with no significant association between CCPP disease results and gender of sheep and goats. The peculiar signs of CCPP were recorded retrospectively, including pneumonic coughing, mucopurulent nasal discharges, fever and abortion in sheep and goats in autumn season in Pakistan and in winter season in Afghanistan respectively. The 10.5% mortality rate, 82% morbidity rate and 12.8% case fatality rate of CCPP in autumn season were recorded in sheep respectively. While 92% morbidity, 12.5% mortality and 13.5% case fatality rate were recorded in goats in autumn, respectively. The mortality, morbidity and case fatality rate were 6.5%, 66%, and 9.8% in sheep in winter season. Similarly mortality, morbidity and case fatality rate in goats due to CCPP in winter season were8%, 89.5% and 8.97%, respectively. The prevalence in both the species were higher in autumn season than that of winter season and zero prevalence were recorded in rest of the seasonsretrospectively. The night stay with crowding of livestock near streams and springs,
night fog, morning dew, cold seasons and common travelling and grazing premises were recorded as risk factors for CCPP.
The serosurveillance for FMD was conducted and overall seroprevalence of FMD was 32% and individually 12% in buffaloes and 20% in cattle respectively with no significant association and both the species were equally susceptible to FMDV. Gender wise seroprevalence in male and female cattle and buffaloes were 12% and 34 % respectively with no significant association between FMDV antibodies and gender of the animals. Age wise seroprevalence of FMD in adult cattle and buffaloes was higher (24%) than that of young (8%) cattle and buffaloes with a significant association between the age of cattle, and buffaloes and FMDV antibodies. The survey results indicated that all the cattle and buffaloes were in mixed herds and the peculiar signs including stomatitis, lameness, abortion, fever and dysphonia were recorded retrospectively. The mortality rate was 0% in cattle herds of all ages and in both the genders while the morbidity rate was 52.5%. The death rate of l.1%, 75.5% attack rate and 1.41% case fatality rate in buffaloes were recorded retrospectively in the humid rainy season of late summer in Shangla, Besham & Chitral districts.
The serosurveillance for PPR in sheep and goats was conducted by using competitive ELISA, dand 42% overall seroprevalence while individually 27% in goats and 14.8% in sheep were recorded with a significant association. Gender wise seroprevalence of 38.8% in females and .3.2% in males of sheep and goats with significant difference and with a significant association to PPRVantibodies were recorded. The age wise seroprevalence of37.8% and 4.2% in adult and in young of both the species with a significant association to PPRV antibodies were recorded. No clinieal signs of PPR were observed by nomads because the infection was subclinical and survived previously because they had not practiced vaccines for last many years. Zero % morbidity and mortality rates were therefore recorded retrospectively in sheep and goat flocks. The four routes at the border areas of Khyber Pakhton Khwa were recorded for the seasonal and cyclieal entrance of livestock of nomads, which act as abridge for diseases transmission between Afghanistan & Pakistan. The outbreaks of CCPP occurred in winter season in Afghanistan and in autumn season in Pakistan (Gilgith, Chitral, Kohistan, Besham, Shanglapar and Buner). Also the FMD
outbreaks occurred in Buner and Shangla in late summer while the PPR was subclinical and animals survived. Cross borders as well as district wise trade and movement restrictions are of utmost importance for control the diseases. Similarly serosurveillance of the disease in
the local and as well as in nomad's livestock's population necessean appropriate scheduled vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1408,T] (1).
339.
Effect Of Date Palm Pollen On The Plasma And Intra-Testicular Testosterone Levels Of Male Albino Rats
by Yasir Arfat | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Ali Raza.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Considerable evidence exists for the efficacy and safety of short courses of low
dose testosterone therapy for treating infertility and delayed puberty. This treatment is
associated with high levels of patient satisfaction. There is not yet sufficient evidence for
the routine use of other therapies. Experimentally, date extract had been shown to
increase sperm count and increase stimulating concentration of testosterone count in
guinea pigs and to enhance spermatogenesis, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH) in rats. Intratesticular testosterone (ITT) is thought to play a
key role in the control of spermatogenesis but is rarely measured.
