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51. Genetic Evolution And Development Of Recombinant Vaccine Against Newcastle Disease For Chicken In Pakistan

by Abdul Wajid (2009-VA-705) | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most contagious diseases of poultry worldwide. The disease is endemic in Pakistan and recurrent outbreaks have been reported in commercial poultry flocks, domestic pet and migratory birds since 1963 an inception of commercial poultry farming in the country. Disease surveillance is necessary to determine the incidence of the disease as well as to identify the etiological agent of the disease status in the region. The analysis of the field data provides a clue for the higher authorities to take steps for the remedy of the devastating outbreak. A virulent form of Newcastle disease virus caused an outbreak in the northern region of Pakistan during the mid of 2011. The virus was identified as a virulent viscerotropic vvNDV and characterize, belonging to the sub genotype VIIi. However, the virus of this genotype is still circulating in the field though the intensity of the strain to succumb the chickens to cause mortality does not exist. The particular thing in this genotype was its susceptibility to other avian species like pheasants, peafowls, ducks turkeys, peacocks, sparrows and parakeets. As this genotype is circulating since 2011 2016 and still spill over in these avian species. Thus for the last five years (2011-16), 3500 healthy, diseased and dead chickens, pheasants, peacocks, turkeys, peafowls, ducks, sparrows, exotic parakeets, rosy-faced parrots, pigeons, and partridges from 750 different locations s were monitored. Samples were collected from the Northern region of the country Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa, Azad Kashmir, including Gilgit,Baltitssan and from Southern region, Karachi, Hyderabad , Mirpursakro and other small cities where the poultry farms are located. The samples were collected by the local veterinarians, poultry Assistants and Animal health practitioners who assist during the surveillance program. Samples were also collected from the farmers who brought their birds for inspection in the lab with the details of the 141 farm. Mostly sampling was done where there was reports of NDV outbreak, tissues were collected usually the trachea, spleen and brain, moreover, the pharyngeal and cloacal swabs not only from the infected birds but also from the healthy birds were collected to assess the virus shedding in the flock. Blood samples were also collected (1% of the birds at farm), for serum collection to assess the immune status of the flock using Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test and Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). The Survey Form meet the international standard was filled for each farm for recording the information required to find the diagnostic clue as well as the molecular characterization of the isolates. Pool of five pharyngeal swabs were processed after the passage into 9-day old chicken embryonated eggs and confirming the positive HA test and then confirmed by real time PCR (RT-PCR). In addition, sera were tested against NDV by HI and ELISA tests. The targeted samples were sequenced by complete fusion gene and whole genome using 22 pairs of overlapping primers. The observations indicated that the commercial broiler industry is highly susceptible to virulent NDV and confirmed by data available in the laboratory in the survey form. Contrary to that a little is known regarding the maintenance and enzootic trends of vNDV infection level in domestic and wild birds. Poor strategy of the use of vaccines and vaccination as well as the existence of virulent form of NDV in the domestic and pet birds indicate a possibility of the root cause of the ND eruption in the developing countries. A continuous isolation of virulent viruses of the panzootic Newcastle disease virus of sub-genotype VIIi since (2011-2016 from commercial chickens and from various other avian species in the country provide evidence for the existence of epidemiological links intermingling of the strain among them. Therefore, to avoid the huge economical losses in the commercial poultry the second largest industry in Pakistan, their close proximity should be strictly avoided. The mass vaccination of the poultry flocks is in practice in all commercial 142 poultry farms in Pakistan. However, the use and availability of a reliable and standard vaccine, as well as the correct usage of vaccine dose of the live attenuated LaSota vaccine are the key factors to improve their efficacy in the field. Minor outbreaks have been occurring in the field even though a severe outbreak was occurred in 2011-12 collapsed the poultry industry with other pet and wild birds. To minimize the continuity of these minor outbreaks in the field for long time there is a need for more effective vaccine to control the particular genotype of the ND virus. In the present study, DNA vaccine was developed using the SFR-55 NDV strain antigens, in the form of fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuroaminidase (HN), namely pcDNA3.1-F and pcDNA3.1-HN. In vitro expression of both genes construct was assessed by reversetranscriptase- PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. In the trial an inactivated oil-based emulsion vaccine was prepared using the field strain SFR-55 and compare with the commercial vaccine LaSota strain commonly used by the poultry industry. Birds were divided into six groups, the first two groups were immunized with pcDNA3.1-F and pcDNA3.1-HN alone respectively and third group with was vaccinated with both antigens pcDNA3.1-F+HN. The other two groups were immunized with inactivated (wvSFR-55) and LaSota vaccines as described above, the last group was injected with empty vector as control. The birds were immunized twice at 14 and 21 days of age intramuscularly (DNA vaccine), subcutaneous and eye-drop by inactivated and LaSota vaccines respectively. The birds were challenged with live virulent NDV strain using a dose of 10,000 ELD50/0.1ml per chicken. Results indicate that Inactivated and LaSota vaccines provided high protection (>80%), as compared to pcDNA3.1-F, pcDNA3.1-HN, pcDNA3.1- F+HN gave 70%, 75% and 20% respectively. There was 100% mortality in control chickens. The administration of two vectors expressing F and HN antigens induced high immune response, and provide protection than when used separately. However, the groups immunized with 143 pcDNA3.1-F, pcDNA3.1-F+HN and inactivated vaccine resulted in lower amount of virulent virus shed after challenge when compared to the group immunized with standard LaSota. In summary, the co-administration of both NDV glycoprotein antigens increased protection than use separately. DNA-based vaccine can be used safely to reduce mortality and most importantly lower the risk of virus transmission due to decreased level of virulent virus shedding. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2910-T] (1).

