1.
Formulation And Stability Evaluation Of An Optimum Opical Preparation Using Hippophae Rhamnoidesl. Oil For The Treatment of Psoriasis
by Hina Hussain | Muhammad Irfan Masood | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Multiple emulsion is a triphasic system in which the two miscible phases are separated from each other by an inner immiscible phase. In w/o/w multiple emulsion the two queous phases are separated by oily layer. Formulation and stabilization of multiple emulsions from natural oil is the difficult task due to the complex nature of the oil and poor interaction with emulsifiers. Hippophae rhamnoide L. oil, a natural oil, obtained from barries of plant belong to family Elaeagniaceae naturally found in northern areas of Pakistan is effective for healing of skin wounds, Eczema and Psoriasis. In the present study two multiple emulsions were prepared multiple emulsion base 'B' (containing Magnesium sulfate as marker substance) and multiple emulsion formulation 'F' Containing zinc sulfate as (active ingredient). Both preparations contained Hipophae rhamnoides L. oil. Both multiple emulsions were prepared using Two-step method and its stability was evaluated by observing changes in organoleptic parameters, pH, globule size, electrical conductivity and viscosity in samples kept at 4Co ,25Co, 40Co ,40Co+75% RH at various time intervals (Ohr.24hrs,48hrs,72hrs,lstweek, 2ndweek,3rd week, 4th week) for period of 28 days. Data was analyzed using ANOV A-Two ways and LSD design to see variations in parameters at time and temperature levels in each formulation kept at different storage conditions and unpaired student T-test to compare results of stability parameters of Formulation B with Formulation F . Both the multiple emulsions B' and 'F' showed phase inversion at 4°C after 24hrs of storage were excluded from further evaluation. Change in color was observed in all the samples except sample at 2SoC. Sample of multiple emulsion base 'B' kept at 40Co + 7S% RH showed liquefaction after 72 hours. Multiple emulsion formulation 'F' at 40Co and 40Co + 7S% RH showed a significant change in liquefaction and phase separation. The average globule size of multiple emulsion base 'B' (TZurn) is larger than the multiple emulsion formulation 'F' which decreased more significantly in the samples of multiple emulsion base 'B' than samples of'F'. Similarly the pH of the multiple emulsion 'B' (S.l) is more than 'F' (4.2) but in both multiple emulsions kept at different temperatures increased significantly. The increase in electrical conductivity and decrease in viscosity of both multiple emulsions 'B' and 'F' was rather more at 40°C and 40°C+ 7S%RH temperatures while this change was comparatively more in multiple emulsion 'F'. So multiple emulsion 'B' and 'F' at 25°C were stable with respect to organoleptic parameters (except liquefaction), centrifugation, globule size, pH, electrical conductivity and viscosity change than at other temperatures (40°C and 40°C + 7S% RH). Multiple emulsion 'F' is rather more stable at 25°C than 'B' as no liquefaction occurred during the whole stability period in 'F'. For multiple emulsions from Hippophae rhamnoide L. oil refrigeration and high temperature storage condition is fatal for the stability and for relatively high shelf life formulation must be stored at room temperature. Multiple emulsion has advantages over simple emulsion as the droplets may act as reservoir for entrapping the drug molecules to release them slowly to the outer continuous phase so the advantages of multiple emulsion are i) the protection of material entrapped in the internal phase ii) more than one incompatible components can be formulated in a single preparation. None of the multiple emulsions for dermal applications has yet been available in Pakistani market so keeping in view the advantages of multiple emulsion and the Hippophae rhamnoides L. oil prospective researchers hereby suggested to manufacture such a stable formulation which can effectively be marketed in this region.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1403,T] (1).
2.
Formulation And In-Vitro Evaluation Of Polymers Blend Based Diclofenac Microparticles For Sustained Release Drug Delivery
by Mukarram Anees (2008-VA-537) | Muhammad Irfan Masood | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diclofenac Sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with plasma half life (t1/2) of 1-2 hours. It is used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic in joint pain, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis for a long duration of time. Diclofenac Sodium conventional oral dosage forms have drawbacks of repeated administration (2-3 times/day) and GIT side effects. Diclofenac Sodium microparticles were prepared with ethyl cellulose and starch blend. Emulsification and solvent evaporation method was selected which was easy to perform. Starch was selected in view of its increased hydrophilicity, bio-compatibility and bio-degradability. Ethylcellulose was selected for reason of increased hydrophobicity, bio-compatibility and non-biodegradability.
