1.
Effect Of Diclofenac Sodium On Experimentally Induced Aseptic Arthritis In Equines
by Dr . Aqeel Javeed | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Aseptic arthritis of the knee joint was induced in 12 healthy donkeys, weighing 60 to 85kg by intra-articular injection ot O.3m1 of turpentine oil. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups A and B of 6 animals each. Group A served as a control whereas in Group B anti-arthritic drug, diclofenac sodium (Diclocare 5%) was administered intramuscularly at the dose rate of 2.5mg/kg body weight daily for 5-6 days starting one day after the induction of arthritis. In group B, the joint circumference became normal on 6th day after induction of arthritis while in group A (control), the joint circumference took 16 to 20 days to become normal. According to this trial, diclofenac sodium provided an early return to normal stance and weight bearing in treated group B, taking longer time in control group A. No significant change in blood Haemoglobin, Total erythrocyte count, Total leukocyte count, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Packed cell volume was observed in control and treated animals. It is concluded that diclolènac sodium is an effective treatment for arthritis in donkeys.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0780,T] (1).
2.
Dysmorphogeneis And Ocular Anomalies Associated With Toxic Exposure To Cigarette Somoke Condensate Total Particulate Matter and Auto-Rickshaw Smoke Solutions
by Muhammad Adil | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Mr.Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Cigarette smoke and auto-rickshaw smoke constitute perilous threats to the public health in urban regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Cigarette smoke and auto-rickshaw smoke solution on morphometric and ocular development of embryo using chicken embryo assay. Fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs at day 6 of incubation were aseptically windowed using a sterile 26-guage needle. Different cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) were prepared, using four different commercial filtered cigarettes and later on these CSCs were applied to the main "Y" branch of chorio-allontoic membranes (CAMs). Moreover, cigarette total particulate matter (TPM) from the Cambridge filters was extracted in 10 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 200µl of this solution was applied to embryos. A double barrel plastic bottle attached with a polythene bag containing 100 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used to collect exhaust samples from two stroke and four stroke auto-rickshaws. Subsequently, 200?l of each solution was applied to the embryos. On day 7 of incubation, the embryos were examined for morphological defects. Eyeballs were carefully removed, fixed in Formalin and processed for histological examination. Histological sections were digitized with a spot camera for precise interpretation of any subtle changes in ocular development. The data was presented as mean ± SD. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate different parameters between control and treated samples.
Embryonic exposure to TPM resulted in vascular and morphogenetic abnormalities in terms of ectopia cordis, bi-trunked and mammoth headed appearance. Impact of TPM on ocular development was manifested as irregular growth of ganglion cell layer showing marked asymmetry and undifferentiated retinal layers with erratic distribution of plexiform matter.
CSC exposure was associated with stunted embryonic growth. Ocular toxicity profile triggered by CSC exposure comprised of degenerative changes in forebrain and retinal ganglion cell layer in conjunction with influx of inflammatory cells, delayed differentiation of photoreceptor layer, outer limiting membrane and plexiform layers.
Application of FSARSS gave rise to four different types of ectopia cordis among all treated embryos, i.e. incomplete ectopia cordis, complete ectopia cordis, cervico-thoracic ectopia cordis and thoraco-abdominal ectopia cordis. Ocular development was adversely affected leading to varied corneal abnormalities, asymmetrical growth of cuboidal epithelial lens cells and influx of inflammatory cells into the retinal layers.
TSARSS-treated embryos revealed widespread hemorrhages. Deterioration in the normal architecture of lens fiber, loss of retinal integrity and delayed differentiation of retinal layers were common findings among all TSARSS-treated embyoes.
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3.
Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Medicinal Plants Extracts Against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
by Waqas Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The antiviral activity of plants Glyceriza glabra Linn. (roots), Phyllanthus emblicus Linn. (Fruit), Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Leaves), and Moringa oleifera Lam. (Leaves) were evaluated against Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in this study. Ethanolic extraction of these plants was carried out by using Soxhlet apparatus and extracts was dried by using rotary evaporator. Four dilutions of each extracts viz 100, 50, 25 and 12.5?g/ml were made in distilled water. Vero cells were infected by mild strain of IBDV. Dilutions of these extracts were applied in triplicate manner on Vero cells that are confluent in 96 well cell culture plates. Positive control and negative control for antiviral assay were media plus cells and virus plus media respectively in antiviral assay. A cell culture plate was incubated for four days. After this incubation, viability of cells was determined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay. The cytotoxic activity of mentioned plant extracts was carried out by treating the cells with mentioned dilutions used in antiviral assay and incubating the 96 well cell culture plate for 4 days. Viability of cells was determined by MTT colorimetric assay. Positive and negative control for cytotoxic evaluation was cells plus media and cells plus media plus DMSO (10 %) respectively. Endpoint of this assay was measured in terms of cell survival percentage. Results were compared for qualitative variables using Chi-square technique and quantitative variables by linear regression analysis. 100 ug/ml and 50 ug/ml concentrations of Moringa oleifera Lam. showed cell survival percentages of 80% and 75% respectively and all four test dilutions of same plant showed no cytotoxicity for Vero cells. Two concentrations of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. 25ug/ml and 12.5ug/ml showed prominent cell survival of 75% and 80% respectively and other two concentrations 100ug/ml and 50ug/ml were found cytotoxic. Only 100ug/ml of Phyllanthus emblicus Linn. has shown cytotoxicity and 50ug/ml and 25ug/ml shown prominent antiviral activity. All concentrations of Eugenia jambolana Lam. were found non cytotoxic and 100ug/ml showed some antiviral potential against Infectious Bursal Disease virus.
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4.
Evaluation Of The Effeet Of Different Modalities Of Vitiligo
by Basit Zaheer | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was conducted to find out the clinical pattern of Vitiligo in selected patients and to
evaluate and compare the commonly used modalities for its treatment. All the patients with
vitiligo presented to the Department of Dermatology Mayo Hospital, Lahore. A total of seventy
patients were registered and followed-up for four months for repigmentation therapy. The
present study was aimed to uncover the various expressions of melanocyte deficiencies in
vitiligo In our people and to evaluate and compare the commonly used modalities for its
treatment. No such study, comparing the psoralens with topical steroids at the same time was not
done before.
For repigmentation therapy patients were randomly divided into various treatment groups and
me followed for the response for four months. The treatment groups included were PUVA
(Psolarens Ultraviolet A), PUVASOL (Psolarens Ultraviolet from Sunlight), topical PUVA,
Topical PUVASOL, topical steroids, systemic PUVA plus topical steroid and topical PUVA plus
topical steroid. Two new modalities were included to find newer effective ways of treatment and
their possible side effects. Complete repigmentation of the vitiligo without damage to the rest of
the body was the goal of the treatment. Initial approach involved to make a definite diagnosis,
psychological assistance and other supportive interventions such as use of camouflage cosmetics
and sunscreens. The active treatment modalities that could be utilized included the topical use of
potent steroids or photochemotherapy for atleast 2 months followed an assessment for response
measurement. Novel interventions are required to increase patient compliance and a search for
better treatment combinations.
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5.
Ealuation Of Empitical Antibiotic Therapy In Intensive Care Unit Patients Treated For Nosocomial Lower Respiratory Tract
by Sarwat Ali Raja | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was designed to check the effectiveness of current empirical therapy in the
treatment of a nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection in patients on mechanical ventilation
caIled Ventilator associated pneumonia (YAP). To evaluate the empirical therapy, antibiotic
susceptibility testing and pattern of resistance by YAP isolates in patients suspected to be
suffering from YAP was determined.
