1.
Efficiency Of Nitrogen Utilization In Response To Level Of Crude Protein Supplies In Primiparous Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Saba Anwar (2006-VA-68) | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque | Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Background:
In lactating buffaloes the protein requirements essentially depend on milk production & milk protein content together with the efficiency of conversion of dietary nitrogen to milk nitrogen. Lactating buffaloes utilize crude protein efficiently but still excrete some nitrogen (N) in feces. This inefficient N conversion results in increased feed cost and environmental pollution. There is need for the estimation of optimum level of protein required for lactating buffaloes for its maximum utilization and minimum wastage.
Hypothesis:
To check the efficiency of 3 different levels of crude protein this is better utilized for milk production of buffaloes.
Methodology:
The experiment was carried out at BRI, Pattoki. Six (6) Nili Ravi primiparous buffaloes in mid lactation were used for this experiment. Animals received 3 treatments in a 3×3 latin square design with a 21 days (d) period (total duration of experiment will be 63d). The treatments contain diets are 9% (CP9), 11% (CP11), and 13% (CP13) of crude protein content. Diet distributed as well as orts (refused) was noted on daily basis. Fodder samples were collected after every week in each period for evaluating the DM and for proximate analysis. Concentrate and wheat straw was analyzed once in each period. Milk yield of buffaloes were recorded daily and milk samples were collected for determining composition of milk. Body weights were taken on fortnightly basis. Blood samples were collected for analysis of different physiological metabolites.
Statistical Analyses:
Data was analyzed through General Linear Model by using PROC GLM command (SAS, 2004). Further polynomial linear and quadratic regression were used to determine the effects.
Outcome:
It was concluded from the study that high protein intake in the diet did not increased the DMI and milk parameters except fat contents. Level of BUN increased at high CP diet which depicts the inefficiency of nitrogen utilization by buffaloes. Buffaloes are less efficient in nitrogen utilization than cows. The low protein treatment appears sufficient to support milk production of 9 kg/d. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2453-T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Bovine Somatotropin On Productive Performance In Nili Ravi Buffaloes During Mid Lactation
by Muhammad Imran (2006-VA-16) | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Muhammad Saad Ullah | Dr. Amjad Riaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Agriculture being the backbone of economy contributes 21% of GDP in which major share 55.5 % is of Livestock sectorin the agriculture value added and 11.9 percent of National GDP.Total milk production in Pakistan is 52 million tons per year. Buffalo is playing a leading role in the national economy by producing more milk.Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68%(Anonymous,2012). Nili Ravi is the best performing animal producing more milk than other buffalo breeds in the world (2500 liters per lactation) but daily average milk production per animal is 7-8 liters. Increasing population in the World as well as Pakistan has resulted in higher demand of milk and milk by products. Animalresearchers are trying to devise different ways through which they can fulfill the increasing demand of milk and meat. Milk and meat production enhancement through different biotechnologies are thought to be important for the developing countries. Synthetic Bovine Somatotropin Hormone (bST) is one of biotechnological product which can help to increasethe production of animals.
The current study was conducted atLivestock Experiment Station Bhunikey, Pattoki to determine the effect ofbSTon DMI, body weight, milk production, milk composition, body condition score and production efficiencyin lactatingNili-Ravi buffaloes.Fifty Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were selected from the herd at LES Bhunikey, Pattoki. The buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) with 25 in each group.All the buffaloes offered silage ad libitum, water access round the clock and supplemented with concentrate @ 1 kg for 2 liter of milk production. Group A was administered with 500mg bST at 14 days interval for 5 months and group B was as control.
Dry matter intake was recorded on weekly basis and milk production measured twice a day (morning and evening). Body weight of buffaloes measured on monthly basis. Milk samples were collected after every 2 weeks for fat, lactose, proteins, solid-not-fats and total solids contents using milk analyzer in the Farm and Health Laboratory, Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. Body condition score of buffaloes on 5-point scale recorded before bST administration during adjustment period then during bST treatment in middle of experiment and finally when withdraw of bST administration.
