1.
Uterine Microbial Flora Of Sahiwal Cattle During Oestrus And Its Relayionship With Pregnancy Rate
by Habib- Ur- Rehman | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Nasim.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: In the present study uterine microbial flora of Sahiwal cattle during oestrus and its relationship with pregnancy rate was determined. According to the results a total of 11 bacterial species were isolated from 50 uterine samples of estrus Sahiwal cattle, maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Bahardur Nagar, district Okara, Punjab province, Pakistan. The isolates include E. coli, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Citrobacter diversus, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. Tabulation of results showed that prevalence of these isolates was different among pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Moreover, E .coli, Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Citrobacter diversus are found to be thriving in uterus as normal microbial flora, whereas, Streptococcus spp. isolate as abnormal microbial flora appearing to be having some role in decreasing pregnancy rate. While, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium spp. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella spp., and Proteus spp. Isolates could not be differentiable as normal and abnormal uterine microbial flora due to insignificant available data. Furthermore, complete blood counts of 50 blood samples of these same animals indicated that those animals harboring isolates like Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Corynebacterium spp. in their uterus, had more likelihood of abnormally increased value of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) than to presence of any other bacteria. But due to lower data of Pseudomonas spp., and Corynebacterium spp isolated from total samples, only Streptococcus spp. seemed to be ranked as abnormal in Pakistani Sahiwal cattle cows. Interestingly all those animals from where Corynebacterium spp. was isolated, were showing increased values both of MCV and HCT (Hematocrit) which is indicative of their pathogenic role in causing uterine infections.
On the basis of this study it can be modestly concluded that uterine microbial flora identification may serve as a better tool in assessing and foretelling the reproductive health status of the breeding animals. After necessary assessment, presence of any harmful microbial flora or pathogen can be effectively treated through either selecting an appropriate antibiotic by using culture sensitivity testing or by using any suitable bactericidal agent thereby help in boosting conception and pregnancy rates.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1293,T] (1).
2.
Uterine Microbial Frlora Of Nili Ravi Buffalo During Estrus And Its Relationship With Pregnancy Rate
by Sohail Raza | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Iqbal.
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The low conception rate has been reported as one of the major cause of poor productivity of livestock. Beside other reasons, presence of different types of microflora inside the uterus of breeding animals, play a key role in the failure of pregnancy. All these microbes results in the infection of uterus ultimately affecting drastically the animal's conception rate. To study the impact of microbial flora on conception rate, 50 Nili Ravi buffalos were selected from Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. The breeding animals in heat just before artificial insemination were used to collect bacterial samples with the help of especially prepared and sterilized AI rod with some accessories. The samples were processed for the identification of bacterial microflora by doing number of conventional tests for final characterization. In this study seven different bacterial isolates were identified from all the samples. These include: Escherichia coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Citrobacter species, Proteus species, Lactbacillus species, and Micrococcus species. After elapse of proper period of time the pregnancy statuses of all these buffaloes were determined and correlated with the presence or absence of isolated microbes. The results indicated that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were the most prominent bacteria in all the samples collected from pregnant, non pregnant and aborted animals. These two isolates could be designated as normal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes because of their presence during all the physical and pathological conditions. Proteus species and Micrococcus species were mostly isolated in pregnant animals. Statistical analysis also confirmed the above statement. Previous reports corroborate the present study and confirm that these bacteria are ranked as normal uterine microbial flora of bovines. So the previous study and present results confirm that both are the normal uterine microbial flora of pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes In the present study the prevalence of the Citrobacter spp. only in the aborted animals is supported by the previous studies which show that Citrobacter spp. Is only present in the diseased animals and it also cause the sporadic abortion. Statistical analysis of the data also proved the significance of Citrobacter spp. in aborted animals. So this concludes that Citrobacter spp. are the abnormal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan which leads to abortion. The present study has been able us to find the normal and the abnormal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes. This information will help to understand the infection process in breeding buffaloes and through corrective actions may decrease the infection rate / abortion rate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1306,T] (1).
3.
Characterization Of Antimicrobial Resistance In Escherichia Coli Recovered From Retail Chicken In Lahore
by Fayyaz Yasin | Dr. Ali AHmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Escherichia coli is normal inhabitant of lower intestinal tract of all warm blooded animals. The background of drug resistant studies on E. coli represent that extensive and irrational use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary sector for treatment, prophylaxis and feed additive made this organism resistant to commonly used antimicrobials.
It is assumed that E. coli have the ability to transfer resistant genes via bacterial conjugation, transduction and transformation. As a result pathogenic organisms are also becoming resistant to commonly used antibiotics. And there is a need to check the extent of resistance to ensure the efficacy of antimicrobials used in public health.
The purpose of current study was to estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant E. coli in retailed chicken meat samples of Lahore city. In current study hundred chicken meat samples were collected from local market in various areas of Lahore.These samples were processed for isolation of generic E. coli. Initial confirmation of generic E. coliwas made using standard culturing and biochemical reactions. The prevalence rate of E. coli was found 85%. The antimicrobial resistance against in the E. coli isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. All the E. coli isolates were found resistant to at least seven antimicrobials and 34 different antimicrobial patterns were found.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1477,T] (1).
4.
Antibacterial Activity Of Herbal Extracts Against Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli Recovered Form Retail
by Arfat | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Escherichia coli is normally present in lower part of intestinal tract of all warm blooded animals. The background of drug resistant studies on E. coli represents that extensive and irrational use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary sector for treatment, prophylaxis and feed additive made this organism resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. Retail chicken meat is one of the major sources of spread of MDR E. coli infections in humans.
The purpose of present study was to evaluate the prevalence of multi drug resistant E. coli recovered from retail chicken meat samples collected from various areas of Lahore city. Also study the effect of antibacterial activity of selected herbal extracts against isolated MDR E. coli. In current study 100 E. coli isolates were processed for isolation of generic E. coli. Identification of generic E. coli was made using standard culturing, biochemical reactions and confirmed through PCR. The recovery rate of E. coli was found 80% and multidrug resistant pattern in the E. coli isolates was determined using disk diffusion method. A total 73.86% of E. coli isolates were found resistant with at least three antimicrobials related to different groups.
Current study revealed the effectiveness of herbal extracts against MDR E. coli. Clove, cinnamon and mint have good antibacterial activity as compared to coriander, kalonji and garlic. Hence, these herbal extracts can be used as promising alternatives of antimicrobials against multiple drug resistant E. coli species.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1606,T] (1).
5.
Isolation, Identification And Control Of Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
by Fakhra Liaqat | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Tanveer Hussain.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging issue throughout the world. Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been recently reported from many countries including Asian region. The failure of antibiotics diverts the focus of modern science towards the discovery and application of new alternative antimicrobial agents. Herbal plants not only known for their antimicrobial potential but are being used since centuries for the treatment of infections. This study has been conducted to isolate Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from wounds of hospitalized patients and these isolates were not only tested against Linezolid, Moxifloxacin, and Clindamycin antibiotics but also against the ethanolic extracts of Garlic, Mint, Coriander, Turmeric, Kalonji, Cinnamon and Cloves for their antibacterial activity.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from wounds and resistance to vancomycin was confirmed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommended method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected antibiotics and selected plant extract was determined by broth microdilution method followed by the measurement of minimum bactericidal concentration by culturing on agar plates.
In current study 104 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 150 wound exudates samples. Resistance to methicillin was shown by 49.04% isolates. Final results yielded, 22 vancomycin intermediate and 5 vancomycin resistant S. aureus strains. Vancomycin resistant isolates were tested for susceptibility against selected antibiotics and ethanolic extracts of plants. Almost all the isolates displayed susceptibility to all three antibiotics and the plant extracts. The data was analyzed statistically by chi square test and one way ANOVA using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 18.0 software. This study was helpful to find out the effective antibiotics against Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Plant extracts which were found effective are the best alternate to the conventional antibiotics without having any drawback of antibiotic resistance development.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1615,T] (1).
6.
Assessment Of Optimal Level Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene For Short Term Storage Of Broiler Breeder Semen
by Sikander Abbas | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Short term Preservation of broiler breeder semen is an unnatural method in which spermatozoa faces oxidative stress, osmotic and thermal shocks. This affects preserved semen quality resulting in low conception rates. In order to overcome oxidative stress, Butylated Hydroxytoluene was used as antioxidant in poultry semen during short term preservation at 4ºC for 48 hours.