This was a prospective study involving 58 patients on mechanical ventilation with suspected
VA.P in a tertiary care hospital. The method involved pathogen identification, Antibiotic
Sensitivity testing, hepatic, renal and hematological profiles and monitoring of Arterial blood
gases of the patient. Pathogens from tracheal aspirates of the patients were subjected to
comrnonly used antibiotics for their antibiograms. The prescribed antibiotics were evaluated by
routine culture/sensitivity testing of tracheal aspirates and each patient was followed up to be
assessed for the treatment progress. Effect of Antibiotic was evaluated for seven days by
recording the parameters of patients such as Temperature of the patient, Pa02, effect on
leukocyte count, and from evaluation of LFTs and RFTs of the patient and the disease status of
the patient. Other outcomes were the mortality in these patients and the impact of inadequate
empirical therapy on patient mortality. Also to study the contribution of various risk factors upon
VAP prognosis.
It was inferred from the study that most of the patients remained febrile. Changes were observed
in the level of liver functional enzymes and less in the values of renal functional tests.
Leucocytes count in most of the patients remained either less than 4000 or greater than I 1000 indicating persistence of infection. High mortality was observed in patients suspected for YAP.
Major factor that caused patients mortality was the treatment failure due to inadequate
amttibiotics. Cross contamination, unhygienic practices by health personnel and lack of adequate
guidelines for antibiotic utilization in the ICU were the important contributors for development
ofVAP and other lower respiratory tract nosocomial infections. Methicillin sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli were found to be the most common pathogens involved.
Empirical antibiotic therapy was found inappropriate in 53.4% of cases. It was inferred from the
study that significant results were obtained for correlation of patient's age with treatment
progress. With increase in age chances of treatment failure also increased. The risk factor
showing significant result for increased treatment failure was the prior exposure to antibiotics.
High patient mortality was contributed by increased treatment failure. The two most significant
factors that contributed to treatment failure were either inadequate antim.icrobial therapy or use
of already resistant antibiotics.
It was concluded in the study, there was a high incidence of infection with resistant bacteria and
inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy. Treatment failure due to inadequate antibiotics caused
most mortality. Organ deterioration was also found to contribute to overall mortality in
mechanically ventilated patients.
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6.
Antiviral And Cytotoxiv Oroperties Of Solybum Marianum Chenopodium Album And Nigella Sativa Against Peste Des
by Abid Ali | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1361,T] (1).
7.
A Comparative Study Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Acacia Nilotica Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants
by Rizwana Raheel | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1449,T] (1).
8.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity Of Allium Sativum, Allium Cepa And Zingiber Officinale Against New Castle
by Azeem Ahmed Iqbal | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1453,T] (1).
9.
In Vitro Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Ginseng Root, Leaves Of Tulsi And Aloe Vera Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus
by Misbah Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1457,T] (1).
10.
Docking-Based Virtual Screening And Pharmacophore Studies To Explore Highly Selective Nuclear Factor Kappa
by Sher Muhammad Zaman | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1465,T] (1).
11.
In Vitro Antiviral Activity Of Leaves Extracts Of Azadirachta Indica, Moringa Oleifera And Morus Alba Against Foot
by Ishrat Younus | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The project was designed to assess in vitro antiviral and cytotoxic activity of leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica (AI), Moringa oleifera (MO) and Morus alba (MA) against Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMDV). Ethanolic, chloroformic and aqueous extracts of each plant were obtained by soxhlet apparatus. Chloroformic extracts were dissolved in cell culture media with the help of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Eight concentrations 1 µg/ml, 6 µg/ml, 12 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml of each plant were used for both assays. Confluent BHK - 21 cells were grown in 96 well cell culture plates. Cells were treated by each concentration of extracts and extracts containing FMDV for cytotoxic and antiviral assay respectively in triplicate manner. Positive control (BHK-21 cells & cell culture media) and negative control (BHK-21 cells, FMDV & cell culture media) were kept for antiviral assay. For cytotoxic assay, positive and negative controls were kept as BHK-21 cells plus media and BHK-21 cells, media plus DMSO (20%) respectively. Cells viability and cytotoxic activity were determined by MTT assay for antiviral and cytotoxic assay respectively. Each extract was analyzed as cell survival percentage and expressed as means ± S.D. Statistical analysis was carried out by ANOVA. Seven plants extracts out of nine, exhibited antiviral activity against FMDV at a concentration non toxic to BHK-21 cell line. Ethanolic AI extract showed strongest anti-FMDV activity. Chloroformic MO leaves extracts showed significant antiviral activity. Chloroformic and aqueous MA leaves extract had no remarkable antiviral activity. At higher concentrations most of the plant extracts were cytotoxic
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12.
Cytotoxic And Antiviral Evaluation Of Different Opuntia Species Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus In Vitro Cell
by Faryal Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The antiviral activities of Opuntia delinii, Opuntia manocantha, and Opuntia stricta were evaluated against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in this study, as these plants are associated with a lot of antiviral activity as shown by literature review. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of all the three species of Opuntia were obtained by using soxhlet apparatus (Davey et al. 2010) but first crushed them into small pieces with a sharp knife to have better extraction results. The resultant extracts were dried in rotary evaporator using standard operating procedures until semisolid extract was obtained. Different dilutions were made by dissolving in double distilled water. Vero cells were made mildly affected by mild strains of Peste des petits ruminants virus. Dilutions of these extracts were applied on Vero cell line in triplicate manner that was first made confluent up to 90% in 96 well cell culture plates. For performing anti viral assay, Positive control and negative controls used were media plus cells and virus plus media respectively. These plates were incubated for a period of four days. After this incubation period, viability of cells was determined by MTT colorimetric assay i.e. number of living and dead cells. The cytotoxic activity of above mentioned three plant species was performed by treating the Vero cells with different dilutions as used in antiviral assay and incubating the 96 well plates for 4 days. Viability of cells was determined by MTT assay. The positive and negative control for cytotoxic evaluation was cells plus media and cells plus media plus DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) 5% respectively. Results were calculated in terms of cell survival percentage (CSP) for anti viral
and death rate (%) for cytotoxic assay. At highest concentrations, i.e.500 to 1000 µg/ml, all the ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from all the plant species showed cytotoxicity but at the lower concentrations ranging from 7.81µg/ml to 125µg/ml, there was no cytotoxicity. Antiviral and cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts was evaluated by applying Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and comparison between two extracts was performed by applying T-Test for statistical analysis. Statistically when these results were interpreted, they were insignificant because P value is more than 0.05. This research project has a lot of positive outcomes and future prospects. The extract of plants having good antiviral activity and with no cytotoxic activity will be good baseline for further evaluation.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
The antiviral activities of Opuntia delinii, Opuntia manocantha, and Opuntia stricta were evaluated against Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in this study, as these plants are associated with a lot of antiviral activity as shown by literature review. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of all the three species of Opuntia were obtained by using soxhlet apparatus (Davey et al. 2010) but first crushed them into small pieces with a sharp knife to have better extraction results. The resultant extracts were dried in rotary evaporator using standard operating procedures until semisolid extract was obtained. Different dilutions were made by dissolving in double distilled water. Vero cells were made mildly affected by mild strains of Peste des petits ruminants virus. Dilutions of these extracts were applied on Vero cell line in triplicate manner that was first made confluent up to 90% in 96 well cell culture plates. For performing anti viral assay, Positive control and negative controls used were media plus cells and virus plus media respectively. These plates were incubated for a period of four days. After this incubation period, viability of cells was determined by MTT colorimetric assay i.e. number of living and dead cells. The cytotoxic activity of above mentioned three plant species was performed by treating the Vero cells with different dilutions as used in antiviral assay and incubating the 96 well plates for 4 days. Viability of cells was determined by MTT assay. The positive and negative control for cytotoxic evaluation was cells plus media and cells plus media plus DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) 5% respectively. Results were calculated in terms of cell survival percentage (CSP) for anti viral
and death rate (%) for cytotoxic assay. At highest concentrations, i.e.500 to 1000 µg/ml, all the ethanolic and aqueous extracts obtained from all the plant species showed cytotoxicity but at the lower concentrations ranging from 7.81µg/ml to 125µg/ml, there was no cytotoxicity. Antiviral and cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts was evaluated by applying Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and comparison between two extracts was performed by applying T-Test for statistical analysis. Statistically when these results were interpreted, they were insignificant because P value is more than 0.05. This research project has a lot of positive outcomes and future prospects. The extract of plants having good antiviral activity and with no cytotoxic activity will be good baseline for further evaluation.