Data obtained was statistically analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) using proc GLM procedure of SAS. Treatment was considered as fixed effect and start milk was used as covariate to avoid any bias.
Milk production, DMI and mastitis incidence significantly increased in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes with bST administration. Body condition score decreased significantly but body weight change was non significant in bST treated buffaloes.
bST treatment increased milk production in lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes.However, the mastitis incidence and antibiotic treatment increased in bST treated animals. Antibiotic residues in milk are major cause of antibiotic resistance in humans which is a huge challenge to humanity in 21st century. So bST treatment is not a viable approach for enhancing milk production.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2571-T] (1).
3.
Effects Of Varying Dietary Crude Protein Supplies On Performance Of Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffalo Fed High Forage Based Diet
by Muhammad Uzair Akhtar (2008-VA-175) | Dr. Anjum Khalique | dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Buffaloes contributed 61.1 percent to the total milk of Pakistan, which is world’s 4th largest milk
producing country. Protein requirements of buffalo appear to differ from those of cattle, yet
information on these nutritional requirements is limited. But establishing the protein and energy
requirements for animals is key point to lead the nutritionists for the optimum supply of these
nutrients. Thus, understanding the protein and N efficiency and an estimation of optimum protein
supply to buffalo is the need of time in terms of economics and animal production.
This study was conducted at “Dairy Animals Training and Research Center, University of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki” to check the performance of buffaloes in
response to increasing levels of dietary crude protein (CP) supplies (9.3, 10.0 and 11.5% of DM).
Design of the experiment was 3×3 Latin Square with two animals in each treatment, and total
duration of the study was 119 days. Different parameters were determined by using different but
recommended laboratory techniques. Milk parameters include milk yield, milk protein, fat, lactose
and density. Blood parameters include BUN, TG, NEFA and glucose. Fecal and urine sampling
and tests were performed using standard procedures to estimate the N efficiency and N balance.
Data was analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS.
DMI was similar among all the treatments with an average value of 14.36 kg/d. Milk production
increased from 7.75 to 8.04 kg/d in response to increase in dietary CP. Milk protein contents
increased from 3.86 to 3.92%, milk fat contents from 6.12 to 6.44 % and 4% fat corrected milk
from 10.05 to 10.92 kg/d, but milk lactose and milk density showed no response to increase in
dietary CP from 9.3 to 11.5% of DM. However, milk lactose yield increased, but body weight of
the animals decreased from 586 to 565 kg. Milk N efficiency also decreased from 21.9 to 18.7%,
SUMMARY
44
but an increase in N intake observed with higher CP levels. Feed efficiency also increased from
0.54 to 0.56.
Blood metabolites showed a positive response to increase in dietary CP. Glucose, BUN and NEFA
increased with increase in protein supplies. While, TG contents were not affected by the
treatments. Milk N excreted as gram per day increased but decreased as percent of N intake,
resulting in reduced N efficiency. Urinary and fecal N excretion as gram per day also showed a
slight linear increase. Retention of N remained unaffected by the treatments but the values are
higher than that of cow, still a point reported to be attached with genetics of buffalo to retain more
N in the form of BUN as its reserves.
Increasing CP supplies improved both of the milk quantity and quality, and resulted in increased
BUN, glucose, NEFA and N intake, but decreased N efficiency. In this sense, when buffalo is
compared with cow, cow utilizes its dietary N in better way than buffalo. But when we estimate
lactation performance of both, at different low and high levels of protein supplies, buffalo performs
better at low level of dietary CP as compared to high protein diet. Current experiment served as
opportunity to recommend the minimum level of dietary CP for buffaloes without effecting the
animal production to minimize the cost and environment wastage.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, increase in dietary protein supply results in improved quantity and quality of milk,
but meanwhile this increased supply causes a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, because protein
supply above the required level starts to be excreted in urine and feces. And 11.5% CP of ration
DM is sufficient for Nili-Ravi buffalo at this production status. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2764-T] (1).
4.
Comparative Freestall Occupancy Behavior Of Nili Ravi Buffalo And Holstein Cattle
by Sayyad Hussain Magsi | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naveed-ul-Haque.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2766-T] (1).
