1.
Comparative Efficiency Of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks And Urea Treated Wheat Straw In Fattening
by Farrokh Saeed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in the per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves. These calves could be fattened by using the cheaper sources of agriculture by-products available in our country. Wheat straw is being fed to ruminants with supplemental green fodder. It is also fed as a sole roughage during the lean periodof the year. It is however deficient in fermentable nitrogen and has poor digestibility due to more lignification. Urea impregnation of straws has been shown to improve the intake as well as digestibility. It has been concluded that urea treatment with 4% urea solution at 40 to 50 percent moisture level could be advantageous to improve crude protein content of straw and its digestibility. Molasses, a by-product of sugar industry, is an excellent and a cheap source of digestible energy as compared to all other similar energy feeds. Urea provides nitrogen needed for adequate development of animal flora and thus enhances the utilization of fibrous feed.Preparation of urea molasses blocks appears to be an appropriate technology to fulfill the requirements of animals. A fattening trial was conducted on two groups of buffalo calves with 8 calves per group, to study the comparative efficiency of urea molasses mineral block and urea treated wheat straw. The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum, concentration of total protein in serum and digestibility of different nutrients in the animals were recorded. Economics of fattening rations was also determined. The results of the study revealed non significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum and concentration of total protein in serum of buffalo calves. Digestibility trial revealed that there was non significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, ether extract but significant difference in digestibility of crude fibre and crude protein. The findings of this study revealed the benefits of utilizing urea ammonia treated wheat straw in the fattening ration upto 38% level. It was also ascertained that urea molasses blocks are equally effective in enhancing the growth rate of buffalo calves. Moreover, urea molasses blocks are a useful tool of supplementation of forage diet because of ease of transportation and balance nutrient profile.
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2.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Protein And Salt On Water Metabolism In Broilers And Layer Chicks
by Faisal Gulzar Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Wet litter in poultry houses is a problem of considerable economic and pathological importance; This is due to the excessive elimination of water in the droppings and that contained in the expired air of the birds. As a result of this excessive moisture the litter becomes wet which in turn encourages the development of various diseases, unnecessary increase in labour and managemental hazards/expenses. Wet litter also encourages fly development, reduces beneficial bacterial population and creates problems in manure handling and removal.
A solution of the problem of wet litter would thus involve determination of those factors responsible for the elimination of excessive amounts of water via renal and alimentary routes. One of these causal factors is diet. The present study was designed to determine the effect of sodium chloride and certain dietary protein levels on water intake, feed consumption, moisture content of various organs as well as that of droppings.
Experiment was conducted at the department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore for a period of 8 weeks. Two hundred and seventy day- old chicks each of broiler and layer were randomly divided into six groups i.e. B1, B2 B3, B4, B5, B6 (Broilers) and L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 (Layers) of 45 birds each. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 birds each. These groups were assigned randomly to six experimental rations having 20 and 23 percent crude protein and salt supplementation of 0.0, 0.75 and 1.0 percent level. Weekly feed consumption, weight gain and water intake were recorded. Moisture contents of crop, intestine, caecum, carcass as well as that of droppings were determined at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age. Abdominal fat contents of broilers and layers were also recorded at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age.
In broilers, the feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the level of salt supplementation. At 20 percent crude protein level, F.C.R. improved from 2.60 to 2.41 when the salt supplementation was increased from 0.0 to 0.75 percent. But the best F.C.R. (2.33) was obtained at 23 percent crud protein with 0.0 percent salt supplementation level. However, feed efficiency decreased at both the protein levels when level of salt supplementation was increased to 1.0 percent. The feed consuption within the group was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by the increase in crude protein level from 20 to 23 percent or by increae in the level of salt supplementation both for layers and broilers. In layers, the weight gain, feed consumption and F.C.R. followed a similar pattern as was seen in broilers.
Increase in the level of protein and salt supplementation in the ration increased the water intake of both the broilers and layers, though the difference was statistically non-significant. However, level of salt supplementation had a significant (P<0.O 1) effect on water intake and water-feed ratio.
At 4 weeks of age increase in level of salt supplementation at both the protein levels significantly (P<0.01) increased the faecal moisture percentage. Results of the statisical anlysis of the data at the end of 8 weeks were similar to those obtained at the end of 4 weeks.
It was observed that increased moisture contents of intestines lead to increased moisture in. the faecal material. At the end of 8th week the intestinal moisture content was significantly affected as result of increase in protein and salt levels.
The caecum is the chief site for water reabsorption in birds, and water contents of caecum have direct bearing on the faecal moisture and in turn on the wetting of litter. At 8 weeks of age, borth the protein levels did not exert a significant (P>0.05) effect of protein levels on the caecal moisture contents. Change in the caecal moisture contents as a result of increase in level of salt supplementation was also non-significant (P>O.05). Salt supplementation level significantly (P<0.01) increased the carcass moisture percentage. At the end of 8 weeks all the three factors and their interactions, except breed and salt interaction were significantly (P<0.0 1) different.
At the end of 4th and 8th weeks the abdominal fat contents did not show any significant pattern which could be correlated specifically with salt or protein levels. At the end of 4 weeks all the factors and their interactions except breed and protein interaction significantly (P<0.0 1) affected the abdominal fat contents. At the age of 8 weeks all the factors and interaction had significant (P<0.01) effect on abdominal fat contents.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0455,T] (1).
3.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation On Canola Meal With Soybean Meal For Use In Broiler Diets
by Zulfikar Ali | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr . Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: To study the effect of different levels of Canola meal on the performance of broiler chicks, an experiment containing 240, day-old broiler chicks was conducted. The chicks were divided into 6 main groups, having 40 chicks each and were further divided in four subgroups of 10 birds each. Each sub-group was reared separately in cages, 6 experimental rations with varying levels of Canola meal having CP 21% and 19% and ME 3000 and 3100 Kcal/kg for starter and finisher respectively were provided to the birds -libitum upto six weeks. Canola meal was added in the rations at 25., 22.5, 20, 15, 10 and 0 percent levels with soybean meal. These rations were designated as A, B, C, D, E and F. Starter rations were fed to the birds for 4 weeks and finisher rations for last 2 weeks of the study. Average live weight gain per chick fed rations A, B, C, D, E and F were 1568, 1685, 1633, 1572 and 1677 grams, respectively. There was a significant (P <0.05) difference among the different levels of canola meal. Maximum weight gain was observed in group "B" fed canola meal 22.5% level. Average feed consumption on rations A, B, C, D, E and F were 3248, 3175, 3153, 3157, 3103 and 2935 grams, respectively. A significant (P<0.05) difference was observed among different groups regarding feeding consumption. In case of feed efficiency a non significant difference was observed. The average dressing percentage were 64.41, 64.00, 63.00, 61.75, 62.5, 63.52 percent for rations A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively. A non significant difference was observed regarding dressing percentage. The average heart weight of chicks fed rations A, B, C, D, E and F showed a non significant difference. Flowever, a significant difference was observed in case of gizzard weight. A decrease in gizzard weight with increasing levels of canola meal was observed. Likewise spleen and pancreas weight also showed a non significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments. However, the liver and thyroid weights of chicks fed rations A, B, C, D, E and F showed a significant (P <0.05) different among the treatments. There was a proportionate increase in the liver weight with increasing levels of canola meal. Increased liver weight in high canola meal based rations may be due to hydrolytic products of glucosinolates which are hepatoxic in nature and cause hyperplasia of liver. Increased thyroid weight is attributed to goitrogenic effect of ailyl-isothiocynates causing thyroid hypertrophy.
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