1.
Effectis Of Supplementation Of Phytase On Growth Performance And Mineral Utilization (Ca, P & Zn) In Japanese Quail
by Muhammed Arshad Shad | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Two third of phosphorus present in poultry diets is in bound form (Phytate P) and is predominantly not available to poultry, as non ruminant species lack sufficient endogenous phytase activity. Phytate probably compromises the utilization of protein/amino acids, energy and minerals including calcium, ferrous, zinc, magnesium, potassium & many others and can contribute to mineral deficiencies. Dietary inclusion of phytase enzyme economically generates blo-available phosphorus and reduces the Phosphorus load on the environment. Phytase is the requisite enzyme to degrade phytate and notionally phytase has the capacity to hydrolyze the phytate and release inorganic Phosphorus.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 900 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments each having 10 replicates of 15 birds. Six corn soybean based diets (A & B) were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but were different in Phosphorus & Calcium levels. Diet A was in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diet B had lower levels of total Phosphorus and Calcium(0.20% and 0.15% less relative to diet A respectively). Five levels of phytase enzyme (250, 500, 750, 1000 FTU/kg of feed) were added to diet B to obtain diets C, D, F and F, respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, zinc retention, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash%, toe ash%, deficiency symptoms, mortality % and economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash% and toe ash% of groups E and F were significantly higher than group B, C and D, (P<0.05).The performance of group E and F was comparable with that of group A (+ve control). No significant difference was observed between these groups.
As far as deficiency symptoms and mortality is concerned, a large number in the groups B (39.30%), C (2 1.33%) and D (16.00%) was found suffering from leg weakness, swollen joints and crippled legs. A higher mortality rate was also recorded in these groups (4.67%, 3.33% and 2.67%, for groups B, C and D, respectively). Very less number of birds showed the above mentioned signs in groups A (0%), E (8.67%) and F (3.33%), similarly mortality percentage in these groups also remained considerably low (1 .33%, 2.67% and 2.00% for groups A, E and F, respectively).
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group F than all the other treatment groups. The difference between group F and A was calculated as Rs. 1.89. A large amount can be saved as profit if diets are formulated with out DCP and are supplemented with phytase ensuring optimum utilization of phytate.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that phytase supplementation ensures phytate degradation making available, the minerals and other nutrients chelated to it. Phytase supplementation not only facilitates the feed formulatin but also make possible the inclusion of ingredients which contain anti nutritional factor named, "phytate". This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1038,T] (1).
2.
Effects Of Storage And Processing Condition On The Quality Of Whola Milk Powder
by Muhammad Yaqoob Ellahi | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Milk is a complex mixture of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other miscellaneous constituents dispersed in water. Milk production in flush season is much more than the requirement. Milk production and supply fluctuate through out the year and during winter it is surplus to its demand. Dairy is one of the expanding industrial sectors in Pakistan; about 17 units are engaged in the production of various dairy products. Surplus milk is available in winter and this is the normal practice of dairy industry in Pakistan that surplus milk is converted in to different types of milk powders. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the physico- chemical and keeping quality of whole milk powder commercially available in the market and comparative study of functional properties among different brands of whole milk powders, evaluate the storage stability of different brands of whole milk powder atl5°C, 25°C and 40°C temperature and study the effects of processing conditions indicator like Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) during storage.
Project was undertaken to study the effect of storage temperatures (15, 25 and 40°C) and processing conditions on physico chemical and sensory characteristics of whole milk powder. Statistical analysis of whole milk powder samples indicated during storage non significant changes in protein, ash, fat, lactose, acidity, burnt particles within the treatments as a function of storage was observed. Significant changes were recorded in free fatty acids, solubility index and per oxide value within the treatments and during storage period of 120 days. At 120 days of storage minimum increase in free fatty acids and peroxide value was noted in T3. Acidity, free fatty acids and peroxide value increased throughout the storage period of 120 days but at 15 °C the effect of storage on free fatty acids and peroxide value was comparatively less than 25 and 40 °C.