The present study is therefore designed to examine the effect of date palm pollen
(DPP) (Phoenix dactylifera) on the plasma and intra-testicular testosterone levels using
male albino rat as an experimental animal with the hope that the result of this study may
pave the way for treating male infertility and delayed puberty.
Adult male albino rats were divided into two groups (control and experimental).
Experimental group were given date palm pollen (DPP) suspension in a single oral dose
of 120 mg/kg of body weight for 35 days. Where as the control were given equal amount
of distilled water. Blood samples of control and experimental groups were taken for
measurement of serum testosterone levels at day 0, 12, 24 and finally at day 36.Aanimals
were sacrificed. Testes were removed for gross and biological studies. Intra-testicular
testosterone levels were measured at the end of experimental studies.
There were no statistically significant differences in the variable of control group.
Experimental group who received DPP suspension for 35 days showed statistically significant increase in body weight, weight of paired testes, serum and intra- testicular testosterone levels as compared to control group.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1411,T] (1).
340.
Efficacy Assessment Of Galacto-Oligosaccharide Fortified Cookies For Child Health Management
by Wardha Tahir | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Prebiotics (including galacto-oligosaccharides) are regarded as non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health. They impart several important physiological effects depending on the composition and/or balance and activities of beneficial microflora i.e. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Recent findings propose that mal-nutrition and its synergistic relationship with preventable infectious diseases causes 21% deaths around the globe and disability adjusted life years in children's below five years of age. Children who are fed on infant formula are more susceptible to infectious diseases than breast fed children. Keeping in view the need for the improvement of child health through improving the immunity, the present research project was designed. The study was conducted in three different phases. In the first phase, characterization of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) was done. During the second phase blending of oligomate with all-purpose wheat flour at 12, 24, 36 and 48% (w/w) levels were done to prepare prebiotic fortified-wheat-flour cookies at 1, 2, 3 and 4 %. The cookies thus prepared were physically and organoleptically evaluated for the selection of optimum level of prebiotic fortification and the best treatment selected along with control was used for efficacy studies. During third stage, efficacy of GOS fortified cookies were evaluated on selected normal 2-5 years young children. During efficacy study 40 healthy children were recruited and divided into two groups. First group was taken as control and was given unfortified cookies whereas second group was given galacto-oligosaccharides fortified 8 cookies per day. Each individual subject was given GOS for 40 days. Urine and stool samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 days of study for analysis. Weekly follow-up visits were scheduled and consisted of a detailed physical examination and other health and diet related information through pre-structured interviews and body measurements. The data obtained was statistically analyzed to check statistical significance and to compare means. Significant results were obtained for physical and chemical properties of oligomate. Physical and chemical analysis of cookies also showed significant results however within the treatment non-significant results were observed as well as the storage study also showed non-significant results. The analysis of variance shows the mean squares for colony forming units. The mean squares (2.53) and p-value (0.014*) for groups on various diets showed significant results. However, Mean squares for interval and the interaction between groups and study interval showed non-significant
The means show significant results for groups with respect to study interval. The highest mean value is seen for fortified cookies (8.48a) showing that the colony forming units have been significantly increased and the lowest was seen for control group (7.82c) in which opposite results were seen that is the colony forming units decreased instead of increasing. These results were in line with the study of Piirainen et al. (2008) who evaluated the effects of galacto-oligosaccharide.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1414,T] (1).
341.
Preparation Of Prebiotic Based Functional Beverage And Evaluation Of Its Glycemic Response In Healthy Human Subjects
by Amna Ashraf Bajwa | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. The research was conducted in three phases. During 1st phase characterization of liquid oligomate (galacto-oligosaccharides preparation) was performed. During second phase prebiotic (galacto-oligosaccharides) based functional beverage was developed by adding different concentrations of GOS. Functional beverages was prepared with the addition of GOS @ 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50% of final beverage volume. On the basis of sensory evaluation and other analysis, one sample was selected for further use in third phase that is efficacy study by determining its glycemic index. Accordingly the significant outcomes of the present research are summarized hereafter.