Keeping in view the significance of BHT as a potent antioxidant, the present study was conducted to determine the significance of BHT inclusion in preserved Hubbard broiler breeder semen for reduction of oxidative stress. In the current study, semen from six (n=6) healthy broiler breeder was collected by abdominal massage and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was added to the semen @ 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM. One group was kept control and no BHT was added to that group. The routine quality evaluation of semen for motility and concentration was made, extender was added and then semen was stored at 4°C for 48 hours.
The parameters evaluated were percentage motility, plasma membrane integrity (HOST), viability (Live/Dead) and DNA integrity (Acridine orange assay). Seven samples were taken from each concentration of BHT and thawed individually in water bath at 37°C for 30 seconds and evaluated for quality parameters. In conclusion, the addition of 1 mM BHT to semen extender improved marginally the broiler breeder spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane integroty and DNA integrirty at different period of time.
In controled group the quality of semen after preservation was poor due to oxidative stress which will effect the fertility rate. The Butylated Hydroxytoluene has antioxidant properties, so inclusion of BHT in preserved Hubbard broiler breeder semen was tested in our research.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1808,T] (1).
7.
Evaluation Of Food Safety Of Common Salads And Antimicrobial Activity Of Natural Dressings
by Awais Fida | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Salad is a commonly consumed raw food which is equally favored by each group of the society. The consumption of these salads among common man has been increased in recent past. Several outbreaks have been reported throughout the world regarding to GIT tract infections and isolation of thermotolerent FC. Coliforms or especially Fecal coliforms are considered indicator organism whose absence ensures the lack of non pathogenic bacteria.
The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the sanitary condition followed by food practitioners in Lahore area and the effect of natural salad dressings with respect to varing concentrations of NSDs, at different temperature and interval of exposure.
A total of 60 samples were purchased from local market, 12 of the samples were collected from each selected area (i.e. Anarkali, Gawalmandi, Samanabad, Sanat Nagar and Shad Bagh) while the sample purchased from each area is from 4 different shops (3 from each) i.e. Burgar salad, Gravey Chana salad, Halwa Puri salad and Bar-B-Q salad shops.
The samples were transported to UDL, UVAS, Lahore under cooled chain and subjected for analysis to enumerate the quality by estimating FC using MPN method (FDA 2010). Samples are divided into 4 sections. One was taken as control and the others were taken as experimental and subjected to various concentrations of NSD's, after exposing to 5, 15 and 30min to antimicrobial agents the samples are transmitted to triplet of test tubes containing EC broth. The inoculated tubes were provided with 24-48 hours incubation at 44.5oC.
The gas production in tubes indicted the presence of FC, so values were calculated using MPN table (Annexure XXV) and log values were written to get log reduction values.
More than 70% salad samples collected from selected areas were found unhealthy for consumption. Maximum contamination was observed in salads which are being served with night meals (i.e BBQ salad) while Anarkali was found an area with maximum of positive samples. The contaminations were least recorded in winters while maximum in rainy season. Among the NSD's Vinegar was considered best antimicrobial agent followed by Lemon and Garlic but statistically no significant difference between these two were observed. There was no significant relationship observed between temperature-time, concentration-time and temperature-concentration of NSD.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1829,T] (1).
8.
Plasmid Mediated Analyses And Plasmid Curing Of Previously Isolatedmulti-Drug Resistant Eschetichia Coli From Retail
by Mawra gohar | Dr. Ali ahmad sheikh | Dr.Tanveer | Prof, Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum.
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not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1923,T] (1).
9.
Correlation Of Deifferent Managment Systems And Facilities Of Retail Milk Shops With That Of Microbial Load In Raw And Pasteurized Milk
by Faria kanwal | Prof. Dr. Masood rabbani | Dr. Ali ahmad sheikh | Dr.Wasim.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1953,T] (1).
10.
Bacterial Growth Inhibition Based Detection Of Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Residues In Milk
by Sana moin | Prif. Dr. Masood rabbani | Dr Ali ahmad | Dr. Yasin tipu.
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print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1954,T] (1).
11.
Characterization Of Beta-Lactamase Producing Genes From The Chicken Meatborne Antimicrobial Resistant
by Ayesha tabassum | Dr. Ali ahmad sheikh | Prof. Dr.Masood rabbani.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1955,T] (1).
12.
Detection Of Gram Positive Foodborne Pathogen From Retail Quail Meat Through Optimized Multiplex Pcr
by Iqra Safdar | DR. Ali ahmad sheikh | Dr.Tanveeer | Ms.Fareeha akhtar.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1956,T] (1).
13.
Comparative Study On Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Extendedspectrum B- Lactamase
by Karam rasool | Prof. Dr. Masood rabbani | Dr. Ali ahmad sheikh | Dr. Muhammad.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1992,T] (1).
14.
A Study Of Antioxid Properties Of Green Tea And Black Tea In Insulin Resistant Diabetic Rats
by Jazba aiman | Prof. Dr. Ijaz ahmad | Dr. Ali ahmad | prof .Dr. Habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2020,T] (1).
15.
A Study On Antioxidant Properties Of Vitamin C And Vitamin E In Insulin Resistant Diabetic Rats
by Syeda javaria nadir | Prof. Dr. Ijaz ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2028,T] (1).
16.
Sequence Analysis Of Polymorphisms In Interferon Alpha Beta And Gamma Genes Of Major Histocompatibilty Complex Class
by Atiya yasmeen | Dr. Tanveer hussain | Dr. Ali ahmad | Prof. Tahir yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2048,T] (1).
17.
Molecular Characterization Of Heat Shock Protein 40/ Dnaja1Gene In Mareecha Camel Breed Of Pakistan
by Ayesha tariq | Dr. Tanveer hussain | Dr. Ali Ahmad awan | Dr. Muti ur.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2049,T] (1).
18.
Active Surveillance Of Wild Birds For Avian Influenza In The Wetlands Of Azad Jammu & Kashkmir
by Adnan Altaf | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2176,T] (1).
19.
Study Of Molecular Diagnosis, Associated Risk Factors And Treatment Of Anaplasmosis In Bovines
by Muhammah Hassan Haider (2008-VA-252) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
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Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: According to the economic survey of Pakistan 2013-14, livestock sector contributed about 55.9 and 11.8% to the agriculture and national GDP, respectively.Total cattle population in the year 2013-14 is 39.7 million. Total milk and meat production contributed by cattle is 18,027000 tons and 18,87000 tons respectively (Anonymous 2013-14) . In Pakistan, the chiefhindrance in performance and health of animals are parasitic diseases including tick born. Ticks have been easily grown and reproduce in the optimal climate of tropical weather in Pakistan. In Pakistan, there are huge number of species and genera of tick fauna (Durrani and Shakoori, 2009).
Tick-borne diseases include babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, lymedisease . Among these tick-borne diseases anaplasmosis is one of the vital diseases which is responsible for the substantial economic losses in term of high morbidity, mortality and production losses that are decreased in milk, meat and other important livestock productions. Throughout the world, the “tick-borne diseases” are extensivelyspread in sub-tropic and tropicareasand Pakistan also includes in these areas(Khan et al. 2004). Moreover, anaplsamosis is non-contagious disease but also known to be infectious, transmission of which occur through mechanical means that includes the flies or tick bites. As well as different equipment that are using during tattooing or castration, in dehorning and needles also causes transmission (Aubry & Geale. 2011).
Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) is the major cause of Bovine anaplasmosis and this speciesbelongs to the genus Anaplasma (“Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae”). The most important 20 ticks species which cause transmission are Argaspersicus, Boophiludecoloratus, B. microplus, B. annulatus, Dermacentoroccidentalis, D. andersoni, D. variabilis, D.albipictus, Hyalommaexcavatum, Ixodesricinus, Ornithodoroslahorensis, Rhipicephalussimus, R. saniguineus, and R. bursa(Marchette & Stiller. 1982), on the other hand, Boophilusmicroplus found as a major contributor in cause of anaplasmosis (Tick Fever Research Centre, 1996).