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13.
Chemical, Microbiological And Toxicological Screening Of Tannery Effluent Wastewater
by Lubna Shakir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Over the last decade or so the chromium based tanning industry has shown rapid growth in Pakistan. However the rule and regulations promulgated by the government are not strictly followed for the processing of effluent discharged by the tanneries. Consequently tannery effluents have become a great source of water pollution in surrounding area. This project was designed to evaluate the hazardous effects of tannery effluent wastewater (TEW) through various bioassays.
During the first phase of the project, composition of the TEW samples was determined by PIXE analysis. Besides this, we have also investigated the impact of TEW on trace element content of ground water in Kasur tannery area. The ground water from shallow tubewells (100 to 300 ft) in the area has shown very high content of chromium while the ground water from the deeper tubewells (upto 600 ft) generally does not contain the toxic elements except for one outlet of the water supplied by the Muncipal Corporation. This could be due to corroded pipes in the tannery area.
Microbial load was determined during second phase of this research project by viable count method. The detected viable count was 7.5 X 104 to 3.0 X 107CFU/ml. Various strains of chromium tolerant bacilli were isolated and they were found tolerant up to 2600 µg/ml supplemented chromium sulphate.
During the third phase of this research plan, dilutions of TEW were evaluated for their effects on angiogenesis using CAM assay. TEWD1 and potassium dichromate were found highly anti-angiogenic. Moreover, dilutions of TEW and potassium dichromate have demonstrated significant toxicity when assessed through marine shrimps mortality assay and phytotoxiciy assasy.
Chronic toxicity study on Wistar rats was conducted in the last phase. Chronic exposure of TEW for three months to rats leads to the development of various lesions in lung, liver, kidney and heart of rats.
In short, TEW and contaminated ground water of Kasur is imposing a great threat not only to local inhabitants of the city but also to the population of far distance.
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14.
Vitro Cytotoxicity And Genotoxicity Testing Of Artemisinin, Digoxin And Silymarin
by Saran Siddique | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of three drugs artemisinin, digoxin and silymarin were evaluated against vero cell lines in this study. Thesolution of drugs was prepared in phosphate buffer saline(PBS) after dissolving in DMSO. For cytoticity dilutions of these drugs were applied in triplicate manner on Vero cells that were confluent in 96 well cell culture plates. MTT (3-[4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2.5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide)assay was used for the cytotoxicity testing of these drugs and the cytotoxic doses of these drugs was 100µM for artemisinin, 100nM for digoxin and 380 µM for silymarin. After the cytotoxicity testing we also evaluated the genotoxic potential of these drugs against the same cell lines. For the genotoxicity testing we have used alkaline comet assay.For that base slides was prepared with normal melting agar and then a layer of pretreated cell suspension in low melting agar is used and after that another layer of low melting agar is coated on the last layer on the slides.Then lysis was carried out of the cells in lysing solution after that electrophoresis was done after that the slides was washed with neutralizing buffer and after that ethedium bromide stain is used and then slides were viewed under fluorescent microscope and we have observed that artemisinin showed genotoxic potential at 250µM, digoxin had shown genotoxic potential at 1000nM and silymarin have showngenotoxic potential at 500µM.
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15.
Docing-Based Virtual Screening Studies For Ets-1 Inhibitors Using Indian Plant Anticancer
by Sara Mehreen | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This study is designed to screen drug molecule against phosphorylation site of transcription factor Ets-1. Molecular docking was carried out by using AUTODOCK 4.02. One compound (Picrocrocin) was selected with binding energy of -4.23kcal/mol, making 3 hydrogen bonds with active site residues after molecular docking. Picrocrocin is present in saffron. Ethanolic extract of saffron stigmas was prepared and preserved in laboratory. CAM (chick chorioallantoic membrane) assay was performed. The aqueous solutions of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 6%, and 12% of ethanolic extract of saffron were prepared. All of eight concentrations were applied to CAMs on fifth day of incubation of chick embryos. One group was treated as control receiving distilled water without any extract.
The diameters of primary, secondary, tertiary blood vessels of control were 12µm, 8µm, 6µm respectively, for 2% treated samples values were 2µm, 1µm, 0.3 µm respectively and for 3% treated samples diameter was 3µm, 2 µm, and 1 µm respectively. Area of abbott curves for control, 2% and 3% treated samples were 0.0545 mm², 0.0538 mm² and 0.0540 mm² respectively. At 25 & 3% concentrations, values roughness parameters were lowest of all other samples.
The present study results with discovery of novel antiangiogenic compound that is constituent of plant saffron. Inhibitory effect of saffron on cell reproduction, cytotoxicity and anti-angiogenic effect presents saffron as efficient candidate in cancer chemotherapy.
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16.
Evaluation Of Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic And Antipyretic Activities Of Terminalia Citrina Fruit In Mice.
by Ammara Saleem | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1589,T] (1).
17.
Evaluation Of Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic And Antipyretic Activities Of Fruit Of Grewia Asiatica
by Bushra Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1591,T] (1).
18.
Evaluation Of Anti-Inflammatory And Analgesic Potential Of Aqueous Methanolic Extract Of Thuja Orientalis In Albino Rats
by Muhammad Zahid Tanveer | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: In the present study in vivo anti-inflammatory assay, central analgesic assay and
peripheral analgesic estimation of methanolic extract of Thuja orientalis was performed by
using carrageenan induced paw oedema model, hotplate test and acetic acid induced writhing
test on albino rats, respectively. For anti-inflammatory assay, the experimental animals were
divided into five groups each consisting of six animals and three groups of six animals were
arranged each for central and peripheral analgesic evaluation. In all groups of animals in antiinflammatory
assay, oedema was produced by using 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan. The group II
served as standard control group and was additionally treated with 10mg/Kg p.o indomethacin
(a standard drug). The Groups III, IV and V received 50, 100 and 300 mg/Kg p.o of aqueous
methanolic extract of Thuja orientalis (TO-Cr) respectively. All the treatment groups (II, III, IV
and V) were treated 1 hour before injection of carrageenan. The volume of paw of rats was
measured at 0 h and 3 h and the results of all treatment groups were compared with group I. In
the present work, central analgesic study was done by using hot plate method. Tramadol was
used as the standard drug in positive control group. Peripheral analgesia was determined by
acetic induced writhing test using aspirin as standard analgesic drug. In the writhing test 1 %
solution of acetic acid at dose of 0.1 ml / 10 grams was injected intra peritoneal. All the groups
were pre treated 30 min before chemical stimulus with the standard drug and extract dose.