52. Analysis Of Tp53 Gene Isolated From Oral Cancer Patients

by Amir Saleem (2013-VA-897) | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Prof. Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Cancer is a term used for disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through blood and lymph system. TP53 is one of the most important tumor suppressor genes, mutated in more than 50% of human malignancies. It controls DNA repair, cell cycle and apoptosis and therefore plays an essential role in keeping genetic constancy. TP53 gene is present on the short arm of chromosome number 17. In human it extends 19,200 bp in 11 exons. Various parameters are used in the present study was aimed to investigate coding regions of TP53 gene for analyzing the mutations involved in oral cancer. Human OSCC samples (15) and normal tissue samples (15) were collected from Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore. Samples were collected in tubes by oncologist containing ethanol and then brought to Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Lab of Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UVAS Lahore and frozen at -20°C before DNA extraction. Samples have been processed for research purpose. DNA was extracted from tissue by using Trizol Method and quantity was checked by nanodrop spectrophotometer. Two Primer sets were designed to amplify protein coding region of TP53 gene. After amplification through PCR, DNA Sequencing was done. Data interpretation was done by using several softwares like BLAST alignment tool, Bioedit, Clustal W2. In this study it was tried to find out the mutations in TP53 but no any kind of mutations were identified. Because I conducted my research only on 15 samples. So in future to use this gene as a potentional biomarker we can increase our number of samples. 46 The need for today is to develop valid biomarkers, which can be incorporated in ongoing in vivo and in vitro clinical mechanistic and improve the diagnosis and prognosis of this dreadful disease. In the conclusion, we must say that further study, with much larger sample number, is required to revise the effects of this polymorphism and accurately identifying the associated factors. There is a need to explore the other gene mutations causing oral cancer in local population of Punjab and Pakistan that will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and prenatal diagnostic procedures for the population of Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2937-T] (1).