The family anaplasmatacease was classified in 1957 of the order Rickettsiale. In the genera Anaplasma, Aegyptianella, Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon, this family was rationalized (Ristic&Kreier. 1984), and projected a combination based on analysis of genes sequences for protein on surface and ribosomal RNA (16S)(Dumler et al. 2001; Walker & Dumler. 1996). Anaplasma is a rickettsial, obligate intracellular bacteria found in red blood cells. Disease is characterized by fever, anemia and jaundice. Infection is transmitted by ticks or mechanically by biting insects or contaminated hypodermic needles or surgical instruments (Tylor et al. 2007).The most significant parasite is Anaplasma speciesthat is transmitted by at least twenty different species of ticks. But among those all mostly Bmicroplus causes Anaplasmosis (Rajput et al.2005).
A. marginale is etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis (Bram, 1957; Dumler et al., 2001; Kocan et al., 2000). A. marginale persistently infect both cattle and ticks and help as infection reservoirs(Kocan et al. 2003). Bovine erythrocyte membrane bound parasitophorous vacuoles is the site for replication of this obligate intracellular organisms. Dogs, humans, wild and domesticated ruminants are the species effected by A. marginale. This anaplasma genus is an obligate intracellular parasite of vertebrate hosts. In cattle, theA. marginal, A. phagocytophilum, A. central, and A. bovisare major pathogenic species producing diseases (Inokuma et al. 2007). Researchers suggestedthat in cattle, some unidentified Ehrlichia or Anaplasma species are present (Awadia et al. 2006). For this pathogen, which cause the persistent infection, the reservoirs are generally present in different host like tick or mammalian (Kocan et al. 2004). The wide range of different ruminant can be affected by Anaplasmabecause the species of anaplasma are not considered as strictly specific for any particular host specific(Kuttler. 1984).
The A. marginalecan only be developed inside the RBCs of bovine (Richey et al. 1981). After invading the erythrocyte the tick multiplies and form almost eight initial bodies, they then get enlarge in the outer membrane and give it an appearance of a large dot. The organism gets mature in the outer membrane of RBC and force the infected RBC to get rupture due to infection. By rupturing the outer membrane where it previously multiplied come into the blood stream to infect the other RBCs. On the progression of progresses, more number of erythrocytes is infected by this organism and afterward destruction of erythrocytes occur (Stewart et al. 1981). Upon the clinical signs and symptoms are appear when the 15 percent of the RBCsare affected by the parasite(Radostits et al. 2006). The symptoms of the disease are pyrexia, anemia, icterus, hematuria, anorexia, muscular tremors, dyspnea, depression, lethargy, constipation and yellow colour of mucous membrane (Bram et al. 1983), low milk production, miscarriage and sometime mortality (Alderink and Dietrich. 1981).
The mature RBCs are the site for multiplication after the invading by A.marginale. In the acute case of Anaplasmosis the higher number of RBCs are affected by the parasite for example more the 109 red blood cells per ml and after that the disease is categorized by death, abortion, loss of weight and anemia, and the survival cattle that are infected act as reservoirs for transmission of the disease in the herd level(De Echaide et al. 1998).The haematological profile can be used as useful diagnostic tool in anaplasma infection(Van Wyk et al. 2013).There is significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocytes count.Serum biochemical analysis showed increased total protein,bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase enzyme (Sharma et al. 2013). A diagnosis ofcattle anaplasmosis may be made tentatively based on geographical location, seasonal variation and presenting clinical signs or necropsy finding in infected animals (Kocan et al. 2010).
A.marginale,can affect throughout the life of cattle but disease severity is dependent on the age of the cattle. The clinical disease is less occurs in the calves and disease is very rare under the age of 6 month. The mild type of the disease can occur in the animal, which are between the ages of six month to one year. The acute type of the disease occurs in the animals between the ages ofone to twoyears but this disease is never fatal for the animal between these age groups.Whereas if the acute type of the disease occur in the adult animal that are more than two year aged can face the serious consequences and this disease can cause the death of the cattle with higher percentage (29 to 49%) of mortality (Kocan et al. 2003; Richey. 1991). Beside the animal age at the infection time, onceA. marginale infect animals, the animals become carrier for the infection throughout of animal life, with or without the clinical signs of the infection (Richey et al. 1991). The animal with the strong immune system are recovered from the acute type of anaplasmosis (Palmer et al. 1989). The regular cycle of ten to fourteen days are present in the carrier animals and in this cycle there are more or less number of RBCs are infected with the pathogen(Kocan et al. 2003;Kieser et al. 1990; Viseshakul et al. 2000).
For the proper diagnosis of the disease and quality control in livestock, the most important aspect is the preciseor correct detection of pathogen that is spread by the tick.In 1990, with the beginning of the diagnosis with the techniques on the molecular bases the researcher produced more accurate and sensitive techniquesfor pathogenic species determination and these techniques are still used till to date (Ahantarig et al. 2008). The Giemsa staining method is used for the diagnosis of anaplasmosis in bovinesthat can be achievedby finding ofA.marginalein smear of blood from animals that are affected clinically. For the carrier animals or pre symptomatic animals thistechnique is not reliable. In these types of conditions, the serological tests are used for general diagnosis of infection by detection of antibodies. This is confirmed by molecular detection methods. A.marginaleappears as “dark staining blue purple bodies” measuring about 0.3 to 1 µm in length. A. centrale inclusion bodies are well differentiated by their location. Serological diagnosis can be done for the identification of infected cattle, DNA based test can be used for the molecular diagnosis(Stuen et al. 2011).
The conventional parasitological technique like Giemsa staining always remained gold standard for diagnosis of Bovine anaplasmosis. Light microscopy of thin blood smears stained with giemsa stain may facilitate demonstration of A. marginale organisms in the erythrocytes (Kocan et al. 2004) .As giemsa staining method is not applicable for the detection of subclinical infection. Therefore PCR can also be used as a diagnostic tool for the detection of A.marginale in this technique primer pairs are used which resulted in the amplification of only their target DNA i.e. A.marginale(Munderloh et al. 2004).
In the United states, for the treatment of anaplasmosis, the specific approved compound is the tetracyclines that include chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline(Kuttler. 1980). Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline and Tetracycline can be used to treat anaplasma infection in cattle .Among these Oxytetracycline is the most used drug at the dose rate of 10mg/kg body weight. While single dose of imidocarb dipropionte can be used at the dose rate 3mg/kg body weight (De Waal 2000).Imidocarb dipropionate with the dose of 3 milligram/kilogram body weight repidly treat A. marginale(anaplsmosis), on the other hand, same drug with double dose (6 milligram/kilogram body weight) and each dose has gape of two weeks,fail to cure A. marginalecarrier heifers(McHardy & Simpson. 1974). The animals recovered completely with imidocarb dipropionate (Akhter et al. 2010).The E elephantina and Aloemarlothiileaf extracts demonstrated good activity against rickettsia. These 2 plants along with Usanguineaand Rtridentata in certain concoctions are believed to be effective against anaplasmosis (Naidoo 2004).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2228-T] (1).
20.
Effect Of Nigella Sativa On Embryonated Eggs Experimentally Infected With Newcastle Disease Virus
by Arif Ullah Khan (2013-VA-561) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Ali Ahmad Shiekh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In Agriculture Industry of Pakistan poultry sector plays a vigorous, animated and a well
known role. There are more than 1.5 million peoples whose financial gain and employments are
related directly or indirectly to this sector which provides livelihood to about 60 % rural
inhabitants. Meat and eggs are the products of poultry industry. In Gross Domestic Products its
constant cost factor is 1.2%, in livestock is 10.4% and in agriculture it contributes 5.76%.In the
total meat production quantity of the country, poultry meat contribution is 26.8 % (Anonymous
2013).
The member of family Paramyxoviridae, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) contains six genes,
single stranded RNA genome without segment and have different strains arranged as virulent
which is velogenic, intermediate virulent mesogenic and less virulent lentogenic. The Newcastle
disease or pseudo-fowl pest is complete destructive having high death ratio in poultry. The NDV
attacks on respiratory system causes distress, produce nervous disorders, disturb gastrointestinal
tract and causes hemorrhagic lesions in intestine, downward change in level of egg production
and high mortality (Alexander 2000).