Number of writhings was counted for 20 min. after injection. The statistical analysis of these
values showed that results at 0 hour are non significant as P > 0.05 (Table 3).But it is evaluated
from the study of paw volumes after 3 hours that there was significant decrease in oedema in
group treated with standard drug i.e. indomethacin (79.70 % decrease) as compared with the
60
negative control (Fig. 11). The response of the extract under study was dose related. There was
13 % decrease in paw oedema as compared with negative control at 50 mg / kg dose of TO-Cr
(Table 7). Similarly there was 34 % and 59.57 % decrease in paw oedema as compared with
negative control at 100 mg / kg and 300 mg / kg doses of TO-Cr (Table 7). In central analgesic
model of hotplate, there was significant increase in latency time in treatment group at 60 min
interval (Table 15) and then it remained almost same after 90 min (Table 18). In peripheral
analgesia of acetic acid induced writhing test, there was significant decrease in the number of
writhings in positive control (7.33+1.63) and Thuja orientalis extract (12.50+2.35) also
decreased the number of writhings significantly as compared with the negative control group
(20.67+2.16) (Table 22).
It is concluded from the results that aqueous methanolic extract of the fruit of Thuja
orientalis has significant anti-inflammatory activity and produced dose dependant reduction in
inflammation and it also has both central and peripheral analgesic properties.
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19.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Meloxicam In Mice.
by Ghulam Fatima | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: In the present study, the immunomodulatory activity of meloxicam was evaluated. For the evaluation of effect of meloxicam on cellular immunity the delayed type hypersensitivity assay (DTH) and cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assay were performed while for humoral immunity haemagglutination assay and mice lethality test was performed. In each assay 15 mice were used, all mice were divided into 3 groups, each group was consist of 5 mice. Two groups were treated with two different doses of meloxicam (5mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) and the one group (control group) was only being administered with dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) intraperitoneally.
In DTH assay, 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg meloxicam treated groups of mice showed a significant reduction in skin thickness ( P<0.05) as compared to control group at 24hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after the challenging dose of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB).
In cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assay meloxicam at 10mg/kg showed a significant percentage of reduction in total leukocytes (TLC) and two types of differential leukocytes (DLC i.e lymphocytes, and neutrophils except monocytes). This significant reduction was less in 5mg/kg meloxicam treated group which in turn was less than the control group. In addition, it was observed a dose dependent reduction response in haemagglutination (HA) titre. The order of reduction in HA titre was 10mg/kg meloxicam treated group > 5mg/kg meloxicam treated group > the control group. The mortality ratio of mice in the control group, 5mg/kg meloxicam and 10 mg/kg meloxicam treated groups was 20%, 80% and 100% respectively.
All the results of present study suggest that meloxicam has suppressive effect on cellular as well as on humoral component of immune system.
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20.
The Immunomodulatory Activity Of Flurbiprofen In Mice.
by Maaz Bin Nasim | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1672,T] (1).
21.
Genotoxicity And Mutagenicity Of Metformin And Aspartame Alone And In Combination
by Amna Nazar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1690,T] (1).
22.
Evaluation Of Cellular And Humoral Responses Of Piroxicam In Mice
by Bushra Zahoor | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1721,T] (1).
23.
Immunomodulatory Effect Of Renessans In Laboratory Animals
by Khurram Aamir | Prof. Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Malik Allah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1759,T] (1).
24.
Chemical Characterizaton And Toxicological Screening Of Auto-Rickshaw Emissions Particulate
by Khaleeq Anwar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Vehicular air pollution is a mounting health issue of the modern age, particularly in urban populations of the developing nations. Auto rickshaws are not considered eco-friendly as to their inefficient engines producing large amount of particulate matter (PM), which poses a significant environmental threat.
Major transformations in the environmental composition are principally attributable to the combustion of fuels by automobiles. Motorized gasoline powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and CNG powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA)are major sources of air pollution in south Asia and produce toxic amount of PM to the environment. In this study, during the first phase, the PM of TSA and FSA was characterized by using proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. The observations of the existing investigation recognized significant increase in Al (P < 0.05), P (P < 0.01), and Zn (P < 0.01) from the PM samples of FSA. In addition, the concentrations of Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, S and Si were also observed exceeding the recommended NIES limits. On the contrary, increased concentration of Sr and V were observed in the PM samples from TSA. It is generally believed that FSA generates smaller amount of PM but the data obtained from this study clearly shows that emissions from FSA are comprised of potentially more toxic substances than TSA. The current research is specific to the metropolitan population and has evidently revealed an inconsistent burden of exposure to air pollutants engendered by FSA in urban communities, which could lead to disruption of several biological activities and may cause severe damage to entire ecological system.
The second phase of this study was conducted to ascertain toxic effects on angiogenesis, embryo development, embryonic movement and phytotoxicity of the PM from TSA and CNG powered FSA. Based on high amounts of aluminum quantified during PIXE analysis of PM from TSA and FSA, different concentrations of aluminum sulfate were also tested to determine its eco-toxicological potential. The PM solution from FSA, TSA and Aluminum sulfate exhibited anti-angiogenic potential with reduction in total area of CAM. Morphological evaluation of embryos exhibited varying degrees of hemorrhages in different groups. In case of phytotoxicity screening using Zea mays, the results demonstrated that all three tested materials were equally phytotoxic at higher concentrations in seed germination(p<0.001). Aluminum sulfate proved to be a highly phytotoxic agent even at the lowest concentration examined.
During the last phase, of the study, the MTT assay demonstrated a significant (p<0.001) dose dependent cytotoxic effect for TSA, FSA and aluminum sulfate on the BHK-21 cell line, establishing that the PM from FSA is a highly cytotoxic material. Mutagenicity was assessed by fluctuation Salmonella reverse mutation assay adopting TA100 and TA98 mutant strains with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. Despite the fact that different concentrations of PM from both sources i.e. TSA and FSA were highly mutagenic (p<0.001) even at lower concentrations, the mutagenic index was higher in TSA. The chronic toxicity study revealed that chronic exposure to PM emitted from FSA and TSA resulted in peribrochiolitis, emphesema and infilteration of leukocytes in lung tissues. On the other hand liver, cardiac and kidney tissues exhibited degeneration and necrosis. The data shows that all tested materials are equally ecotoxicand if the existing trend of atmospheric pollution by auto-rickshaws is continued, air-borne metals/heavy metals will seriously affect the normal growth of local inhabitants and increased contamination of agricultural products, which will amplify the dietary intake of toxic element and could result in genetic mutation or long-term health implications.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1795,T] (1).
25.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity Of Allium Sativum, Allium Cepa, Zingiber Officinale Against Avian Influenza H9
by Sadia Nazir | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Plant products play an important role because of their medicinal activity. A wide variety of active phytochemicals peptides have been found to possess therapeutic applications against various functionally and genetically diverse viruses. Influenza A viruses (IAV) causes acute respiratory diseases in humans, birds, and other mammals, representing one of the major threats to public health.
In this study, the antiviral activity of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe against Avian Influenza H9 virus was evaluated in ovo. The aqeous extracts of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe were prepared by using macerate technique. From the macerate, nine different dilutions i.e. 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml, 500 ƒÊg/ml, 250 ƒÊg/ml, 125 ƒÊg/ml, 62.5 ƒÊg/ml and 31.25 ƒÊg/ml of the extracts were prepared in normal saline. For each plant extract; Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe 100 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 20 groups, each group containing 5 embryonated chicken eggs (nine for antiviral activity, nine for cytotoxic activity, and two groups were kept positive and negative control respectively) and marked them with lead pencil. The different concentrations of the plant extracts were mixed with virus and 0.2 ml inoculum was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated chicken eggs along with positive and negative controls containing only virus and normal saline respectively. The embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12-72 hrs. After 72 hr post inoculation, all the eggs were chilled in refrigerator at 4oC for 12 hrs and the allantoic fluid was harvested. The antiviral activity was calculated as embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot Hemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by Hemagglutination Test. The cytotoxicity of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe extracts was evaluated by only inoculating the extracts of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hrs. The results were analyzed by ANOVA by means of SPSS.