Hydroxy methyl furfural was found significant within the treatments and effect of storage period and temperature was also significant. Hydroxy methyl furfural almost remained same at 15 °C, with the increase of temperature it increased significantly. Sensory evaluation was carried out by a panel of six trained judges it was noted that score for color, taste; smell and mouth feel decreased with the increase of temperature and storage period. The highest score for color, smell, taste and mouth feel was obtained by T3 during 120 days of storage. Chemical analysis of whole milk powder samples showed that whole milk powder samples stored at 40 °C were most affected in terms of physico chmeical and sensory quality.
Overall results indicated that physico chemical quality and sensory properties of T3 was found best and it was comparatively less affected by storage temperatures. On the basis of this study it is recommended that for proper storage of whole milk powder 15 °C temperatures is suitable.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1060,T] (1).
3.
Effects Of Different Pre-Starter Diets On Broiler Performance, Organs Development, Gastro Intestinal Tract Development And Body Composition
by Muhammad Sami Ullah | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Farina M Khatak | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: We examined the effects of feeding pre-starter crumble diets for a period of 1 to 10 days. One hundred and fifty day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard Classic) were purchased and the birds were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E) with three replicates having ten chicks each. Diets were fed with different metabolizable energy (varied from 2750 to 2850 kcal of ME/kg) but same crude protein level (21%) with different lysine levels (varied from 1.3 to 1.5%). After 10 days single starter and finisher crumble diets were fed to the birds up to 28 and 35 days of age respectively. A linear effect of ME from 2750 to 2850 was found on body weight in Treatments A (ME=2750kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.4%), B (ME=28000kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.4%) and D (ME=2850kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.4%) after 35 days of age. Minimum growth was observed in Treatment E (ME=2850kcal/kg; CP=21%; lysine=1.5%) after 35 days of age. There was linear improvement in feed intake in groups C, D and E with higher ME i.e 2850 and varying lysine from 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5% respectively and this trend remained same from 0-35 days of age. Better FCR with good body weight were observed in treatments B and D with FCR 1.78 and 1.75 respectively at the end of experiment. Statistical analysis of body weight after first week revealed significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatments B and C. Statistical analysis of body weight after 35 days revealed significant difference (P<0.05) among A, C, D and E. Statistical analysis for Body composition, organs weights, G I tract and Intestinal weights revealed non-significant differences (P>0.05). This study indicates that it is better to increase energy up to 2850kcal/kg with lysine 1.4 % in pre-starter diets for better performance, gut development, dressing percentage and above all a good start for good overall performance at 35 days of age.
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4.
Effect Of Various Levels Of Probiotics(Lactobacillus Acidophilus And Bifidobacterium Bifidum) On Physicochemical, Microbiological And Sensory Characteristics Of Ice Cream
by Aliya Javed | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Saima | Muhammad Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Ice-cream is a frozen mixture of combination of components, such as milk, sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers and flavoring agents. Ice-creams are food products which show excellent potential for delivering probiotics to consumer. Probiotics are basically health promoting gut friendly bacteria. Minimum viable quantity of probiotics which is beneficial for human beings is 106 or 107 cfu/g. Benefits are strain specific and cannot be extrapolated. Keeping in view the importance of probiotics the present research study was planned to determine the influence of various levels of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream, assessing the viability of probiotics at different storage periods and to give innovative and value added product to commercial ice cream manufacturers. In order to carry out the study, Freeze dried cultures of two probiotic bacteria i.e., Lactobacilus acidophilus (DVS LA-5 Probio-Tec®) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (DVS BB-12® Probio-Tec®) were obtained from Chr. Hansen (Hørsholm Denmark). The probiotic cultures were stored at - 18? C in freezer.
These two probiotic strains were inoculated alone and in combination in ice cream mix at three different inclusion levels. Hence there were total nine experimental treatments. A regular or control ice cream i.e., without any probiotic culture was also used along with treatments. Probiotic ice cream preparation and physical tests were performed at walls Ice Cream factory, Lahore, Pakistan. Chemical analysis were performed at department of Food and Nutrition laboratory, whereas, Microbiological tests were conducted at department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.