In embryonated eggs the cells attached with allantoic cavity help to grow and develop the
NDV virus which is inoculated for the purpose of propagation. In approximately 24 hours post
inoculation the virus reach higher concentration. First of all the virus destroys the live cells in
which it is growing and then it is widely spread by the allantoic fluid. If the inoculated strains of
virus are virulent i:e velogenic, embryos die within two days post inoculation mostly. The
embryos which are dead or alive show histopathological and gross changes remarkably caused
by the inoculated NDV (Al-Garib et al. 2003).
Introduction
2
To evaluate the value or determine the pathogenicity of the virus or to propagate Newcastle
disease virus the embryos of chicken have been usually used. The NDV strains which are
virulent means velogenic, kill the embryo within 48 hours, and lentogenic or less
virulent(mesogenic) take 5 to 7 days to kill either the embryos or may not kill at all (Lam et al.
1995).
It always had an inherited pattern of thoughts to advance the progress in the process of
healing by using herbal plants in all the civilizations. All over the world, to provide treatment for
diseases in daily life medicinal herbal plants and seeds have been used since hundreds of year
ago and in ahead of times. Plants play important role and serves as a base in the development of
drugs (Ates and Turgay 2003).
For the promotion and well being of health of both animals and humans, since thousands of
year ago black cumin seeds which is commonly known as black seed are used. It is stated by
Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) that black seeds are treatment for every disease except the final
state the death. Its scientific name is Nigella sativa and belongs to the family Ranunculaceae.
The black seeds contain the main active and wider in scope ingredient named as crystalline
nigellone. The composition of other ingredients which are present in these seeds are proteins,
vitamins B1, B2, B3, oleic acid, myristic acid, linolic acid, folic acid, thymoquinone, palmitic
acid, beta sitosterol and stearic acid. In black seed the main elements are phosphorous, iron, zinc,
calcium, and copper. Anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-tumor, anti-hypertensive, immunestimulator,
anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine are the main effects of black cumin seeds
(AitMbarek et al. 2007).
Black cumin seeds are a hypothetical remedy for all ills, diseases and disorders, but not to
stop growing old and death from happening. In Bible it is identified as black cumin and tending
Introduction
3
to restore health (Worthen et al. 1997).
The antiviral drugs are not usually used in poultry industry due to economic problems
and may cause toxicity, but some drugs shows effect against virus which effect poultry. The
antiviral drug Ribavirin was used to compare its effect with a herbal plant to see which one is
effective. Higher doses produce toxicity and also were the cause of death. The 20μl/ml dose
showed the significant effect and the embryoes remain live after experimentally infected with
Newcastle disease virus (Omer et al. 2014). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2255-T] (1).
21.
Microbiological Quality Assessment Of Human And Veterinary Drugs
by Sadaf Riaz (2007-va-277) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The continued increase in population results in increasing demand for pharmaceutical products. According to Pakistan pharmaceutical manufacturers association, Pakistan has approx. 400 pharmaceutical industries including 25 multinational industries. The Pakistan pharmaceutical industry meets 70% of country’s demand of pharmaceutical drugs.
Medicines are chemical compound that are administrated to human or animal as an aid to diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease (Lecca, 1978).
Microbiological quality assessment is very important point of pharmaceutical manufacturing. The term quality in its wide sense means “Safety “. Microbial contamination means, presence of undesired micro-organisms or their metabolic products (Uba, 1990).
Pharmaceutical drugs are used in many ways in treatment of diseases (Mugoyela et al. 2010). Pharmaceuticals of different forms are susceptible to contamination by different microbes (Aulton, 2002). Contamination of medicines with micro-organisms can bring about changes in their physiochemical properties, results in product degradation before their expiry date (Shaikh et al. 2000). Microbial contamination rang from true pathogen like Clostridium tetani, to opportunistic pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Mwambete, 2009). Microbial infections not only due to physical presence of micro-organisms, but also their metabolites/toxins can be very harmful even in low quantities (Shukla et al. 2004). Medicines used in treatments cannot afford to have microbial contamination. Patients who take medicines have very weak immune system which makes them vulnerable to wide range of infections. Microbial contamination of drugs may contribute to secondary microbial infections in immunologically weak patients (Adeshina et al. 2009). Contaminated pharmaceuticals may lead to medication complicacy in patients.
Drugs can be divided into two types on the basis of microbiology; sterile pharmaceutical products and non-sterile pharmaceutical products (Clement et al. 2013). Sterile pharmaceutical products should not contain any viable micro-organisms and non-sterile pharmaceutical products may contain viable micro-organisms but it should be within official limit and all drugs should not have any pathogenic bacteria. Most of drugs can be contaminated during storage and handling (Takon and Antai, 2006). Antimicrobial agents are added to medicines to minimize microbial growth but should not be added to mask poor manufacturing process (Gad et al. 2011).
The level of microbial contamination in medicines depends on availability of nutrients, water, presence of other micro-organisms, osmotic pressure and oxygen etc. The factors determining the results of drug-borne infections may include the type and amount of microbes, patient’s immune system and route of administration (Baird, 2004).
In recent years manufacturing of drugs have improved. The occurrence of microbes in drugs has been well documented. There have been many reports of infections caused by contaminated drugs (Ibezim, 2002; Coker, 2005). But majority of cases of infections caused by medicines are not recognized and reported as such (Denyer and Baird, 2006). Previous studies have showed microbiological quality concern related to commercially available drugs (Denyer and Baird, 2006).
Contamination of drugs results in loss of faith of a consumer in pharmaceutical industry and sales would go down (Mugoyela and Mwambete, 2010).
Although pharmaceutical industries are one of the growing and expanding sector in Pakistan, but the quality of medicines varies as they are retail oriented. Unfortunate situation is present in sales of drugs. A number of unlicensed drugs stores selling poorly manufactured drugs
2
Hence the microbiological quality of pharmaceuticals, assessment of number and type of bacteria and fungi within drugs, is essential to ensure consumer safety (Urmi et al. 2014; Tamalli et al. 2013)
This study to relate to national need and reflects its importance. New international trend focus on the quality of pharmaceutical products, unfortunately few studies has been carried out in this prospective which is not proven to be sufficient in predicting the quality of drugs. This has compelled me to do research on this topic in order to assess the level of such microbial contaminants in pharmaceuticals given to patients in Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2275-T] (1).
22.
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Clostridium Perfringens Type A From Poultry And Its Resistance Modulation Using Medicinal Plant Extracts
by Arifa Jabeen (2008-VA-398) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Avian acute necrotic enteritis (NE) is the burning issue in poultry sectors worldwide resulting in huge economic losses. Cl. perfringens; causative of NE; is an anaerobic, rod shaped Gram positive, spore former, catalase negative bacteria which produce characteristic double zone of hemolysis on 5 % sheep blood agar.
A total of 100 (n=100) intestinal samples were collected from ten different poultry farms in and around Lahore. Intestinal contents were enriched in fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM), isolated and purified on the tryptose sulfite cycloserine (TSC) agar which is highly selective and recommended medium for Cl. perfringens; identified by microscopic examination and typical biochemical tests (catalase and blood hemolysis).
Results showed that fifty six out of 100 samples were positive for the presence of Cl. perfringens with the overall positivity ratio of 56 % that is the highest percent prevalence in broilers and type was confirmed on the detection of cpa alpha toxin producing gene resulting in the product band size of 128 bp through PCR.
Five PCR confirmed isolates were subjected to antibiotic resistance studies. According to the results and CLSI standards, ampicillin and amoxycillin were susceptible to Cl. Perfringens while tetraacycline, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin were found resistant to all of the five isolates.