All the concentrations of Allium sativum L. were non toxic while three concentrations showing antiviral activity were 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml and 2000 ƒÊg/ml. While in case of Allium cepa L. all the concentration i.e. 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml, 500 ƒÊg/ml, 250 ƒÊg/ml, 125 ƒÊg/ml, 62.5 ƒÊg/ml and 31.25 ƒÊg/ml were non cytotoxic and five concentrations i.e. 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml and 500 ƒÊg/ml show potent antiviral activity. In case of Zingiber officinale Roscoe two concentrations 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml were virucidal and all concentration 8000 ƒÊg/ml, 4000 ƒÊg/ml, 2000 ƒÊg/ml, 1000 ƒÊg/ml, 500 ƒÊg/ml, 250 ƒÊg/ml, 125 ƒÊg/ml, 62.5 ƒÊg/ml and 31.25 ƒÊg/ml were non cytotoxic. So the present study suggested the presence of antiviral activity of plant extracts of Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, so they can be used for prevention and treatment of various viral diseases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1836,T] (1).
26.
Evaluation Of Ynergistic Efficacy Of Quinolones, Amino Glycosides, Cephalosporin And Co-Trimoxazole
by Tyyaiba Azam | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Background
Opportunistic pathogens represent the type of pathogens which infects only those individuals
with impaired immune system and lead to diseases that can be severe, debilitating and difficult to
treat in immunocompromized host. These opportunistic pathogens include different bacteria,
viruses and fungi. This study was designed to identify the opportunistic bacterial pathogens
pseudomonas and Citrobecter in immunocompromized chronic liver disease (CLD) patients.
This study was performed to analyze sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens to commonly used
antibiotics quinolones, aminoglycosides, cephalosporin and co-trimoxazole and to evaluate the
synergistic efficacy of different combination s of antibiotics. The study was conducted on
different CLD patients admitted in different medical wards of Sir .ganga Ram Hospital Lahore.
Aim
By using blood and urine culturing technique and different biochemical tests opportunistic
pathogens Pseudomonas and Citrobecter in CLD immunocompromized patients belonging to
different age group were determined. Combination therapy of quinolones, aminoglycosides,
cephalosporin and sulpha drugs were effective against the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas and
Citrobecter.
Material and Methods
Clinical sign and symptoms of all the CLD patients who were admitted in the hospital were
noted at the time of admission The patients who start showing sign and symptoms (Fever,
burning micturation, pain) of suspected infection on 2nd and 3rd day of their admission were
included in this study. Blood and urine samples were collected from infected CLD patients with
CHAPTER – 6
SUMMARY
suspected sign and symptoms by using all necessary aseptic precautions with the assistance of
trained professionals. The pathogens were isolated, identified and purified by selective culturing
methods, which were subjected to active growth, during which sensitivity to different antibiotics
was checked. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted on pure culture isolates employing the
Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method for the commonly used antibiotics. The diameters of growth
inhibition around the discs was measured and interpreted by using Clinical Laboratory Standards
Interpretations (CLSI).
Statistical Analysis
The collected data was analyzed by ANOVA and Chi-square test on SPSS software (16) .
Results
Pseudomonas and Citrobecter pathogens are now proved to be a multi resistant pathogens and
use of combinations of antibiotics against these pathogens found to be more effective. This study
was performed to evaluate the synergistic effect of different antibiotics combinations against
Pseudomonas and Citrobecter pathogens, so that the chances of recurrent infections among the
immunocompromized hospitalized patients were minimized. It will help to improve the quality
of life of immunocompromized patients through providing information about effective antibiotic
treatment. The effects of different combinations of antibiotics were also analyzed in CLD
patients through evaluating the improvement in infectious disease. It was found during study that
combination of ceftriaxone and amikacin prove to be more effective in clinical settings but in
vitro studies shows the combination of cephradine with gentamycin was 97% susceptible.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1841,T] (1).
27.
Evaluation Of Cellular And Humoral Immune Responses Of Betamethasone In Mice
by Saima Batool | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1881,T] (1).
28.
Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Calotropis Procera Against Foot And Mouth Disease Virus
by Uzma saher | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr.Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1891,T] (1).
29.
Effect Of Different Sedatives And Anesthetics On Haemoglycemic Trends In Surgically Treated Dogs
by Wajid ali khan | Dr. Uzma fareed durrani | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Dr. Sadf aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1914,T] (1).
30.
Evaluation Of Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory And Anti-Pyretic Activity Of Aqueous Methanolic Extract Of Jatropha Gossypifolia in Rats
by Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri | DR. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1988,T] (1).
31.
Genotoxic Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Potential Of Metformin And Celecoxib Alone And In Combination
by Asad ullah | Prof/ Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1989,T] (1).
32.
Cytotoxicity Mutagenicity And Genotoxicity Potential Of Carvedilol And Celecoxib Alone And In Combination
by Ali attiq | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | DR. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. DR. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2004,T] (1).
33.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Tenoxicam In Mice
by Fatima nasim | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Dr. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2025,T] (1).
34.
Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Parthenium Hysterophorusagainst Peste Des Petits
by Aina asghar | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2051,T] (1).
35.
Effect Of Gemifloxacin On Cellular And Humoral Immune Response In Mice
by Muhammad Umair | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2088,T] (1).
36.
Toxicity And Immunomodulatory Activity Of Ketoprofen In Vitro And In Vivo
by Dawood Ahmad Hamdani | Dr. Aqeel javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2090,T] (1).
37.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Aceclofenac In Mice
by Hammad Asif | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2125,T] (1).
38.
A New Inclination Of Derived Tetrahydro-Carbazole Towards Anti-Inflammatory Analgesic And Antipyretic Activity
by Kinza Kanwal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Mr. Malik Allah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2136,T] (1).
39.
Optimization Of Strontium Chloride For Parthenogenetic Activation Of Mouse Oocytes
by Arslan Mahmood Ahmad (2007-VA-67) | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: There are two main methods by which activation can be performed: (i) physical methods and (ii) chemical methods. Physical methods include electrical stimulation, temperate and mechanical ways, whereas the chemical methods comprise of different artificial chemical agents, including strontium chloride, calcium ionophores, ethanol that promote to rise in intracellular Ca2+ oscillations, cycloheximide, that inhibit protein synthesis and 6-DMAP (6-dimethyl amino purine) which inhibit protein phosphorylation.
The contribution of both maternal and paternal genomes is required for thedevelopment to full term of mammalian embryos. However, the percentage of parthenogeneticallyactivated embryos developing to blastocyst stage is lower as compared to normal fertilized embryos. (Renard et al. 1991).In mouse, strontium chloride has been successfully employed in manydifferent studies to induce artificial oocyte activation. The role of strontium to induce calcium oscillations appears to be more physiologically sound than alternativemethods of oocyte activation that produce a monotonic rise in calcium.Strontium chloride (SrCl2) is recognized as one of the most popular parthenogenetic agents for mouse oocytes activation and induces calcium oscillations leads to improved activation rate and blastocyst formation. (Locham-kaplan et al. 2003) (Satoshi et al. 2006).