Probiotic ice cream was manufactured in the pilot plant of the research and development department, Unilever Walls Ice Cream factory Lahore. Ice cream mix was prepared by following standard procedure. After mixing, homogenization and pasteurization of ice cream mix, it was cooled to 41°C and was divided into ten equal parts. Probiotics cultures alone and in combination, according to experimental design, were added in ice cream mix. Then it was fermented for two hours at 41°C. Then mix was aged at 4°C for a period of 2 hours followed by freezing and hardening. Ice cream samples were packed in one liter plastic tubs and were stored at - 18°C in freezer.
Ice cream samples were analyzed after every fifteen days interval during storage period of three months. Physicochemical tests including overrun, viscosity, melting resistance, pH, acidity, fat, protein, total solids were performed by following the methods of AOAC (2000). As far as results of physicochemical tests are concerned, it was observed that both Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum are able to produce acid in ice cream. Acidity tended to increase as a result of increase in the number of bacteria. Highest pH was observed in control (R) sample, whereas, lowest pH was observed for samples having mixed culture. pH tended to decrease throughout storage. Lactobacillus acidophilus found more acid producing than Bifidobacterium bifidum. Ice cream samples containing high levels of probiotic bacteria showed decreased value of overrun. Whereas no effect was found in case of viscosity. Samples with increased level of bacteria showed significantly less melting resistance. Also, melting resistance tended to decrease significantly with increase in storage. Total solids and fat contents remained constant throughout storage and effect of treatments was statistically non significant. In case of protein contents, a positive correlation was observed .Increase in level of bacteria , increased the protein contents of ice cream, but it remained constant throughout the storage.
Viable probiotic bacteria were enumerated by using the technique of spread plate method by using RCA media. In present study, cell count of viable bacteria, after fermentation, showed increase number of colonies. Samples inoculated with B3 were excellent in regard of exhibiting probiotic property followed by treatments B2 and A3. Treatments in combination i.e., C1, C2 and C3 showed results close to treatments having single cultur , which might be due to nutrients competency with each other. Furthermore, it was quite difficult to count colonies in mixed culture. Ice cream samples prepared from mixed culture were more acidic in taste and flavour and were least liked by sensory evaluators.
Probiotic ice cream was subjected for sensory evaluation by five panel of judges. They rated ice cream by using nine point hedonic scale. Color of ice cream did not show any change throughout storage and was not affected by various levels of probiotics. No surface spots were found in any treatment at any storage period. Due to acid producing nature of probiotics, slight acidic changes were observed in thickness, flavour and taste of ice cream. However, overall acceptability for all probiotic ice cream was good. The data were analyzed according to analysis of variance technique under factorial arrangement. Significance of means was compared by using Duncan's multiple range test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1205,T] (1).
5.
Implications Of Varying Electrolytes (Sodium Potassium And Chloride And Their Balance On Growth Performance and Physiologcal Responses of Broilers
by Mirza Muhammad Haroon | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad | FAPT.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A series of experiments were envisaged to evaluate the effect of supplementation of dietary electrolytes with applicability of dietary electrolyte balance by using different salts on growth and carcass responses, body physiological responses and litter condition of modern day broiler chickens under phase feeding system.
Day-old straight-run Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments replicated four times in such a way that a floor space of 0.09 m2 was provided to each bird. Birds were housed in environmental control system. Continuous light was provided 24 hours for the first 3 day and thereafter a light pattern of 23L:ID was adopted for the entire experimental. In each experiment, a basal diet was formulated having lowest level of each electrolyte. In experiment 1, Na and DEB in the basal diet were maintained at 0.08% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was then supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and disodium sulphate (Na2SO4) to maintain four levels of Na (0.17, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.44%) by fixing K and Cl with DEB 200, 240, 280 and 320 mEq/kg, respectively. In experiment 2, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of K and DEB i.e. 0.70% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with potassium sulphate (K2S04) and potassium carbonate (K2C04) by fixing Na and Cl. So, four levels of K (0.86, 1.02, 1.18, and 1.34%) were maintained in eight dietary treatments. In experiment 3, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of Cl and DEI3 i.e. 0.17% and 320 rnEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with ammonium chloride (NH4CI) or calcium chloride (CaCl2), so that, in each diet, we can have the increase of 40 mEq/kg DEB at 0.3 I, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73% of Cl at DEB 280, 240, 200 and 160 mEq/kg, respectively, by fixing Na and K.