Proximate analysis of Galacto-oligosaccharide sample showed that the results for dry matter are (0.832 ±0.009) for crude protein the values are (0.729±0.126) and for crude fat the result shows (1.366±0.321). For NFE is -0.0957±0.0001 and for moisture is 1.1667±0.011547. The lower values for protein, fat and fiber shows that composition of oligomate is solely based on the presence of galacto-oligosaccharides and has no other impurities present in them.
The results for GOS for acidity shows the value of (0.14±0.02) for specific gravity the values are (1.36±0.0001) and for pH the values are (3.51± 0.01)
The results for acidity of beverages indicated that the inclusion of galactooligosaccharides has significantly affected the acidity of the beverage (P?0.001). All the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments showed that statistically they are highly significant (P ?.0.05).
The results indicated that the inclusion of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significantly affected the specific gravity of the beverage (P?0.00). It is evident from the results that the storage of these beverages is also statistically significant but the interaction between the treatments and storage intervals showed non-significant effect on specific gravity of different beverages
The statistical analysis regarding pH of beverages prepared from different levels of galacto-oligosaccharide shows that all the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments are highly significant (p ? 0.01).
The statistical results for total soluble solids indicated that TSS of different beverages were significantly affected by treatments; however, storage intervals showed slightly significant result and interaction between storage and treatments showed highly significant effect on TSS of different beverages(P?0.01)
The results indicated that the addition of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significant effect on color "a", "b", " L" , "chroma" , "hue angle" parameter (P?0.001). The sensory scores for color, flavor, taste and consistency were non significant while scores for overall acceptability showed that they varied significantly with treatments.
After storage of beverages for 60 days prepared with the addition of GOS at various levels the interaction between treatment and storage level showed non-significant effect for the flavour, color, consistency, taste and overall acceptability.
The statistical results regarding blood glucose concentration after consumption of control and functional beverage with time intervals are statistically significant. The interactive effect of intervals and different food types shows that the blood glucose concentration at fasting for glucose and control beverage is non-significant and functional beverage comparatively to glucose is significant. It shows that the response of control is similar to the reference taken as glucose.
The statistical results regarding glycemic index shows that the GI with respect to beverage type and person code is non-significant. The glycemic index for control beverage shows the results (58.63±8.15) and for functional beverage (63.74±4.50). The statistical analysis regarding glycemic load with respect to person code shows that they are non-significant but with beverage type they are slightly significant. The glycemic load of control beverage is 17.08±2.37 and for functional beverage values are 19.38±1.36. Functional beverage showed slightly increased glycemic load as compared with control beverage.
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342.
Prasitic Contamination Of Vegetables Eaten Raw In Lahore
by Shafa-ul-Haq | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Fresh vegetables are important part of human diet. Eating raw vegetable is customary in many parts of the world including Pakistan, but these raw vegetables can be a major source of parasites. A parasitic survey on vegetables collected from major markets in Lahore was conducted for the discovery of human and animal parasites. Ten species of vegetables: beet (Beta vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica denceal), carrot (Davcus carota) chili (Capsicum frutecense), coriander (Corriandum sativum) cucumber (Cucumis sativa), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Mint (Mentha viridis), radish (Raphanus sativus), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentun) were evaluated in this study. Fifty samples of each vegetable were taken, comprising a total of 500 samples for the study.
Hundred gram of each vegetable was washed with a cationic solution of Hyamin detergent containing glass particles for the elution of eggs. Concentration of eggs/cysts was achieved by centrifugal sedimentation technique at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes. Sediment was examined under microscope for the presence of parasite eggs, cysts and larvae.