The diploid parthenogenetic oocytes have more developmental competence as compared to haploid form(Liu et al. 2002). A substancecytochalasin B (CB) prevents the release of the second polar body after activation of mammalian oocyte which results in diploid form of embryo (Fukui et al. 1992) and it may also contribute to prevent fragmentation and degradation of embryos ( Yi and Park 2005).
Parthenogenetic oocyte activation technique is mainly used in cloning and is a key step for nuclear transfer for cloning. The technique is also useful for understanding of physiological mechanisms of fertilization and early embryonic development. Embryonic stem cells can be derived from fertilized embryos. The stem cells which are produced by parthenogenetic activation have the same totipotency and proliferation as formed by normal sperm-egg fertilization..( Ju et.al 2008). Resultantly, parthenogenetic activation technology has become a target of reproductive biology. This technology can also be used to establish embryonic stem cell lines (Mizutani et al. 2004) and embryonic stems cells are the fundamental source in field of regenerative medicine; used to treat many diseases such as diabetes, beta thalassemia, heart infarction etc by providing patient specific replacement cells.
Mouse is one of the most commonly animal models used for parthenogenetic activation. The other animals which have been used for parthenogenetic activation include rabbits, cattle, sheep, horses, monkeys and pigs. Parthenogenetic embryos are failed to develop to term, due to genomic imprinting, an epigenetic change of certain genes, depending on the parent of origin.(Uranga and Arechaga 1997). The studies pertaining to parthenogenetic activation technology for mouse oocytes is extremely limited at present (Mizutani et al. 2004).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2188,T] (1).
40.
Isolation And Characterization Of Antibiotic Resistant Lactic Acid Bacteria From Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract
by Nabeea Saleem (2008-VA-234) | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are heterogeneous group of bacteria which are fastidious in
nature. LAB has acquired status as Generally-Recognized-as-Safe (GRAS) status. Over-use and
misuse of antibiotics in veterinary and human clinical setups give rise to antibiotic resistant lactic
acid bacteria in gastrointestinal tracts which act as antibiotic resistance reservoir. Acquired and
transferable antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria is a newly identified safety concern in
poultry. So, it is dire need of time to determine the situation of antibiotic resistance in lactic acid
bacteria of poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
The present study was conducted to isolate lactobacilli from indigenous and broiler
gastrointestinal tract of chicken. For this purpose, chicken feces, cloaca and caecum samples
(n=20 each) were collected from Lahore. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated on MRS medium.
Isolates were identified by phenotypic characteristics including Colonial morphology, Gram
staining and Catalase test. While molecular identification of lactobacillus spp. was done by PCR
at an annealing temperature of 55°C using the primers XB-5 and LbLMA-1 with an expected
product size of 250bp. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of different antibiotics such as
ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, cephradine, cefuroxime, ofloxacin,
levofloxacin were determined by the broth micro dilution method following the EFSA
guidelines. Antibiotic resistance genes, including erythromycin arm (B) and tetracycline Tet (M)
were amplified by polymerase chain reaction.
The comparison of % antibiotic resistance pattern between broiler and indigenous
lactobacillus spp. against different antibiotics was analysed for chi-square test using SPSS
……………………………………………………………………………………………Summary
67
version 16.0. The study provided data on antibiotic resistance pattern of transferable resistance
genes in lactic acid bacteria of poultry gut.
Conclusion:
From the present study it is concluded that a high level of resistance was shown by lactobacillus
spp. against tested antibiotics. Lactobacillus spp. were screened by PCR for known resistance
genes and thus were able to determine the presence of erm(B) and tet (M) genes in all
lactobacillus spp. using erm(B) and tet (M)-specific primers. All lactobacillus spp. were also
phenotypically resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline. Thus, the present study indicates that
such erm (B) and Tet (M) genes occur among different LAB genera and species therefore it is
the need of time to study other resistance determinants to ensure the safety of poultry meat and
spread of resistance determinants. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2282-T] (1).
41.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Zingiber Officinale Rhizome Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Ghalia Qayyum (2013-VA-779) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Antimicrobial compounds having plant origin inhibit bacteria through different mechanisms and can be used for the treatment of infections against resistant microbes. Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Zingiber officinale rhizome against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero cell lines
The zone of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale against Staphylococcus. aureus were 12.33mm, 13.67mm, 16.33mm and 14mm; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 12mm, 16.33mm, 14mm and 8.33mm; against Escherichia coli were 14.33mm, 13.33mm, 14.33mm and 12mm; against Salmonella enterica were 17mm, 17.33mm and 12mm; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 12.67mm, 13mm and 14mm respectively. Hexane extract showed no zone of inhibition against Salmonella enterica and aqueous extract was ineffective against Haemophillus paragallinarum.
MICs values of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinale rhizome against Staphylococcus. aureus were 2500µg/ml, 625µg/ml, 2500µg/ml and 2083.33µg/ml; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 2500µg/ml, 312.5µg/ml, 1250µg/ml and 5000µg/ml; against Escherichia coli were 5000µg/ml, 1250µg/ml, 5000µg/ml and 5000µg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were 312.5µg/ml, 5000µg/ml, 5000µg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 2500µg/ml, 1458.33µg/ml and 2500µg/ml respectively. MIC was not performed against hexane extract of Salmonella enterica and aqueous extract of Haemophillus paragallinarum as no zone of inhibition observed against them. Hexane extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome was cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 750µg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 1500µg/ml and aqueous extract at concentration ≥5000µg/ml. Ethanol extract at concentration ranging from 1500µg/ml to 2.92µg/ml was not cytotoxic to cell.
The indigenous plant Zingiber officinale have antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2324-T] (2).
42.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Zingiber Officinale Rhizome Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Shumaila Nawaz (2013-VA-442) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them rich source of
different types of medicines. Calotropis procera, a giant milk weed, is known for its
pharmacological importance for centuries. This shrub has been known to possess analgesic,
antitumor,
antihelmintic,
antioxidant,
hepatoprotective,
anti-diarrhoeal,
anticonvulsant,
antimicrobial, oestrogenic, anti-nociceptive and anti-malarial activity. A very little information is
available regarding the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Calotropis procera so the present
study is designed to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of this plant. This study was
conducted to access antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Calotropis procera.
Hexane, chloroform and ethanol, aqueous extracts were prepared by sequential extraction
method and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus paragallinarum by agar
well diffusion method in which inhibitory zones were measured. The extracts which showed the
antimicrobial activity were evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell
culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer formed. Monolayer was
exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival
percentage was calculated.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for
windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results will be compared using one way
ANOVA analysis.
102
SUMMARY
Chloroform and ethanol extracts of Calotropis procera leaves have antibacterial activity.
It may help to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will
be more safe, effective and economical.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2330-T] (1).
43.
Isolation And Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern Of Extended Spectrum Β-Lactamases Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae From Human Clinical Specimen
by Muhammad Tahir Ishaq (2013-va-443) | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Muhammad Zubair Shabbir | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Klebsiella species particularly K. pneumoniae are important opportunistic nosocomial pathogens causing a variety of infections including urinary tract infections (UTIs), pneumonia, septicemia and wound infections. Epidemic and endemic nosocomial infections caused by K. pneumonia species are leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Irrational use of antibiotics is creating antibiotic resistance problems in Pakistan. Excessive use of β-lactam antibiotics is responsible for production of ESBL enzymes by Gram negative bacteria especially K. pneumoniae.