At the end of each phase (pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher); data of feed intake, weight gain, feed to gain ratio, mortality, water intake, water intake-to-feed intake ratio and litter quality were collected and evaluated. At the end of each experiment, two birds were slaughtered for their carcass and body physiological responses. Blood was also collected from these same birds for blood pH. glucose and serum mineral analyses. For statistical analyses, four (4) levels of electrolyte were used with two (2) sources of salt in a factorial arrangement of 4 x 2 under completely randomized design using GLM.
In experiment 1, highest weight gain and feed intake were found in birds consuming 0.17% (NaHCO3) and 0.44% (Na2SO4) dNa, respectively during d 1-10. However during d 11-20, weight gain and feed:gain were reduced with same levels of dNa. Maximum weight gain was found in diets containing 0.17 and 0.24% dNa during d 21-33 and 34-42, respectively. Improved FG was the result of diets containing 0.20% (NaHCO3) and 0.37% (Na2SO4) dNa during d 2 1-33. Linear rise in water intake was observed in birds with increasing dNa during d 1-42. Minimum litter dampness was seen at 0.37% (NaHCO3) and 0.2 1% (Na2SO4) during d 1-10. Minimum and maximum mortality were observed at 0.37% level of dNa in case of supplementation of NaHCO3 and Na2SO4, respectively. Significantly increased pH and kidney weight while reduced dressing percentage were observed by amount and salt of dNa. Increased breast, thigh and gizzard weights were observed with increasing sodium. Weights of pancreas, gall bladder, bursa, and lungs, and shank length were affected by interaction of amount and salt of dNa.
In experiment 2, BWG (P0.03) and feed:gain (P0.05) was improved at 1.20% dK during 32 to 42 d of age. K2S04 supplemented diets increased feed intake during I to 10 d (P<0.05), water intake during 34 to 42 d (P0.04) and mortality during 1 to 42 d (PE0.02). Water intake was increased linearly with increasing dK when supplemented by K2C03 whereas this was decreased linearly with increasing dK with that of K2S04 during 11 to 20 d (P0.002). The K2S04 supplemented diets lowered the blood pH (P0.00l), dressing (P0.04), abdominal fat (P0.03) weights and shank length (P0.02). A significant salt x dK effect was observed where low levels of dK with K2C03 and high levels with K2504 exhibited lower litter moisture during all phases. Increasing concentration of serum cations was observed by increasing dK, by balancing of increasing serum HCO3 with decreasing Cl at the end of the experiment.
In experiment 3, body weight gain and water consumption were optimized at 0.73%, and 0.73% (CaCI2) and 0.45% (NH4CI), respectively, during d 1-10. During d 2 1-33, maximum weight gain and feed intake were observed at 0.42%, and 0.63% (CaCI2) and 0.63% (NH4CI), respectively. Highest weight gain (0.60% dcl), feed intake (0.61% CaCI2 0.42% NH4CI) and mortality (0.73%) while improved feed:gain (FG; 0.38% dCl) were obtained by interaction effects of amount and source of dCl during d 34-42. Fl (0.60%), feed:gain (0.3 8%) and litter moisture (0.31% NH4CI; 0.35 CaCl2) was affected during I -42d by amount of dcl. Increased blood pH, serum glucose and dressing percentage were found by dCl and replacing CaCI, with NH4C1. Improved breast meat, thigh meat and shank length while reduced abdominal fat were observed by replacing salts (CaCI2 withNH4Cl).