Examination of vegetables revealed twelve genera of parasites. All vegetables were highly contaminated with parasites with an overall prevalence of 31.2%. Of parasites studied, Ascaris eggs found to be the highest (37.1%), followed by Hook worm(10.8%) and Trichostrongyloides sp.(8.9%), while the least common parasite was Toxoplasma gondii (1.9%).
Lettuce showed the highest contamination (48%), followed by Cabbage (44%) and Mint (podina) (42%) while chili showed the least contamination (16%).
The results would seem to indicate that one of the important routes of parasitic infection is due to consumption of raw and unwashed vegetables. So, enlightenment programs for the public on necessity of food sanitation and personal hygiene should be intensified.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1419,T] (1).
343.
Assessment Of Knowledge And Practice Of Food Handlers About Food Safety In University Hostel Kitchen Employees
by Qurra-Tul- Ain | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Cigarette butts are found at crime scenes as potential evidence. Saliva is present on the cigarette butts that can be detected and DNA can be isolated from nucleated cells present in saliva for quantification and typing. In past, research has declared that cigarette butts are useful source for saliva detection, DNA extraction and profile generation. Difference of saliva accumulation on cigarette butt paper and filter was compared in the present study. On smoked cigarette butts, gender based comparison of saliva detection and DNA quantification was performed.
Agarose gel assay was used for amylase enzyme detection. All samples showed positive results for saliva detection. Cigarette butt filter and filter paper were processed separately and analyzed. Results showed more saliva detected at cigarette butt paper. Then gender based comparison on cigarette butt samples smoked by males and females was done for salivary amylase. By using student t-test, no significant difference was found on basis of gender. For extraction of DNA, phenol chloroform extraction method was used. Quantifiler® Human DNA Quantification kit was used through RT-PCR for quantification of DNA isolated from cigarette butt papers. SDS software analyzed the data and gave results of quantified DNA in ng/µL. Gender based comparison in DNA quantity was done by using statistical method. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Pearson correlation value was calculated between detected saliva and quantified DNA of samples. Weak positive results of correlation were obtained between saliva and DNA.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1424,T] (1).
344.
Epidemiology And Prophylaxis Of Babesiosis In Felidae
by Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1425,T] (1).
345.
Clinico-Epidemiological Study Of Toxocariasis In Pet Cats In Lahore
by Shakera Sadiq Gill | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan.
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drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The study was conducted at the pet clinic UVAS to check the prevalence of Toxocara Cati in pet cats and awareness of the pet owners about the zoonosis. Prevalence of Toxocara was checked by conventional laboratory techniques. A survey was conducted to check the awareness of zoonotic diseases among the pet owners using a questionnaire. A total of 40% were found to be infected with Toxocara cati.
Overall high prevalence was recorded in cats less than one year of age which was significant. There was also significant difference of prevalence among cats in which deworming was not done as compared to the dewormed cats. Prevalence was also high in cats in which the fecal consistency was not normal. There was no significant difference in prevalence of Toxocara between male and female cats. There was also no significant difference of prevalence among the different breeds of cats.
The results of the survey revealed that out of the total of 100 pet owners only 39% had idea of pet zoonosis, while the majority of the owners had awareness about rabies. Only 18 % of the owners were informed by the veterinarians. The total of 98% suggested that the vet should inform the owners about pet zoonosis. Among the total 56% replied that they will leave their pet if a zoonotic problem was diagnosed the remaining were not willing to leave their pets even if a zoonotic problem diagnosed.
Most cases of human toxocariasis and zoonotic hookworm infections are preventable by simple measure such as careful personal hygiene, eliminating intestinal parasites from pets through regular deworming and not allowing the children to play in potentially contaminated environments. Despite the fact that some of the pet owners dispose of their pet feaces however,, owners should be educated on proper disposal methods of pet feaces. Disposal methods like using pet feaces as garden manure, can predispose children playing in the lawn to infective eggs and larvae.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1428,T] (1).
346.