By agar well diffusion method plant extracts (Astragalus, Zingiber officinale, Calotropis procera and Gymnema sylvestre) were tested for their anti-clostridial activity. All produced zones of inhibitions of varying diameters except the aqueous extracts of 1st three plants that
Summary
75
produced no any zone of inhibition on agar plates against any of the five isolates tested while those of Gymnema sylvestre produced good zones. MIC of plant extracts were determined against isolates. The extracts of Gymnema showed the lowest MIC values among all and in between sequential extracts of plants, the chloroform extracts showed relatively low MIC values in comparison to others statistically using One way ANOVA. MIC values of plant extracts were determined in combination with the specific MIC breakpoint concentrations of antibiotics too for their resistance modulatory effects against the isolates. Statistical result findings were very effective in combination with the resistant antibiotics as MIC values significantly reduced in comparison to performed solely with plant extracts. Especially the modulatory results for ethanol and chloroform extracts of nearly all four plants were noticeable as MIC values were rapidly declined below 100 in comparison to plant extracts alone where MIC values were higher to 500. All of the results data obtained through whole experiment were analyzed using SPSS versions 20.0.
Hence on the basis of above findings with the current study, it is concluded that medicinal plant extracts may prove effective herbal therapeutic agents against Cl. perfringens type A; the potent cause of necrotic enteritis in poultry. The findings of the study might be helpful in renewing and rescheduling the antibiotic administration plan with the use of medicinal plant extracts to modulate the action of antibiotics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2276-T] (1).
23.
Pathobiological Studies On Bovine Ephemeral Fever Infected Cattle In District Swabi
by Sahibzada Waheed Abdullah (2013-VA-560) | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ali Ahmad Shiekh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Among the non-contagious diseases Bovine ephemeral fever is important disease of cattle the course of the disease is usually three days due to which it is called “three days sickness”. This is transfer to other cattle through insects Culicoides (biting midges a group that include many kinds of flies) and mosquitoes. Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) has been collected from Culicoides coarctatus, Culicoides brevitarsis, and Anopheles bancroftii (Walker et al. 2012). Cattle and buffaloes are the main species affected from Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) which gives huge economic losses to the dairy sector. The etiologic agent, Bovine ephemeral fever virus belong to Rhabdoviridae family, enveloped (negative sense) ssRNA virus. It generally recur in Australia, Asia, and Africa also in the Middle East (Walker 2005).
The theme of the present study was detection of BEF virus through Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction from the cattle suspected for bovine ephemeral fever virus on the basis of clinical signs. Hematological profile and serum calcium level were checked in the confirmed positive samples for BEFV.
A total of 50 blood samples were collected from the suspected animals in aseptic condition using a sterilized disposable syringe and were preserved in vacutainers (Anticoagulant added n = 50, without anticoagulant n = 50). The 10 blood samples were collected from healthy animals in vacutainers (Anticoagulant added n = 10, without anticoagulant n = 10).
Buffy coat were separated from blood samples and from this the RT-PCR was performed and successfully diagnosed the BEFV infected cattle. Hematology and serum calcium were performed for both confirm positive and healthy animals.
Summary
31
The result showed that BEF virus was diagnosed with the help of RT-PCR in samples suspected for BEFV infection, and there was no virus detected in samples taken from healthy animals. Comparison of hematology between BEFV infected cattle and healthy animals were performed there was no changes in the RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and MID (it include monocyte, eosinophils, and basophils) except Neutrophils, which number was increases and lymphocytes which was decreased in BEFV infection, while in healthy animals there was no change in the whole hematology. Serum calcium was also determined there was decrease in serum calcium level of BEFV infected cattle, while in the healthy animal samples there was no change in the serum calcium level. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2284-T] (1).
24.
Assessment Of Microbial Load, Protease Activity And Aflatoxin M1 In Raw And Uht Milk Procured From Local Markets Of Lahore
by Sadaf Almas (2007-VA-250) | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Pakistan is among the largest milk producing countries. The requirement of milk is
increasing day by day. It has rapidly increasing demand and competition in national and
international markets. Milk consumers in Pakistan often face low-quality, lack of hygiene and
absence of cold chains as primary contributors to this low quality. Milk and dairy products also
become contaminated during manufacturing and packaging processes. The consumption of low
quality milk may cause milk borne diseases. Not only the bacteria but the presence of their
enzymes also can cause deterioration of the milk quality. The heat stable enzymes can cause the
spoilage of commercial UHT products without presence of any viable count. Aflatoxin (M1) is
metabolite of AFB1 in milk. It causes chronic diseases and immunosuppression in children. It is
found carcinogenic and cytotoxic in nature.
In this project microbial load, free amino acid estimation to predict any protease activity
and Aflatoxin M1 were studied in both UHT and Raw milk samples (n=15) procured from local
markets of Lahore. Three UHT brands A, B and C were purchased. The UHT milk was studied
for microbial growth and protease activity at purchase and at expiry of the products. The
microbial load was evaluated by testing of milk for Total viable count, Coliforms, Yeast and
Molds, Anaerobic Clostridia and Bacillus cereus in both raw and UHT milk. Protease activity
was estimated by assessing the free amino acid by using ninhydrin assay while the Aflatoxin M1
was detected through High performance liquid chromatography.
SUMMARY
80
CONCLUSION:
It was found that the locally available raw milk quality was poor for consumption and dairy
processing for safe and stable milk products. UHT milk quality was found better with low
microbial load. Protease activity with reference to free amino acid was detected in raw milk
which is indication of the poor milk storage conditions, cold chain maintenance and
unavailability of fresh milk. Protease activity was also found in UHT milk and an increase in free
amino acid which could be due to heat stable proteases active during shelf life of the milk
brands. Aflatoxin M1 was found in majority of raw milk sample which showed the poor animal
feed storage and monitoring system. Aflatoxin M1 was also found in some samples of UHT
brands with high concentration which depicted that AFM1 was heat stable and it retained in the
commercial UHT products as well. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2354-T] (1).
25.
Isolation And Molecular Detection Of Salmonella Species In Milk And Milk Products
by Muhammad Umar Ijaz (2007-VA-040) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din-Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Salmonellosis is one of the emerging zoonotic diseases. Human infections result from contaminated raw or undercooked food. Various sources of contamination in milk are dirty udder, unhygienic handling and utensils, dirty hands of milkmen and poor quality water supply at the farm. To ensure food safety there is a dire need for the availability of valid, rapid and accredited diagnostic system. Conventional culture methods for detecting Salmonella spp. in foods needs 4–5 days. The development in molecular techniques made it possible to cut short the procedure.
The present study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the burden of Salmonella spp. in milk and milk products. In total 150 samples were collected, out of which there were 75 milk samples. These samples were collected from farm dairy herds (pooled milk) located in Harbanspura Dairy colony, Lahore. Salmonella was detected in 8 samples (11%) by conventional method.
In addition to milk samples, 75 samples of milk products were also collected from retail shops. These include 50 samples of Yogurt and 25 samples of Yogurt milk. Milk products had 6 positive samples (8%). No sample of Yogurt was detected positive for Salmonella. The reason for this is that Yogurt had only Salmonella if it is present in starter culture. Furthermore yogurt is made after frequent heating. Salmonella is killed by such continuous and vigorous heating. Yogurt milk is prepared from Yogurt along with raw milk in a separate utensil. There are chances of contamination there so it had 6 positive samples. Total 14 (9%) samples were detected in 150 samples by conventional method. It was found that Salmonella was present in raw milk samples and milk products at places where either cleanliness was not proper, milk handling practices
Summary
53
were not up to the mark, udder was not washed before milking or overall management practices were poor.
Positive samples obtained by conventional method were further analyzed by PCR for Salmonella genus confirmation. Out of total 8 positive milk samples by conventional method, 5(62%) were confirmed as Salmonella genus. Similarly from 6 positive samples of milk products by conventional method, only 2(33%) were confirmed as of Salmonella genus. Further PCR was conducted for Salmonella typhimurium detection. Milk samples were containing 3(60%) positive samples while no positive sample was detected in milk products.
On the basis of the results of present study, it is recommended that milk should always be boiled before use. Further Hygienic measures should be adopted during milking. Proper handling of milk and milk products is also important to limit the cross contamination. It is also advised that standards such as pasteurization and HACCP should be introduced to facilitate production of good quality milk. Electronic and print media should also create awareness among people about food safety. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2408-T] (1).
26.
Control Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes By Anthelmintics In Buffalo Heifers And Its Effect On Weight Gain
by Tanveer Saroia (2008-VA-062) | Prof. Dr. Khalid saeed | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note:
Parasitic problem is a major constraint of ruminant production and causes great economic losses to dairy industry by retarded growth, low productivity and increased susceptibility of animals to other infections. The parasitic infections cause productivity losses through reduced feed intake and decreased feed efficiency. Even subclinical or chronic infections are responsible for economic losses in large ruminants.