It is concluded that birds showed better growth performance and reduced mortality against high levels of dietary sodium in Na2SO4 than NaHCO3 supplemented diets, while significant rise in pH, breast and thigh meat yield while reduced dressing percentage were observed with increasing dietary sodium. The importance of high concentration of dK for better weight gain and feed efficiency was depicted in later stages of production. K2C03 increased survivability and dressing responses but both dK levels and salts played important role for water intake, litter condition, carcass characteristics and serum mineral concentration. Birds were also suggested to be more sensitive to amount and source of dC1 in later part of their life.
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6.
Variation Of The Primary And Secondary Productivity In Monoculture And Polyculture System Of Fish Pond
by Muhammad Sohail | Prof. Dr. Naureen Aziz Qureshi | Dr. Saima | Mr. Noor Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was planned to check the primary and secondary productivity of fish
ponds. The primary productivity was checked by the estimation of chlorophyll-a and
abundance and diversity of phytoplankton in fish pond, the secondary productivity was
studied by identifying and counting the species of zooplankton. Sample were obtained
from treated and controlled ponds; in treated ponds in addition to periodic fertilization of
ponds, supplementary experimental fish feed was provided but in controlled ponds only
fertilizers (organic and inorganic) was applied to enrich the productivity. This study
provides a comparison of the effect of fish feed on plankton productivity. Data were
obtained on weekly basis during l " September to 31 November and on daily basis from
I st November to is" November. The data were collected weekly for chlorophyll
concentrations in fish ponds and fortnightly for phytoplankton and zooplankton
abundance and diversity and were related with the physico-chemical parameter. The
amount of chlorophyll a pigment and plankton abundance in treated and control pond of
Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita was observed. It was high in pond
containing Cirrhinus mrigala ranging from 2.056-4.421 IJ.g/L in pond containing Catla
catla it was low (ranging from 0.313-0.768 IJ.g/L). It was observed those ponds that were
treated although showed significantly higher chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton and
zooplanktons but fish was keeping the biomass grazed and there were no blooms of
phytoplankton were observed after the application of fertilizer. Data obtained weekly as well as every day showed a decrease in the level of chlorophyll
with the time. It was high in the treated ponds compared to control pond however the decreasing trend remained same. Primary productivity as studied from chlorophyll was
significantly difference in the ponds with Cirrhinus mrigala (F = 40.14**) and was non
significant in ponds with Labeo rohita ( F = 2.9SNS) and Catla catla (0.75NS) when
studied weekly and chlorophyll concentration values when observed daily showed
Cirrhinus mrigala (F = 52.91 **) Labeo rohita ( F = 20.00**) and Catla catla (11.73*)
all were significantly different and were higher in treated ponds in comparison to control
ponds. The diversity indices for phytoplankton and zooplankton distribution abundance
were estimated for treated and control ponds with different species of fish (Cirrhinus
mrigala, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala). Higher values of diversity (H' =),
equitability (E =) and Simpson index (D= ) was observed in treated pond of Cirrhinus
mrigala.
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7.
Nutritional Manipulation To Reduce Blood Cholestrol And Improve Production Performance Of Broiler
by Hafiz Muhammad Mutee Ur | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present experiment was conducted with the purpose to reduce cholesterol level and to improve the production performance of the broilers by offering different levels of the Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O. For this purpose, 210 day old broiler chicks was procured and divided into 7 treatment groups having 3 replicates containing 10 birds each. Different treatments used were, un-supplemented control group (T-1), Garlic powder (20 g/kg) supplemented group (T-2), Garlic powder (40 g/kg) supplemented group (T-3), dried Neem leaves (5 g/kg) supplemented group (T-4), dried Neem leaves (10 g/kg) supplemented group (T-5), CuSO4.5H2O(100 mg/kg) supplemented group (T-6), CuSO4.5H2O (200 mg/kg) supplemented group (T-7). Different parameters were studied include; average feed consumption, average weekly weight gained, feed conversion ratio (F.C.R), cholesterol level, antibody titre, abdominal fat collection, dressing percentage, copper contents, sensory evaluation of meat and economics of broiler production. The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique (Steel et al, 1997). The difference among treatment means was tested through Duncan's Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955).