Epidemiological, Haematological And Biochemical Risk Factors Of Parturient Haemoglobinuria In Buffaloes
by Altaf Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Parturient haemoglobinuria is disease of economic importance which affects a considerable number of buffaloes every year in India, Pakistan and Egypt. It is a non infectious hemolytic syndrome characterized by intravascular haemolysis, hypophosphataemia, haemoglobinaemia, haemoglobinuria and anaemia. The exact pathogenesis is not known and diversified etiological factors have been associated with this disease in different parts of the continent. Information on multidimensional etiological aspects of this buffalo syndrome is quite scanty. The present study was therefore carried out in district Chakwal for assessment of disease burden (parturient haemoglobinuria), its distribution and quantification of associated epidemiological, haematological and biochemical risk factors in order to suggest control measures and future research priorities.
Active surveillance was conducted in eight randomly selected villages of district Chakwal from April 2010 . March 2011. All breeding age buffaloes (1938) of these selected villages were taken as sampling frame whereas one breeding age buffalo was taken as sampling unit. Parturient haemoglobinuria appeared as number one disease among all problems of breeding age buffaloes with respect to mortality rate (1.03%) and proportional mortality rate (20%) whereas it appeared as 8th and 7th disease respectively with respect to incidence (3.97%) and case fatality (25.97%) rates.
Case-Control study was conducted for quantification of epidemiological risk factors associated with disease by analyzing the data of 180 case-control pairs for various 162
hypothesized risk factors. . 7 months pregnancy, . 3 lactation number, . 60 days postpartum period, . 7 years age, previous history of haemoglobinuria and ingestion of cruciferous plants were recorded as significant (P . 0.05) risk factors with odds ratios of 15.80, 6.39, 6.23, 5.56, 3.41 and 2.51 respectively. Clinical trial was conducted on 30 haemoglobinuric buffaloes randomly divided into three groups with 10 animals in each group to compare and assess the recovery rates of three different treatment packages against parturient haemoglobinuria. The highest recovery rate (100%) was recorded for combined therapy of sodium acid phosphate and blood transfusion followed by sodium acid phosphate with antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid (70%) and tranexamic acid with Novacoc injection (50%). Cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted on haemoglobinuric (n = 30) and healthy (n = 60) buffaloes for quantification of haematological and biochemical risk factors associated with parturient haemoglobinuria. Red cell count (. 5 ~ 106 /ƒÊl), haemoglobin (. 8g / dl), haematocrit . 25%, mean corpuscular volume (. 50fL), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (. 20pg) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate( . 80mm / 1st hour) were recorded as significant (P . 0.05) haematological risk factors with odds ratios of 26, 17.81, 28.95, 21, 12.25 and 26 respectively whereas billirubin unconjugated (. 0.2mg /dl), billirubin total ( . 0.3mg /dl), phosphorous (. 2.5mg /dl), molybdenum (. 70ƒÊg /dl) and selenium (. 15 ƒÊg /dl) were recorded as significant (P.0.05) biochemical risk factors with odds ratios of 26.55, 26.55, , 7.50, 11 respectively.
Experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of orally administered gossypol on haematological and biochemical parameters of eight female rabbits of six 163
months age purchased from local market and maintained at university of veterinary and animal sciences from February 2011 . April 2011 under optimum conditions. The cotton seed cake containing free gossypol contents of 0.25% was fed to rabbits @ 4 grams per kg per day in addition to their routine diet including good quality fresh vegetables (cucumbers, spinach, cabbage & carrots) and clean water ad-libitum. Blood samples of each rabbit were collected after every 15 days interval and analyzed for haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Significant (P.0.05) decrease was recorded in total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and serum inorganic phosphorous whereas significant increase was recorded in mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, total leukocyte count, lymphocytes and monocytes from 0 . 60th day with the passage of time whereas non significant (P.0.05) difference was recorded with respect to granulocytes and serum calcium concentration.
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347.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Schistosomiasis In Cattle
by Mudassar Nazar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1433,T] (1).
348.