Hypothesis of the study was that administration of anthelmintics will improve weight gain in infected buffalo heifers.
One hundred faecal samples of buffalo heifers of age 1-2 years were screened and 58 were found positive for gastrointestinal nematodes. The species of nematodes found prevalent in these animals were Trichostrongylus, Oesophogostomum, Haemonchus, Toxocara, Trichuris and Ostertagia. Thirty buffalo heifers with high EPG were selected and divided into 3 equals groups A, B and C. In this study Group A was a positive control group. Group B was administered Ivermactin (Bomectin) pour on at the dose rate of 1ml / 20 kg body weight. Group C was administered Oxfendazole (Systamex) orally at the dose rate of 1ml/ 10 kg body weight. The effect of these anthelmintics on EPG and weight gain were recorded after every 15 days. This study period was of 90 days (3 months) duration.
There was increases in the EPG of positive control group and percent increases was 7.10%, 10.65%, 18.10%, 30.17%, 33.72%, 46.15% at days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75and 90. The percentage decrease in EPG for the group B was 98.22%, 97.04%, 91.12%, 77.51%, 60.94%, 46.74% at days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 post treatment and the percentage decrease in EPG for the Group C was 95.80%, 92.81%, 88.62%, 71.85%, 58.68%, 26.34% at days 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 post treatment. Both anthelmintics cause significant reduction in epg medicated animals as compared to non-medicated animals. There was no difference in the two anthelmintics. The average weight gain per day for Group A (Positive Control) is 0.17 kg per day, for Group B (Ivermectin) is 0.44 kg per day and for Group C (Oxfendazol) was 0.4 kg per day. This shows significant difference between treated groups with non-treated group but there was no difference between the treated groups.
It is concluded that ivermectin and oxefendazol can be used for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes. It is recommended that animals may be moved to clean facility after treatment so they are not reinfected. Repeated treatment is suggested to maintain the EPG at low level.
Suggestions of the present study are
1. Monitoring of animals for gastrointestinal nematodes by modified McMaster Egg Counting technique.
2. Regular deworming
3. Improved management
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2405-T] (1).
27.
Antimicrobial Effect Of Various Herbs On Sore Throat Causing Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Isolates
by Abida Mushtaque (2010-VA-298) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad Nasir .
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Sore throat or pharyngitis in childrenis mainly caused by group A (β-hemolytic) Streptococcus pyogenes. The bacterium transferred from infected person to susceptible one through coughing, sneezing and by direct contact. Irrational use of antibiotics to control sore throat infection results in development of antibiotics resistance. To overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance, various herbal extracts(Liquorice, ginger, cinnamon and red dates)are used which have known antimicrobial activity against these bacterial isolates.
In current study 70 throat swab samples were collected from Children Hospital, Lahore and processed to isolate and identify antibiotic resistant sore throat bacteria by swabbing on blood agar andTryptic soya agar.Initial identification was done using conventional biochemical tests and confirmation was done through API 20 Strep. Antibiotic resistance pattern in isolated bacteria was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusionas per CLSI,2014 criteria.Extracts (Ethanolic, boiling and distilled water) of herbs (Liquorice, ginger, cinnamon, red dates and kalonji) was obtained and tested for antimicrobial activity against resistant isolates. Efficacy of the herbal extracts was evaluated through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations. Ethanolic extracts of Liquorice, ginger, cinnamon and red dates have good antimicrobial activity against resistant sore throat bacterial isolates than boiling and distilled water extracts.
The present study demonstrated that S. pyogenes and Staphylococcus are major bacteria responsible for sore throat infection in children. These isolates have variety of different antibiotic resistance patterns. In order to minimize emergence of antibiotic resistant isolates, herbal extracts can be used.Ethanolic extracts of liquorice, ginger, cinnamon, red dates have good antibacterial activity as compared to kalonji. Statistical analysis showed that ethanolic extracts of Liquorice has a significant activity with ginger, cinnamon and red dates.The degree of antibacterial activity of plant extracts testedcan be graded in the following order: Liquorice> ginger>Cinnamon>red dates>kalonji. Itis estimated that by using natural products will reduce the resistance in microorganism.
Statistical analysis:
The data collected in MS Excel 2016 and analyzed statistically by one way Analysis of Variance using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 18.0 software.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2488-T] (1).
28.
Antibiotic Resistance Profiling Of Enterococcus Faecium Recovered From Retail Chicken Meat From Lahore City
by Amina Habib (2010-VA-313) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Shiekh | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Enterococcus faecium is gram positive bacteria which are normal intestinal flora of warm blooded animals and humans beings. It is responsible for various types of diseases such as neonatal meningitis, endocarditis, urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal or pelvic wounds. Retail chicken could be a source of Enterococcus faecium. Irrational use of antibiotics in chicken rearing can lead to emergence of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecium. The chicken meat gets contaminated at the time of slaughtering and resistant bacteria may transfer to human beings through food chain.
In present study prevalence of E. faecium recovered from retail chicken meat samples collected from various areas of Lahore city was estimated. A total 43 chicken sample (leg or wing) were processed for isolation of E. faecium. Identification of E. faecium was made using standard culturing and biochemical reactions. Out of 43 samples, 30 samples (69%) were found positive for Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics resistance profiling showed that the isolates were resistant to following antibiotics mentioned as below: Ampicillin (100%) >Tetracycline (73%) > Erythromycin (53%) > Ciprofloxacin (46%) > Chloramphenicol (40%) > Rifampicin and Vancomycin (36%) > Teicoplanin (33%) > Doxycycline (20%) > Fosfomycin (0%). From the study it is concluded that retail chicken is the carrier of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecium and could transfer resistance to humans. Efforts should be made to use antibiotics wisely and hygienic practices should be followed during slaughtering and processing of chicken meat to avoid bacterial spread from animal source to human beings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2489-T] (1).
29.
Isolation And Antibiotic Resistance Profiling Of Enterococcus Faecium Recovered From Retail Fish In Lahore City
by Maria Butt (2010-Va-281) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Enterococcus faecium is an enteric, gram positive and lactic acid bacteria which belongs to genus enterococcus and inhabit the intestinal tract of human, fish and other warm blooded animals. Due to irrational use of antibiotics in human and veterinary sector, antibiotic resistance has been developed in commensal bacteria including Enterococcal species. These resistant bacteria are released in environment through human and animal waste and transfer resistant genes to susceptible bacteria present in wetlands making them antibiotic resistant. E. faecium is considered to be involved in transmission of resistance genes, present on mobile genetic elements through conjugation to other bacteria. The resistant bacteria can be transferred to human through food chain. The present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of E. faecium recovered from retail fish samples collected from various areas of Lahore city. Antibiotic resistance profiling of the isolates against commonly used antibiotics was also determined.
In current study 65 fish samples (intestinal swabs) were processed for isolation of E. faecium through standard culturing and biochemical reactions. Out of 65 swab samples, 30 samples (47.69%) were found positive for Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics resistance profiling showed that the isolates were resistant to antibiotics mentioned as below: Ampicillin (100%) > erythromycin (56.6%) > rifampicin (53.3%) > Chloramphenicol (30%), ciprofloxacin (30%) > tetracycline (20%), vancomycin (20%) > Teicoplanin (13.3%) > Doxycyclin (6.6%) > Fosfomycin (0%). E. faecium isolates showed resistant to at least 2 or 3 antibiotics of different group. In conclusion it is observed that retail fish is the carrier of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecium and
Summary
51
could transfer resistant genes to wetlands and other aquaculture from where it could be transferred to human body. Efforts should be made to use antibiotics wisely and hygienic practices should be followed during slaughtering and processing of fish meat to avoid bacterial spread from animal source to human beings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2493-T] (1).
30.