Statistical analysis of data showed significant (P<0.05) difference in the growth performance of different treatments groups and concluded that the addition of Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O helped to improve the growth performance. Garlic powder was found to be more effective in the growth performance then the Neem leaves and then the CuSO4.5H2O. Anti body titer against ND and IBD diseases showed significant differences among the control and groups fed with dried neem leaves. The titre was found to be more protective in the groups fed with neem leaves. In respect of, abdominal fat pad reduction, the garlic fed groups performed better with respect to other treatment groups. Dressing percentage among different treatments groups were taken in which the dressing percentage of control group was found poorest while the group fed with garlic (40 g/kg) was found the best among all the treatment groups. Copper contents from the liver and the excreta was estimated along with the primary aim to reduce cholesterol level, the copper contents was found more in excreta that was fed to the treatment groups fed with the pharmaceutical dosage of the CuSO4.5H2O. Sensory evaluation of the meat was done by the 10 panelists, the results of the sensory evaluation of the meat was non-significant (P<0.05) which showed that the additional ingredient used have no effects as far as the consumer acceptance was concerned. Different treatment groups showed different economical benefits, the group fed with Garlic powder (20 g/kg) performed best with the profit of Rs 28.78 per kg, while the control group worst among all the treatment groups with the net profit of Rs 16.11 per kg.
It is concluded from the present study that the Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O helped in the reduction of cholesterol level along with the better production performance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1352,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Different Growth Promoters On Feed Intake And Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Ahtasham Atta | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in peri- urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition. Present study related to the use of a growth promoters treatment trial of about three months in duration to further accelerate the meat production. Twenty Nili-Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the research purpose. The animals were randomly divided into four equal groups (A, B, C and D), which were given four different treatment, such as, Ralgro, Boostin-250, M2 Hormone and control (non implanted) for group A, B, C and D respectively. The basal diet consisted of concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight along with chaffed green fodder ad lib. In each group, feed offered and refusal was recorded on individual basis. The results of study revealed that animals given M2 Hormone performed better as compared to other treatment groups. Among four treatment groups, highest (43.4 ± 12.00 kg) weight gain was observed in M2 Hormone group while, lowest (35.4 ± 12.5 kg) weight gain was found in control group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (429.79 ± 28.22 kg) feed intake was observed in Ralgro group while, lowest (412.83 ± 50.56 kg) feed intake was found in M2 Hormone group. Out of four experimental groups, calves of M2 Hormone group showed best feed conversion ratio (12.40 ± 3.01) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves of Ralgro, Boostin-250 and Control group was 12.79 ± 1.99, 14.14 ± 5.87 and 14.43 ± 2.54 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that M2 Hormone group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (110.23 ± 3.79) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (136.63 ± 4.72) was found in control group. On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that M2 Hormone can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional fattening practices as it can increase body weight gain. The additional benefit of this compound is that it can be given in feed and does not have to be injected or implanted in the body. It is suggested that further trials with M2 Hormone be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1401,T] (1).
9.