Molecular Diagnosis And Therapeutic Trials On Fasciolosis In Sheep And Goats
by Khalid Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The fasciolosis in sheep and goat is an important and infectious disease of ruminants characterized by dullness, weakness, lack of appetite, pallor and edema of mucosa and death of animal. The accurate diagnosis of Fasciolosis remained a difficult task for the field practitioners and the right choice of medicine.
For this purpose 600 sheep and goats was examined for fasciolosis. The fecal samples were collected directly from rectum while bile samples were collected from various private and public slaughter houses of districts Okara, Sahiwal and Lahore. Fasciola egg was identified by standard text while molecular conformation of Fasciola spp. was done by using PCR. For therapeutic trials, sixty animals (n=30 sheep; n=30 goats) positive for Fasciolosis was equally divided into A, B and C groups and each group comprising of 20 animals (n=10 sheep; n=10 goats). The animals of group A was given Zanil (Oxyclozanide) orally @ 1ml per 3kg body weight; the animals of group B was given Albendazole orally @ 1ml per 3kg body weight and the animals of group C was given the grounded powder of Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) @ 5-6 teaspoon (25-30gm) orally. Efficacy of drugs was measured on the basis of disappearance of Fasciola eggs at 3, 7 and 14 day of post-medication. Data on the prevalence of fasciolosis was analyzed by Pearson's chi-square test while therapeutic trials data was analyzed with one way ANOVA using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS); P < 0.05 was considered significant.
To study fasciolosis in sheep and goats, samples were collected from Lahore, Okara and Sahiwal. The collected samples were processed at the Medicine laboratory at UVAS, Lahore and LPRI laboratories of Bahadurnagar, Okara. In this study first of all the fecal and bile samples were examined through microscope then these samples were processed by PCR test. No study was conducted previously on the molecular diagnosis of fasciolosis in sheep and goats in Pakistan, this is the first report for the molecular diagnosis of fasciolosis. In all F. hepatica positive samples approximate 300-bp fragment was generated on gel tested with DSJF/DSJ3 primers for sheep and goats. All positive samples by microscope were also positive by PCR, but out of the 92 samples positive (43 in sheep; 49 in goats) by PCR test, out of these 14 (7 in sheep; 7 in goats) were negative by microscopy. This study provides the base line data for the molecular diagnosis of fasciolosis in sheep and goats in Pakistan.
Overall prevalence of fasciolosis in sheep in both fecal and bile samples in various districts of Punjab was calculated. Out of 300 samples (150 fecal; 150 bile) of sheep, F. hepatica prevalence rate was 12% (36 samples) by microscopic examination while 14.33% (43 samples) by PCR test. On the basis of microscopic examinations districts wise prevalence rate was 11, 12 and 13% in Lahore, Okara and Sahiwal respectively and by PCR test prevalence rate was 13, 14 and 16% in Lahore, Okara and Sahiwal respectively. Prevalence of F. hepatica was more in Sahiwal than Okara and Lahore in sheep in both fecal and bile samples on the basis of microscopic examination and PCR.
Overall prevalence of fasciolosis was also calculated in goats on the basis of microscopic examination and PCR in both fecal and bile samples. Among 300 samples (150 fecal; 150 bile) of goats F. hepatica prevalence was 14% (42 samples) by microscopic examination while 16.33% (49 samples) by PCR. On the basis of microscopic examinations the prevalence was 13, 15 and 14% in Lahore, Okara and Sahiwal districts respectively while on basis of PCR test prevalence was 15, 18 and 16% in Lahore, Okara and Sahiwal districts respectively. Prevalence of F. hepatica was more in Okara than Sahiwal and Lahore in goats in both fecal and bile samples on the basis of microscopic examination and PCR.