Seroprevalence And Risk Factor Analysis Of Bluetongue Virus In Lahore And Faisalabad Districts Of Punjab Province, Pakistan
by Syeda Marriam Maqbool (2014-VA-522) | Dr. Muhammad Zubair Shabbir | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr. Maryam Javed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Domestic animals play an important role in the rural and agricultural economies of developing countries. Therefore, animal diseases pose a threat to country’s economy, animal welfare, the environmental and public health. One of the important animal diseases is Bluetongue, listed as notifiable disease by OIE. Causative agent is Bluetongue virus (BTV) an arbovirus that belongs to genus Orbivirus with in family Reoviridae. The main route of transmission is through the bite of Culicoides biting midges. Disease is enzootic and widely distributed in areas where susceptible animals and vector species are prevalent. It has been reported worldwide including the neighboring countries of Pakistan. BTV is also considered an endemic in Pakistan but little information is available on its epidemiology in this area. Serological tests can detect antibodies produced against infection and helpful to analyze the prevalence of a pathogen in circumstances when there lacks vaccination practice to ruminants in a given geographical area.
Competitive ELISA was used to identify antibodies to BTV in the sera samples of animals in Faisalabad and Lahore districts. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected villages of both districts and processed for serum separation by using gel/clot activator tubes. Separated serum was analyzed by competitive ELISA. Further, statistical analysis was done by OpenEpi to check the association between BTV seroprevalence and potential risk factors. Later the BTV prevalence has been mapped in relation to different villages of both districts.
Results of present study revealed that Bluetongue virus is prevalent in Faisalabad and Lahore districts with high seropositivity observed for Faisalabad district. Antibodies to BTV were detected in all studied animals irrespective of their age, sex, parity and breed. Risk factor analysis is implicating the association of BTV seroprevalence with breed, sex and age for sheep,
SUMMARY
44
cattle and buffalo respectively. Further studies should be conducted to expand the geographical area for the assessment of Bluetongue prevalence and to explore the genetic diversity of Bluetongue virus. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2497-T] (1).
31.
Studies On Biological Control Of Salmonellosis In Poultry
by Kiran Imtiaz (2010-VA-296) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Contaminated poultry food products are the main cause of Salmonellosis all over the
world. Salmonella may enter in different poultry farms through vertical or horizontal
transmission. Previously, Salmonella infection and number were controlled in poultry and
their products by using different methods such as usage of hazard analysis critical control
point (HACCP), antibiotics, symbiotics, etc. But not any method gives the better result that
shows the reduction of Salmonella species in poultry that cause infection. Therefore, the
attention was diverted to find the alternative therapies such as the usage of bacteriophage,
Bacteriophage specific to Salmonella used in reduction of Salmonella number as a biocontrol
agent in poultry origin. It proves effective for Salmonella reduction.
In the current study samples for isolation of Salmonella and bacteriophages were
collected. Salmonella was isolated from liver, caeca and lungs of infected chickens collected
from different infected poultry farms. After processing of sample according to the literature
method, confirmation of salmonella from samples were done by inoculating them separately
on S.S agar by streaking method. Further confirmation of Salmonella was done on the basis
of biochemical testing.
Bacteriophage was isolated from sewage water near to the poultry farms. For their
isolation, sewage sample was centrifuged and then supernatant was collected in separate tube.
Filtration was done of Supernatant, and then Filtrate was used as a bacteriophage source.
Bacteriophages in filtrate were confirmed by spot test method. After confirmation of both, in
vivo study was performed to evaluate the effect of bacteriophage on Salmonella when
inoculated in combination or separately in chickens groups.
51
Summary
Statistical analysis:
The data will be transferred on spreadsheet using MS Excel 2010. The data will be
analyzed through one way ANOVA test using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
version 18.0.
The present study was helpful to determine the effect of bacteriophage in reduction of
Salmonella in commercial broilers sector. Antibiotic resistant Salmonella infection is difficult
to control using conventional ways of antibiotic therapy and is responsible for huge economic
losses in poultry. Chicken groups that were used for invivo study showed that bacteriophage
was proved very effective in reduction of Salmonella either gives it in combination with
Salmonella or separately to poultry. It is predicted that bacteriophage therapy is better than
the conventional ways for reduction of Salmonella infection in poultry sector. It is essential
that the research should be continue to study the effect of bacteriophage in reduction of
specie specific Salmonella, and to determine the effect of different physicochemical factor on
their activity. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2511-T] (1).
32.
Antibacterial Activity Of Plant Extracts Against Antibiotic Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Their Cytotoxicity Profile
by Hafiza Farah Asghar (2010-VA-276) | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common opportunistic pathogen of respiratory tract
and cause both hospital and community acquired infections. For the treatment of
infections antibiotics are used but due to random selection of commonly used antibiotics,
resistance in P. aeruginosa has developed. This problem may leads to the high morbidity
and mortality rate. Different medicinal plants have antibacterial activity in their
secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are terpens, flavonoids, alkaloids and
alcohols etc. So the plant extract could be the alternative therapy for the treatment to
reduce the antibiotic resistance problem.
Isolates of P. aeruginosa was procured from the main clinical laboratory of Mayo
Hospital, Lahore and identified biochemically according to bergey’s manual of
determinative bacteriology. Antibiotic resistance pattern of identified P. aeruginosa was
evaluated by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion assay against selected antibiotics includes
ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, meropenem and imipenem. Measure the zone of inhibition
and isolates marked as resistant, intermediate and sensitive. Resistant strains were
alienated for further evaluation.
Leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum) and Calotropis procera
(apple of Sodom) proceed for extraction and the plant extracts was obtained by using
solvent chloroform and ethanol. Percentage yield of both plant extract was calculated.
High percentage yield was obtained from Eucalyptus globulus and less percentage yield
was gained from Calotropis procera in comparison The obtained extract was dried and
the resultant material was used in well diffusion assay to evaluate the antibiotic
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
66
sensitivity of resistant P. aeruginosa against selected plants. Stock of plant extracts was
prepared by dissolving 1g of plant extract in 1ml of DMSO. Well diffusion assay was
performed and zones were measured in millimeter and categorized as resistant, sensitive
and intermediate. Isolates that are susceptible to plant extracts were separated and
Minimum inhibitory concentration of susceptible isolates was determined by broth micro
dilution assay and cytotoxicity profiling was done by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-
diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell survival percentage was
calculated.
Data recorded during the study was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test using the SPSS statistical software program.
Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2545-T] (1).
33.
Effects Of Storage Temperature On The Microbiological Quality Of Fish Meat
by Rida Haroon Durrani (2010-VA-307) | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr. Mati- ur- Rahman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Fish is an affluent resource of various significant nutritional constituents such as high- quality protein, vitamins, minerals and n-3 rich polyunsaturated fatty acids. Sea foods are categorized as one of the briskly perishable food items than other muscle foods, due to their high water activity (Aw), existence of self-degrading enzymes and neutral pH value which is the cause of quick production of unwanted whiff and flavors. Present research was designed to study the effect of storage temperature and associated spoilage of fish meat through various pathogens of bacterial nature. Samples were procured from two different managemental systems to observe the effect of storage place on bacterial load. Effect of variations in seasonal temperature were also observed on the bacterial load by collecting samples in three different seasons of the year i.e. winter, spring and summer season. Total viable count was performed along with the selective culturing of bacterial species capable of causing gastrointestinal disorders. Statistical analysis reveals that a significant difference (p< 0.05) exists between seasonal variations and patterns of bacterial types. With respect to storage up to 8 hours a significant difference (p< 0.05) is observed with the existing bacterial types. A significant difference (p< 0.05) lies between bacterial types and the source from which samples were procured. A significant difference (p< 0.05) was observed between sampling season and storage duration. While a non-significant difference (p> 0.05) was recorded between seasons and source from where samples were collected. With respect to storage time a significant difference (p< 0.05) was recorded with the sources of samples. While comparing the patterns of bacterial types in samples collected in different seasons of year a significant difference (p<
Summary
90
0.05) exists with respect to storage time. While a significant difference (p< 0.05) was observed
between growth patterns of bacterial types with respect to seasonal variations and source. With
respect to the storage time there lies a significant difference (p< 0.05) to the bacterial types
observed in samples procured from two different management systems. With respect to season
a significant difference (p< 0.05) was noticed with storage time and source of sample. While
significant difference (p< 0.05) was present between the bacterial types isolated during
different seasons of the year and subjecting them to different storage time and the source of
samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2672-T] (1).