53. Bacterial Profiling And Development Of Molecular Diagnostic Assays For Detection Of Bacterial Pathogens Associated With Bovine Mastitis

by Aqeela Ashraf (2012-VA-388) | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The livestock sector plays a critical role in strengthening the economy of Pakistan. Control of livestock diseases is the primary objective of government livestock departments. Bovine mastitis is among the most significant diseases of livestock as reported by various field surveys in Pakistan. Despite considerable knowledge about mastitis and its etiology, this disease is still prevalent in many dairy herds; it remains most difficult to eradicate or control. It is an inflammation of mammary gland resulting in decreased milk production, veterinary care costs and culling losses. In animal health improvement, there is a paradigm shift from treatment of clinical illness to disease prevention. Recognition of disease is the foundation of disease control and prevention. California mastitis test and somatic cell counting are the most commonly used methods for diagnosis of bovine mastitis. These methods are unable to identify the causative agent. Detection of pathogen is critically important for better control of mastitis. Microbial culturing and biochemical tests are traditionally used methods for pathogen identification. But, these methods are very time consuming and can only detect viable bacteria from the sample and can lead to false negative results. The progress in molecular methods based on PCR has improved the veterinary diagnostics. For the identification of bovine mastitis pathogens, an economical, rapid and sensitive molecular diagnostic assay was developed using multiplex PCR, detecting the pathogenic species-specific DNA. The target species areS. aureus,E. coli, S. uberis, S. agalactiae, S. dysagalactia, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, S. chromogenes andM. bovis. Multiplex PCR assay was developed for the detection of these significantly important bacterial pathogen causing bovine mastitis. Species specific primers were designed which have the ability to specifically amplify the particular gene in the target species. For this purpose various gene regions were selected for different bacterial species which included 16S rRNA, cpn60, phoA and rdr. Initially monoplex PCRs were optimized individually for each target species. For optimizing multiplex PCR assay, various combinations of individual PCRs with varying concentrations of primers and template DNA were used. The final protocol included all the nine sets of primer pairs, every set targeting a unique mastitic pathogen. Multiplex PCR assay was checked for its specificity and analytic sensitivity was calculated. Mastitic milk samples were collected aseptically from various farms. Initial screening was based on Surf field mastitis test and California mastitis test. Milk samples were cultured on nutrient agar, blood sheep agar and MacConkey’s agar. The bacterial isolates were identified and further sub-cultured in nutrient broth. All the isolates were identified on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The developed multiplex PCR assay was used to detect the target bacterial pathogens from the collected milk samples. Limit of detection of developed assay was up to 50 pg for DNA isolated from pure cultures and 104 CFU/ml for spiked milk samples. The results obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing, bacterial culture based identification and multiplex PCR assay were compared. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using latent class analysis, specificity was up to 88% and sensitivity was up to 98% for targeted mastitic pathogens. The developed multiplex PCR detected nine bacterial species in a single reaction. Multiplex PCR assay has also detected the bacterial pathogens in a few culture-negative mastitis milk samples. This is the first multiplex PCR assay which can efficiently detect nine important mastitic bacterial pathogens in a single reaction. The development of multiplex PCR assay is useful in early diagnosis and prevention & control of bovine mastitis. Mycoplasma is often ignored as a major mastitis-causing pathogen due to lack of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools. In this study a LAMP assay was developed for the identification of M. bovis from clinical mastitic milk samples. LAMP primers were designed from three gene regions including uvrC, 16S rRNA and gyrB. Bacterial reference strains and mastitic milk samples positive for M. bovis were collected from Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Bacterial strains were further cultured on Hayflick medium containing 15% horse serum and incubated for up to 7 d at 37°C with CO2 enrichment. DNA was isolated from mastitic milk samples and bacterial culture using Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions with few modifications. PCR and LAMP assay was performed for all the samples obtained. Analytic sensitivity was calculated and the limit of detection was up to 50pg/reaction for LAMP assay which is higher as compared to PCR. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated for each of the three tests. Cohen’s kappa values obtained were 0.940 for uvrC, 0.970 for gyrB and 0.807 for 16S rRNA. All three tests showed a high level of agreement between test results and the true mastitis status, indicated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A robust, sensitive and specific LAMP assay has been developed for the detection of M. bovis from mastitic milk. These novel molecular assays could be helpful for correct and timely identification of bovine mastitic pathogens, which is crucial for the control and treatment of the disease.Molecular diagnostic assayshave been developed in the current study based on multiplex PCR assay and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2930-T] (1).



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