The eggs per gram (EPG) values and efficacy of Oxyclozanide (Zanil), Albendazole and Neem leaves against fasciolosis in 30 positives sheep was recorded at 3, 7 and 14 days after the treatment. As group A was treated with oxyclozanide (Zanil), its efficacy was 50, 75 and 90% at 3rd, 7th and 14th day respectively after treatment. The efficacy of albendazole was 46, 65 and 81% at 3rd, 7th and 14th day respectively while the efficacy of Neem leaves was lowest that was 15, 30 and 42% at day 3rd, 7th and 14th day respectively. The efficacy of oxyclozanide and albendazole was significantly higher (p= 0.000) than Neem leaves. In sheep against the fasciolosis Oxyclozanide significant effect on EPG followed by albendazole and Neem leaves.
The EPG and efficacy of Oxyclozanide (Zanil), Albendazole and Neem leaves were determined in 30 goats against fasciolosis at 3, 7 and 14th day of post treatment. The efficacy of oxyclozanide was 57, 76 and 90% at 3, 7 and 14th day of post treatment, respectively. The efficacy of oxyclozanide was higher than Albendazole against the fasciolosis. The efficacy of albendazole was 55, 68 and 79% at day 3, 7 and 14th, respectively. Efficacy of Neem leaves against fasciolosis was lower as compared to other two drugs, it was 15, 23 and 40% at day 3, 7 and 14th, respectively. When the efficacy was compared at different days, Oxyclozanide reduced the EPG significantly, followed by Albendazole and Neem leaves.
From this study it was concluded that PCR is more reliable technique than microscopic examination for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in sheep and goats. Microscopic technique provides the base line data for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in sheep and goats but PCR provides help to conduct further molecular diagnosis on fasciolosis as well as others parasitic diseases. Secondly fasciolosis which is an important parasitic problem of ruminants is significantly prevalent in sheep and goats in Lahore, Okara and Sahiwal districts of Punjab. Oxyclozanide is the most effective drug while albendazole and neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) are relatively less effective against fasciolosis in sheep and goats.
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349.
Prevalence And Control Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Goats In District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Habibun Nabi | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Goat rearing is a traditional activity in peri-urban areas and villages and plays an important role in the nutrition, social and economic needs of the population. Gastrointestinal nematodes are common in various production systems and these infections are the single most significant constraint to small ruminant productivity.
The present study was carried out at Saidu Sharif, District Swat to generate data about the gastrointestinal (GIT) nematodes prevalent in the area. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of goats, a total of 150 faecal samples were examined. A total of 61/150 (40.67 %) of samples were found positive. Different species were identified and included Nematodirus spathiger (28.66 %), Haemonchus contortus (14.66 %), Trichostrongylus spp (4 %), Strongyloides papillosus (6 %) and Trichuris ovis (11.33 %). Highest prevalence of GIT nematodes were found in young and immature animals (48 %) with mean EPG 282 and 211 respectively. Adult had lower infection rate (26 %) with mean EPG of 142. Sex related prevalence indicated that male had higher prevalence (46.66 %) than female (34.66 %) and greater intensity of infection in males as compare to females. Higher infection rate with GIT nematodes was recorded in pregnant goat (42 %) as compared to non pregnant (33.92 %). House hold animals showed high infection rate i.e. 45.33 % with mean EPG of 254 as compared to commercially raised animals which had infection rate 36 % with mean EPG of 169. The Study
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showed significant difference of egg per gram count between breeds. Beetal goats had high infection rate (100 %) and intensity as compared with other breeds.
Higher egg shedding was recorded in animals around parturition as compared to dry goats. Liter size also effected the EPG and higher counts were recorded in goats with duplets and triplets.
Albasym (Albendazole) was evaluated at two dose levels i.e. 1 ml/ 20 kg body weight and 1.25 ml/20 kg body weight. The efficacy at normal dose and higher dose at day 7th was 98.81 % and 100 % respectively, at day 14th 95.24 % and 99.53 % and at day 28th 80.95 % and 93.90 % respectively. No significant difference at normal dose and higher dose was observed while significant difference with control group was recorded.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1435,T] (1).
350.