Efficacy Assessment Of Galacto-Oligosaccharide Fortified Cookies For Child Health Management
by Wardha Tahir | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Prebiotics (including galacto-oligosaccharides) are regarded as non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health. They impart several important physiological effects depending on the composition and/or balance and activities of beneficial microflora i.e. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Recent findings propose that mal-nutrition and its synergistic relationship with preventable infectious diseases causes 21% deaths around the globe and disability adjusted life years in children's below five years of age. Children who are fed on infant formula are more susceptible to infectious diseases than breast fed children. Keeping in view the need for the improvement of child health through improving the immunity, the present research project was designed. The study was conducted in three different phases. In the first phase, characterization of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) was done. During the second phase blending of oligomate with all-purpose wheat flour at 12, 24, 36 and 48% (w/w) levels were done to prepare prebiotic fortified-wheat-flour cookies at 1, 2, 3 and 4 %. The cookies thus prepared were physically and organoleptically evaluated for the selection of optimum level of prebiotic fortification and the best treatment selected along with control was used for efficacy studies. During third stage, efficacy of GOS fortified cookies were evaluated on selected normal 2-5 years young children. During efficacy study 40 healthy children were recruited and divided into two groups. First group was taken as control and was given unfortified cookies whereas second group was given galacto-oligosaccharides fortified 8 cookies per day. Each individual subject was given GOS for 40 days. Urine and stool samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 days of study for analysis. Weekly follow-up visits were scheduled and consisted of a detailed physical examination and other health and diet related information through pre-structured interviews and body measurements. The data obtained was statistically analyzed to check statistical significance and to compare means. Significant results were obtained for physical and chemical properties of oligomate. Physical and chemical analysis of cookies also showed significant results however within the treatment non-significant results were observed as well as the storage study also showed non-significant results. The analysis of variance shows the mean squares for colony forming units. The mean squares (2.53) and p-value (0.014*) for groups on various diets showed significant results. However, Mean squares for interval and the interaction between groups and study interval showed non-significant
The means show significant results for groups with respect to study interval. The highest mean value is seen for fortified cookies (8.48a) showing that the colony forming units have been significantly increased and the lowest was seen for control group (7.82c) in which opposite results were seen that is the colony forming units decreased instead of increasing. These results were in line with the study of Piirainen et al. (2008) who evaluated the effects of galacto-oligosaccharide.
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10.
Preparation Of Prebiotic Based Functional Beverage And Evaluation Of Its Glycemic Response In Healthy Human Subjects
by Amna Ashraf Bajwa | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. The research was conducted in three phases. During 1st phase characterization of liquid oligomate (galacto-oligosaccharides preparation) was performed. During second phase prebiotic (galacto-oligosaccharides) based functional beverage was developed by adding different concentrations of GOS. Functional beverages was prepared with the addition of GOS @ 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50% of final beverage volume. On the basis of sensory evaluation and other analysis, one sample was selected for further use in third phase that is efficacy study by determining its glycemic index. Accordingly the significant outcomes of the present research are summarized hereafter.
Proximate analysis of Galacto-oligosaccharide sample showed that the results for dry matter are (0.832 ±0.009) for crude protein the values are (0.729±0.126) and for crude fat the result shows (1.366±0.321). For NFE is -0.0957±0.0001 and for moisture is 1.1667±0.011547. The lower values for protein, fat and fiber shows that composition of oligomate is solely based on the presence of galacto-oligosaccharides and has no other impurities present in them.
The results for GOS for acidity shows the value of (0.14±0.02) for specific gravity the values are (1.36±0.0001) and for pH the values are (3.51± 0.01)
The results for acidity of beverages indicated that the inclusion of galactooligosaccharides has significantly affected the acidity of the beverage (P?0.001). All the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments showed that statistically they are highly significant (P ?.0.05).
The results indicated that the inclusion of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significantly affected the specific gravity of the beverage (P?0.00). It is evident from the results that the storage of these beverages is also statistically significant but the interaction between the treatments and storage intervals showed non-significant effect on specific gravity of different beverages
The statistical analysis regarding pH of beverages prepared from different levels of galacto-oligosaccharide shows that all the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments are highly significant (p ? 0.01).
The statistical results for total soluble solids indicated that TSS of different beverages were significantly affected by treatments; however, storage intervals showed slightly significant result and interaction between storage and treatments showed highly significant effect on TSS of different beverages(P?0.01)
The results indicated that the addition of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significant effect on color "a", "b", " L" , "chroma" , "hue angle" parameter (P?0.001). The sensory scores for color, flavor, taste and consistency were non significant while scores for overall acceptability showed that they varied significantly with treatments.
After storage of beverages for 60 days prepared with the addition of GOS at various levels the interaction between treatment and storage level showed non-significant effect for the flavour, color, consistency, taste and overall acceptability.
The statistical results regarding blood glucose concentration after consumption of control and functional beverage with time intervals are statistically significant. The interactive effect of intervals and different food types shows that the blood glucose concentration at fasting for glucose and control beverage is non-significant and functional beverage comparatively to glucose is significant. It shows that the response of control is similar to the reference taken as glucose.