A total of 150 samples including urine, pus and sputum were processed for the isolation and evaluation of the ESBL enzyme producing K. pneumoniae as well as their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. Samples were cultured on cystine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED), blood, chocolate and McConky agar. Isolates were identified by culture characters, staining reaction followed by biochemical testing through API-20E index system. ESBL production potential was assessed by double disc diffusion method. Out of total 50 urine samples, K. pneumoniae was isolated from 20 samples. Among these 20 isolates, 6 were confirmed as ESBL producers. However, within 50 sputum and pus samples, 13 and 15 isolations were possible out of which 5 and 6 were positive for ESBL production, respectively. Frequency distribution for isolation of K. pneumoniae from urine, pus and sputum samples did not significantly vary from each other. Similarly, ESBL producing potential of all K. pneumoniae isolates also did not significantly vary as p values are higher than 0.05.
A total of 17 ESBL producing K.pneumoniae isolates were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility pattern against 12 commonly used antibiotics i.e. Amoxacillin, Ampicillin, Aztreonam, Ceftazidime, Cefatoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Imipenem, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Amikacin. All of the tested K. pneumoniae isolates showed 100 % sensitivity against amikacin, imipenem and meropenem while found to be completely resistant against rest of the antibiotics.
Molecular confirmation of ESBL production was done through PCR. DNA samples were extracted from ESBL producing isolates. Amplification of the plasmid DNA region (TEM gene) from the DNA samples was done through PCR. The resulting PCR product was run on 1% agarose gel through horizontal gel electrophoresis. Three samples from urine (S1, S4 and S5) and two samples from sputum (S7 and S8) produced required bands while none of the other samples produced any band.
High proportion of ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates in present study is an alarming scenario. These organisms are resistant to conventional antibiotics and might spread in the environments thus pose serious threat to the health of human and animal population. Only clinical specimen submitted to the diagnostic lab were tested in present study. Further extensive studies are needed to bridge the gaps in knowledge of antibiotic resistance pattern of K. pneumoniae. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2366-T] (1).
44.
Proteomic And Genomic Analysis Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus And Efficacy Of Indigenous Medicinal Plants Essential Oils
by Sarwat Ali Raja | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Tayyaba Ijaz | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: A Cohort study (prospective and observational) was performed to study the prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the healthy individuals of community, hospitalized patients and associated health-care workers and indigenous plants essential oils were screened as new, improved & potent antibacterial/s against resistant strains of MRSA.
The method involved isolation and identification of MRSA from surgical wounds of hospitalized patients & associated health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore and healthy volunteers from the community. Plant essentials oils & extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against selected MRSA isolates. Oils were recovered by steam distillation using an all-glass distillation assembly. Then in vitro sensitivity and MICs of plant essential oils were determined using vancomycin and linezolid as commercial standards. The essential oils were screened further for the active constituents by column chromatography using various solvents and identification of compounds were performed by GC/MS analysis and the fractions which showed prompt results were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against the MRSA isolates in quest to find new therapeutic options. Finally effective essential oils and their active fractions were studied for their toxicity using in vitro Genotoxic assays such as Ames and Comet assays. To further ensure their beneficial effects antimutagenic effect of the essential oils were also studied.
Prevalence of S. aureus among patients was 52.9%, in HCWs 86.5% and in community 74% with an overall percentage of 72.6%. Among S. aureus those declared as MRSA were 91.8% from patients, 50.6% from HCWs and 59.5% from community with an overall percentage of 62.2% MRSA. Among the isolated MRSA overall 90.6% were Coagulase positive and 75.2% were biofilm positive.
SUMMARY
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The pattern of MRSA resistance against current antibiotics have shown an overall increase in the resistance with maximum shown for lincomycin followed by tetracycline, ampicillin, fusidic acid, amoxicillin and piperacillin with tazobactam. The most effective options among current regime were tigecyclin, amikacin and meropenem showing an overall least resistance. Resistance against linezolid was observed with an overall percentage of 25.6 % and vancomycin 33.3% by disc diffusion method.
The MRSA isolates resistant to one or more groups of antibiotics were declared as MDRs. Among patients and health-care workers all were declared as MDRs where as in community 93.1% isolates were MDRs.
Upon Protein profiling using whole cell proteins 44 bands of the polypeptides were produced with molecular size 10-200kDa from the three sampling groups and were categorized into 5 clusters showing an overall significance correlation with each other explaining an interesting fact that all these strains were interlinked establishing the fact of flow of hospital acquired MRSA in the community and vice versa. This analysis also gave an insight in explaining the fact of horizontal transmission of infection within the hospital.
Keeping in view the raise in resistance among current available antibiotics indigenous medicinal plants essential oils were screened for active constituents exhibiting anti-bacterial effects against MRSA isolates.
Maximum yield was obtained from Carum copticum followed by Cuminum cyminum and minimum yield was obtained in case of Zingiber officinale. Upon qualitative analysis of all five essential oils Carum copticum essential oil showed zones of inhibition greater than the standards vancomycin and linezolid followed Cuminum cyminum and Zingiber officinale in all three
SUMMARY
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sampling groups. Anethum sowa and Myristica fragrans essential oils showed no activity against MRSA.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of the three essential oils determined by micro broth dilution method indicated that Carum copticum showed least value in all three types of MRSA isolates followed by Zingiber officinale and Cuminum cyminum.
Effective essential oils were further fractioned using silica gel gravity columns. All the fractions obtained were screened for the anti-bacterial activity against all three types of MRSA isolates. Only fraction F1 of Carum copticum showed activity greater than pure essential oil and the two commercial standards of vancomycin and linezolid.
For the identification of active constituents GC/MS analysis was performed on all three essential oils and their respective fractions. In case of fraction F1 the most dominant constituents were Carvacrol, p-Cymene, Ʈ-Terpinene and Apiol. In other two plants none of the fractions were effective. Therefore it was concluded to use pure essential oils in case of Zingiber officinale and Cuminum cyminum rather than their individual fractions and incase of Carum copticum Fraction F1 has shown superior activity.
Finally these essential oils were tested for possible mutagenic effect using bacterial reversion mutation assay and Comet assay. No mutagenic effects were observed at MIC and above doses. These effective essential oils were also evaluated for possible antimutagenic effect. Both Carum copticum and Zingiber officinale essential oils showed strong antimutagenic effects and weak antimutagenic effect by Cuminum cyminum. Upon analysis of nuclear damage none of the plants essential oils and fraction F1 of Carum copticum showed genotoxic effects and indicated to be safe. Thus from the study it was concluded that Carum copticum essential oil and its fraction F1 were the most effective to be further investigated as an alternative treatment for MRSA infections. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2410-T] (1).
45.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Momordica Charantia Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Usman Ahmed (2013-VA-565) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Plant products play a vital role in the management of various ailments due to their therapeutic activity. A wide range of active phytochemicals peptides have been found to have therapeutic uses against various functionally and genetically diverse viruses. Newcastle disease virus causes respiratory diseases in humans, birds and other mammals, representing one of the foremost threats to public health.
In this study, the antiviral activity of Momordica charantia L. and Ribavirin against Newcastle disease virus was evaluated in-ovo. For each extract of the plant M. charantia and ribavirin 40 embryonated eggs were assigned to 8 groups containing 5 eggs in each group (six groups for antiviral, six groups for embryonic toxicity, and two groups were kept positive and negative control respectively) and marked them with lead pencil. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Momordica charantia L. was prepared by using soxhlet extraction technique. From the extract, six different dilutions i.e. 160mg/ml, 80mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 5mg/ml of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared in normal saline whereas; six different dilutions i.e. 15μg/ml, 20μg/ml, 25μg/ml, 30μg/ml, 35μg/ml and 40μg/ml of ribavirin were made in normal saline.