Clinico-Chemotherapeutic Study On The Occurrence Of Navel Ill In Cow Calves
by Safdar Abbas | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Navel ill occurs commonly in young calves. Calves less than 1 week of age are most commonly affected by infections of navel because the umbilical stump usually takes 7-10 days to dry up. Infection of navel develops when pathogenic bacteria contaminated the wet umbilicus under the unhygienic environmental conditions. It may also cause the death of newborns calves due to bacterimia and septicemic shock. The unhygienic environmental conditions like parturition of cow in dirty pen, poor navel hygiene practices, inadequate colostrum feedings within 6 hours after parturition or when umbilical cord is cut too close to abdominal wall of calf, may predispose a calf to navel ill.
The present study was conducted in and around Kahna region of Lahore to find out the disease percentage of navel ill in newborn calves, and chemotherapeutical trials were conducted to see the comparative effect of topical, parenteral and topical with parenteral therapy. For this purpose, 400 newborn calves of 15 days or less than 15 days age were randomly selected from small dairy farms and small holder farmers of study area.
Among 400 calves, 197 calves were randomly selected from different small holder farmers of study area and 203 were selected from small dairy farms. Among 197 calves from different local areas of Kahna, the occurrence of disease percentage of navel ill was 46.19% and among 203 calves from small dairy farms of study area, the occurrence of disease percentage of navel ill was 12.80%. The overall occurrence of diseased percentage of navel ill from dairy farms and small holder farmers of study area was 29.25 %. The overall percentage of infection at dairy farms and local small holder farmers of study areas was 21.73%, 37.50%, and 14.28%, 22.22% and 14.10% among Friesian, Sahiwal, Jersy, Cholistani and Crossbred female calves respectively. The overall percentage of infection at dairy farms and local small holder farmers of study area was 22.22%, 88.23%, 16.66%, 33.33% and 40.98% among Friesian, Sahiwal, Jersy, Cholistani and Crossbred male calves respectively.
For chemotherapeutical trials, calves were divided into five groups. Calves of group A (n=10) were treated with topical application of Pyodine solution and Cicatrin powder, applied to navel cord topically twice a day for five days. The average percentage recovery of group A among males was 41% and among females was 46.5 %, but the overall recovery in group A was 43.75%. Similarly, when calves of group B (n=10) were treated with parenteral therapy of Moxin and Meloxicam for five days, then the average percentage recovery of group B among males was 41.47 % and among females was 48.08 %, but the average recovery among male and female calves of group B was 43.60 %. Calves of group C (n=10) were treated with topical application of Pyodine solution and Cicatrin powder plus parenteral therapy of Moxin and Melacam for five days. The average percentage recovery of group C among males was 76 % and among females was 90 %, but the average recovery among male and female calves of group C was 83 %.
Calves of group D (n=10) were kept as positive control to observe complications. They were of diseased conditions. Among these calves, three calves got maggot wounds; one died due to septicemia, two calves got small hernia and remaining calves showed no further complications except existing signs. Calves of group E (n=10, healthy calves) were kept as negative control. Among these healthy calves, three calves became thin and emaciated but all others remained healthy and showed no clinical signs of any disease.
Finally, the obtained data were statistically analyzed by using Chi Square method (software stata). In conclusion, the statistical analysis showed that occurrence of disease percentage of navel ill was more in male as compared to female calves. Similarly, the occurrence of diseased percentage of navel ill was high in local areas i.e. small holder farmers as compared to dairy farms of study area. The chemotherapeutic trials conducted among different groups of calves showed variable results. Topical treatment showed some better results than parenteral treatment, but when topical treatment was given with parenteral therapy, the calves showed maximum recovery. On the behalf of this study, it was concluded that the occurrence of disease percentage of navel ill is high in calves reared under unhygienic conditions. At dairy farms, hygienic conditions were better due to some good calf rearing practices as compared to local small holder farmers, that's why the occurrence of disease percentage of navel ill was high at local small holder farmers than that of dairy farms. Similarly, the results of chemotherapeutic trials showed that simple topical or parenteral therapy alone was not effective much as compared to when both topical and parenteral therapy was given at the same time.
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