Three formulations were prepared with different proportions of polymers (ethyl cellulose and starch). Micromeritic studies, particle size, percentage loading efficiency and invitro release studies with application of kinetic models were evaluated. Formulation D3 gave the best results due to increased amount of ethyl cellulose and decreased amount of starch. Polymeric blend resulted in sustained release effect. FT-IR studies were conducted to check the possible drug-polymer interaction. There was no significant drug-polymer interaction was seen. Formulation D3 showed 51.25 % in-vitro drug release up to 8 hours and followed Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The ‘n’ value indicated that it followed Fickian diffusion.
After characterization of Diclofenac Sodium microparticles, the findings elaborated that polymeric blend (synthetic and natural) can be used to achieve sustained release effect due to their distinct characteristics. However, a suitable combination of polymers (75:25 ratio of EC: Starch) is necessary to achieve desired effects. Diclofenac Sodium microparticles can be used to reduce side effects and increase the patient compliance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2398-T] (1).
3.
Solid Phase Dispersion Technique For Enhancing Water Solubility Of Diclofenac Sodium
by Sana Javed (2013-VA-901) | Muhammad Nabeel Shahid | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Improving oral drug absorption and bioavailability is a major issue with the pharmaceutical industries and a number of approaches to enhance the intestinal absorption of drugs have been taken up. Particle size reduction has been proved an important aid in improving bioavailability and drug delivery by increasing the solubility and dissolution rates of poorly soluble drugs.
In this study, Diclofenac Sodium was formulated with polyethylene glycol in different ratios to examine the effect of concentration of carriers on properties of diclofenac sodium and how it enhances the aqueous solubility of drug. Diclofenac sodium and other powder mixtures were characterized by compressibility, bulk and tapped density, angle of repose, solubility and dissolution. The data on flow properties, solubility and dissolution was calculated for comparative analysis of diclofenac sodium in bulk with formulated solid dispersion. Results showed improved flow of powders and improved water solubility of drug. The solubility and dissolution data showed the better results for the formulation with code SDF2. The physicochemical characteristics of the prepared formulations were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The DSC and FTIR studies revealed that there was no interaction between drug and carriers. It was concluded that the SD prepared by solvent evaporation technique using hydrophilic polymer enhanced solubility and dissolution and hence better patient compliance and effective therapy. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2718-T] (1).
4.
Formulation Development And Analysis Of Loxoprofen And Lidocaine Microemulsion Based Gel
by Hassan Hameed Qureshi (2013-VA-867) | Mr. Talib Hussain | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Gels have been widely investigated as carrier for the topical drug delivery system. Micro-emulsions when formulated as micro-emulsion based gels provide faster drug release compared with ointments and creams. These are very easy to apply and remove. In the current study, an attempt was done to formulate the Loxoprofen and Lidocaine micro-emulsion based gel for better drug delivery to the skin.
Hence a micro-emulsion based gel of Loxoprofen with lidocaine was prepared by using olive oil as oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant and propylene glycol as co-surfactant.
Carbopol 2 % was added in the micro-emulsion to adjust the viscosity of micro-emulsion. The evaluation of the micro-emulsion was done on the basis of pH, refractive index, centrifugation, conductivity, viscosity, droplet size, release kinetics and stability related parameters.
On the basis of data from different evaluation studies gave satisfactory results. The in-vitro permeability studies was performed by using Franz diffusion cell.
Release rates of micro-emulsion based gel and micro-emulsion were fitted to statistical models (Zero order, First order, Higuchi equation, Hixon-Crowell equation and Korsemeyer-Peppas
Model.
First order was best model with respect to drug release from micro-emulsion and micro-emulsion based gel. The results were analyzed by using SPSS version-16. It was concluded that for better patient compliance, consistency and good release Loxoprofen and lidocaine can be formulated as micro-emulsion based gel. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2914-T] (1).