With ND virus the different concentrations of the extracts of plant were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was injected to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline correspondingly. Ribavirin, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 370C and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, all the eggs were chilled at 40C in fridge for overnight stretch of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
Summary
64
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of Momordica charnatia aqueous and ethanolic extracts and ribavirin was assessed by merely inoculating the extracts of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. The outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA by means of SPSS. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2384-T] (1).
46.
Formulation And In-Vitro Evaluation Of Polymers Blend Based Diclofenac Microparticles For Sustained Release Drug Delivery
by Mukarram Anees (2008-VA-537) | Muhammad Irfan Masood | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diclofenac Sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with plasma half life (t1/2) of 1-2 hours. It is used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic in joint pain, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis for a long duration of time. Diclofenac Sodium conventional oral dosage forms have drawbacks of repeated administration (2-3 times/day) and GIT side effects. Diclofenac Sodium microparticles were prepared with ethyl cellulose and starch blend. Emulsification and solvent evaporation method was selected which was easy to perform. Starch was selected in view of its increased hydrophilicity, bio-compatibility and bio-degradability. Ethylcellulose was selected for reason of increased hydrophobicity, bio-compatibility and non-biodegradability.
Three formulations were prepared with different proportions of polymers (ethyl cellulose and starch). Micromeritic studies, particle size, percentage loading efficiency and invitro release studies with application of kinetic models were evaluated. Formulation D3 gave the best results due to increased amount of ethyl cellulose and decreased amount of starch. Polymeric blend resulted in sustained release effect. FT-IR studies were conducted to check the possible drug-polymer interaction. There was no significant drug-polymer interaction was seen. Formulation D3 showed 51.25 % in-vitro drug release up to 8 hours and followed Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The ‘n’ value indicated that it followed Fickian diffusion.
After characterization of Diclofenac Sodium microparticles, the findings elaborated that polymeric blend (synthetic and natural) can be used to achieve sustained release effect due to their distinct characteristics. However, a suitable combination of polymers (75:25 ratio of EC: Starch) is necessary to achieve desired effects. Diclofenac Sodium microparticles can be used to reduce side effects and increase the patient compliance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2398-T] (1).
47.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Ketorolac In Mice
by Mahtab Anwer (2013-VA-846) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Ketorolac is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly prescribed to treat postoperative pain and reduced stress response.The present study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ketorolac.In each assay, 25 mice were used. All the mice were divided randomly into 5 groups. Each group had 5 mice. Negative control group was treated with solvent, positive control group was treated with cyclophosphamide and other three groups were injected intraperitoneally at the three different doses of ketorolac (2mg/kg, 4mg/kg and 8mg/kg). Delayed type hypersensitivity assay (DTH) and cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assays were performed to evaluate the cell-mediated immune activity of ketorolac. While, the effect of ketorolac on humoral immunity was determined by performing heamagglutination assay and mice lethality test.It was observed that significant reduction in skin thickness and white blood cells and neutropenia in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups (8mg/kg ketorolac > 4mg/kg ketorolac > 2mg/kg ketorolac).Significant reduction in HAtiter values in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups were also evaluated (8mg/kg ketorolac >4mg/kg ketorolac >2mg/kg ketorolac).In mice lethality assay, mortality ratio was maximum in 8mg/kg ketorolac treated group which was 100%. In 4mg/kg ketorolac group and positive control group showed the 80% mortality and 2mg/kg ketorolac treated group showed the 40% mortality. Minimum mortality was observed in negative control group. From these results, ketorolac exhibited the immunosuppressive effect. This study may have potential impacts of ketorolac in clinical applications besides its analgesic and anti -inflammatory properties. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2441-T] (1).
48.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Ibuprofen Against Avian Influenza H9
by Aisha Nazir (2013-VA-851) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral and embryotoxicity of doxycycline,
ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggs of 10 days old. The different concentrations of these agents were taken and two fold dilutions were made. Dilutions were mixed with avian influenza H9 virus and inoculated in embryonated eggs. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling, haemagglutinition test was performed for evaluation of antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. For embryotoxicity, dilutions were made in normal saline without virus and checked the results by mortality ratio after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity increased when used doxycycline and ibuprofen incombination. After using incombination it’s antiviral activity was high at these concentrations.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen had mild antiviral activity alone and after using combination of doxycycline and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was increased. So these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that doxycycline and ibuprofen when used incombination had
comparatively strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these agents are not toxic. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2437-T] (1).
49.
Evaluation Of Comparative Antiviral Activity Of Indomethacin, Naproxen & Mefenamic Acid Against Avian Influenza H9 Virus
by Shahida Jamil Ahmed (2013-VA-850) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a vital role due to their multi therapeutic approach. In this study, the antiviral activity of indomethacin, naproxen, and mefenamic acid against avian influenza H9 virus was evaluated In ovo. The stock solutions of each drug were prepared in their perspective solvent and preserved. From the stock, three different dilutions (10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml of indomethacin, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml of naproxen and 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml, 80µg/ml of mefenamic acid) of each drug were prepared. For each of drug to be tested, 25 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 5 groups having 5 eggs each, to evaluate both antiviral activity and embryonic toxicity parameters.
For evaluating antiviral activity, the groups of embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 4HA virus, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. For evaluation of embryonic toxicity, embryos of each group were injected with normal saline, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. Two controls i.e. positive control of virus (received 4HA Virus only) and negative control (received normal saline) were also included to validate the test results.
With avian influenza H9 virus the different concentrations of each drug were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline respectively. Amantadine, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, chilling was done by placing all the eggs at 4oC in fridge for overnight section of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of indomethacin, naproxen, mefenamic acid and amantadine were assessed by only inoculating the drug of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. Among the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin showed significant antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus as compared to naproxen and mefenamic acid. Naproxen showed antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus greater than that of mefenamic acid. However, antiviral activity of mefenamic acid as compared to naproxen and indomethacin is negligible against influenza H9 virus when confirmed by Spot Hemagglutination test while reduction in viral titre was observed by Hemagglutination test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2432-T] (1).
50.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Astragalus Membranaceus Roots
by Sadia Alvi (2013-VA-595) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The present study was designed to evaluate antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus root against common poultry pathogens. Sequential extraction with hexane, ethanol, chloroform and aqueous solvents was prepared and antibacterial activity was evaluated by using agar well diffusion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts was evaluated by micro broth dilution test. The extracts exhibiting antimicrobial activity were further evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer was formed. This monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results of antibacterial activity and MTT assay were compared using DMR posthoc test. Growth of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus species, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus inhibited by all extracts of Astragalus except aqueous extract which shows no zones of inhibition against C. perfringes. MIC values were higher for aqueous extract against all selected bacteria and lowest for chloroform against E. coli, S. enterica and Staph. aureus (208.3ug/ml, 156.25ug/ml, 78.125ug/ml respectively) for hexane against Haemophilus species (833.3ug/ml) and for all three extracts against C.perfringes (1250ug/ml). Hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts were appeared to be safe at all concentrations except ≥ 2000μg/ml, ≥1000μg/ml and ≥3000μg/ml respectively while aqueous extracts showed cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥625μg/ml. Astragalus membranaceus
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104
showed antibacterial activity against all selected pathogens. Chloroform and hexane extracts showed greater antibacterial activity than ethanol and aqueous. Cytotoxicity values for chloroform extract are safer than rest of three extracts. Astragalus membranaceus may be used to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will be more safe, effective and economical. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2444-T] (1).