34.
Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Needle Stick Injuries Among Health Care Workers In Government Tertiary Care Hospitals Of Lahore
by Gurdeep Singh (2014-VA-957) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Ali Ahmad sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In present study, seventy six percent (n=228) of respondents were involved in
sharp injuries and twenty four percent (n=72) were not involved. This study concluded there
was high occurrence of needle stick sharps injuries among healthcare workers in tertiary care
hospitals of Lahore. There are several risks associated with handling healthcare sharps
among healthcare workers which include, needle prick that could be contributed to cases of
occupational infections such as HIV/AIDS. Majority of reported cases were due to following
reasons , inadequate supply of barrier products ,unsafe practice such as recapping of needle
In paramedical staff due to failure in standard guide lines to handle medical sharps and lack
of reporting of sharps incidents and very lower ratio utilization of post exposure
prophylaxis. It was observed that risks of needle stick injuries were reduced with the
experience. Those who have work experience of 5 years or less had higher ratio of sharp
injuries than those who had work experience five to eight years. Respondents with nursing
profession and laboratory technicians were at high risk; their exposure to handle sharps is
greater and due to failure in precautionary measure risk of needle stick injuries in this
category is higher compared to other. While Females were at high exposure risk of sharp
injuries at tertiary care hospitals than male. Respondents with education level of diploma
were more exposed to needle stick injuries as compared with degree holders in paramedical
staff. It was observed that shift of eight hour work is absolute and healthcare workers were
normal with it. If work load increased and time was exceeded then it was difficult to manage
such injuries .while training on infection control and prevention has no effect in government
hospitals of Lahore to decrease the risk of sharps injury among healthcare workers.
Several recommendations which need to be implemented at the hospitals were
identified as discussed below. and special attention need to be given to nurses , cleaners ,
the critical care section and the department of medicines There is need of fully trained
Summary
38
health care workers in critical care units , medical and surgical ward Momentary to
developed infection control department in every government and private hospital of Lahore
and give them special training about the handling of medical sharps. adequate supply of
barrier products (gloves, masks, lab coats etc) Check and balance on proper use of barrier
product , there is need of timely collection of used medical sharps in puncture proof
containers such as safety boxes that should be ¾ full when emptying .Need of safe
transportation in a covered vehicle for incarnation .Administration of hospital need to
developed polices for reporting of needle stick injuries by designing a log form that capture
information on demographic data of the employee. Data and time of injury, type of sharp,
procedure involved, part of body involved where it occurred. So it’s important to analyzed
enter data in an order to understand root cause. It’s important to conduct surveillance and
prevent further injury. Infection control department should need to check post-exposure
prophylaxis status in health care workers go through counseling and are followed up to
enhance post exposure prophylaxis in health care workers it’s not up to individual effort it’s
a team work by involving administration and health care workers.. In government hospitals of
Lahore there is many factors which contribute to needle stick injuries it might be reduced by
strengthening of reporting system is necessary. The responsibility of government is to
strengthen the check and balance on use of barrier products (gloves, pads, lab coats etc.) and
create awareness on standard guidelines on handling of medical sharps. Thus rate of needle
stick injuries could be reduced to acceptable level. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2748-T] (1).
35.
In Vitro Biological Control Of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
by Aleena kokab (2011-VA-418) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Waseem Shehzad.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) has meticulous virulence properties making it a
potential pathogen causing insidious infections in poultry, termed as colibacillosis either
as primary pathogen or as a secondary pathogen. All over the world, there are major
economic losses in poultry industry due to this disease. To prevent APEC infection,
strategies include improving hygienic methods, vaccination, antibiotic treatment and
introduction of novel immunopotentiators but all these measures had limited success.
Moreover, because of extensive use of antibiotics for treatment purposes, antibiotic
resistance is major growing concern. Bacteriophage therapy is promising new alternative
to antibiotics. There are many benefits of phages over antibiotics and are now used in
research for the treatment of enteric and respiratory problems in poultry and are proved to
be effective in reducing E.coli infection.
In present study bacteriophages was used to minimize and control the number of
E.coli causing colibacillosis in poultry. For this, E.coli (n = 10) from liver of infected
commercial poultry birds and E.coli (n = 5) from intestines of apparently healthy birds
was isolated and characterized using biochemical tests. Final confirmation of E.coli
isolates was done by PCR. To differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic
E.coli, Congo Red Dye binding test (CR test) was performed. Antibiotic resistance
profiling of the isolates was also determined against 10 commonly used antibiotics
through Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
For the isolation of bacteriophages, sewage or poultry sludge sample was
processed according to literature method and purified bacteriophages (n = 5) were
Summary
63
assessed for their stability at various temperature and pH. Bacteriophages were also
assessed for their In-Vitro Lytic Activity of against E. coli isolates.
Five numbers of lytic bacteriophages were isolated and purified against avian
pathogenic E.coli, showing resistance against Ampicillin, Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin,
Neomycin, Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, Nalidixic acid and Ceftriaxone. Isolates
were also classified into pathogenic and non-pathogenic on the basis of their ability to
bind Congo red dye on Congo red media. Phages were highly lytic against pathogenic
isolates while there was no lytic activity against non-pathogenic isolates thus making
them unique for in vivo trials. Phages were found to be stable at temperature from 25oC
to 56oC with highest stability at 37oC while on the basis of pH, phages were stable
between 5-9 pH with highest stability at pH 7. Maximum lytic activity observed was for
12 hours and then there was emergence of resistant bacteria and this problem may be
tackled by increasing MOI or by using combinations of phages against resistant bacteria.
Present study helped to reveal the effectiveness of bacteriophages against antibiotic
resistant E.coli and proved that bacteriophages can be used as promising alternatives to
antibiotics for reducing E.coli infection in poultry. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2829-T] (1).
36.
Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity Of Essential Oil And Extracts Of Nigella Sativa Against Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella Enterica Isolates Of Human And Poultry Origin
by Sadia ashraf(2011-VA-402) | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr.Sehrish Firyal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The research was designed to evaluate the efficacy of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Nigella sativa, Black seed oil and thymoquinone against antibiotic resistant molecular characterized Salmonella enterica isolates of human and poultry origin (n=5 each). The compounds that have shown the antibacterial activity was also checked for their cytotoxicity by MTT assay.
Salmonella is causative agent of invasive diseases in poultry and humans, results in high mortality. Salmonellosis is a disease caused by Salmonella enterica with serious health issues related to food borne illness and most of world’s population is suffering from it. Mostly infections are treated by antibiotics but now a day’s resistance developed by Salmonella enterica. So it is need of time to develop some alternate ways to combat the problem caused by resistant bacterial pathogens. Use of essential oils and extracts of seeds are good weapons against resistant bacteria.
Salmonella enterica isolates of human and poultry origin (n=5 each) were taken from Department of microbiology UVAS Lahore and identified by colony morphology, microscopic characters, biochemical testing (Indole production test, Methyl red test, Voges Proskaeur test, Citrate utilization test and Urea utilization test) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For PCR product 1.5% agarose gel was run by gel electrophoresis. The biochemically identified and molecular characterized S. enterica isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method against amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, ofloxacin and tetracycline and resistant pattern was 100% against ampicillin and Nalidixic acid and isolates shown 60% resistant against co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin and tetracycline, 80% and 40% resistant found against ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin while all isolates sensitive to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Aqueous and methanol were
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
used as solvents for extraction from Nigella Sativa. Seeds were dried, mixed, centrifuged, filtered and filtrate evaporated to obtained extracts. Percentage yield of methanolic extract was more than aqueous extract. Commercially available black seed oil, thymoquinone, water and methanol extracts of black seed would be evaluated for antibacterial activity by well diffusion method. Zones were measured in millimeters. All compounds gave the zones of inhibition except aqueous extract against Salmonella enterica isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by micro broth dilution method and then methanolic extract, black seed oil and thymoquinone used in MTT assay to evaluate their cytotoxicity. Cell survival percentage was calculated by a formula.
Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range tests (DMRT) using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 20.0). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils, thymoquinone, water and methanol extract would be compared by graph pad prism 5.0 statistical software. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2827-T] (1).