The statistical results regarding glycemic index shows that the GI with respect to beverage type and person code is non-significant. The glycemic index for control beverage shows the results (58.63±8.15) and for functional beverage (63.74±4.50). The statistical analysis regarding glycemic load with respect to person code shows that they are non-significant but with beverage type they are slightly significant. The glycemic load of control beverage is 17.08±2.37 and for functional beverage values are 19.38±1.36. Functional beverage showed slightly increased glycemic load as compared with control beverage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1415,T] (1).
11.
Effect Of Multienzyme Supplementation And Acidification Of Diets On Nutrients Digestibility And Growth Performance Of Broiler
by Abdur Rahman | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Major portion of the poultry feed is composed of cereals and vegetable proteins, which cannot be fully digested and utilized by poultry due to lack of endogenous enzymes. However, it can be increased by use of exogenous enzymes. The major cost in the raising of poultry is feed. Utilization of most grains is influenced by the presence of indigestible complex carbohydrates, such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP's) in poultry. It is possible to partially degrade these NSP's with selective exogenous enzymes acting on specific raw materials, e.g., in spite of having more gross energy in soybean meal than corn, its metabolizeable energy is less than that of corn because of -galactosides (raffinose and stachyose) that can not be digested in small intestine of broilers but these can be hydrolyzed by exogenous enzymes. Addition of organic acids in the feed has shown positive response in growth performance as they are bactericidal and reduce the incidence of Salmonellae in crop and carcass. Furthermore, organic acids are used in feed to get the favorable level of pH for the action of exogenous enzyme -galactosidase .Keeping in view the importance of supplementation of exogenous NSPs enzymes and organic acids, a 35 days trial was conducted in broiler chicks (n=240) by dividing them into eight groups and each group was having three replicates with 10 birds in each. Control group was fed NRC (1994) recommended diet (Diet A). Diet B was formulated with low metabolizeable energy (2630 Kcal/Kg). Diets C, D was formulated by adding two different levels( 0.25 gm/Kg feed and 0.5 gm/Kg feed) of NSP digesting multiezyme "Zympex" in diet B and diets E, F with different levels (0.5% and 1.5%) of citric acid in Diet B. While diets G, H was formulated by adding above mentioned different level of enzyme and citric acid in Diet B.
The weekly weight gain results showed that broilers of basal diet attained maximum weight gain which was followed by low energy diet having 500g/ton zympex, low energy diet having 500g/ton zympex plus 1.5% citric acid, low energy diet having 250g/ton zympex plus 0.5% citric acid, low energy diet with 250gm/ton zympex, low energy diet, low energy diet having 250gm/ton zympex plus 0.5% citric acid and low energy diet having 500gm/ton zympex plus 1.5% citric acid respectively. The differences of average weights of various groups when compared statistically with group A, revealed that the weights of group B, C, E, F, G and H were significantly different (p<0.05) whereas, the differences of group A and D were found non significant. While comparison of various groups with B revealed that the weight of group A, D, G and H are significantly different with B, but groups C, E and F are non significant with B. Groups B and C, C and G, B E and F, A and D, G and H are non significant among each other . On comparison of various groups with group D it was found that weights of group B, C, E, F, G and H were significantly different (p<0.05). It is evident from the above results that there is increase in weight of broilers of group D, showing non significant difference from control group A, supplemented with enzyme complex.
The results showed that maximum feed consumption was by group B followed by group C, A, D, G, E, H and F. The data of feed consumption when put to analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) of group A, B, C, D, E and G with F and H while the feed consumption of group F and H was found insignificantly different from each other. When comparison of various groups was made with feed consumption of group A, the feed consumptions of group B, C, D, E, F, G and H were found significantly different(p<0.05). While Comparison of various groups with B showed significant difference in feed consumption with all other groups.
The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups, which was followed by group D, H, G, F, C, E, and B. The analysis of variance among different experimental groups showed a significant difference (p<0.05) when groups B, C, E, F, G and H was compared with A, while D was insignificant with A. While comparing B with all groups showed significant difference with all groups. Group D and H are non significant with each other which indicate that FCR is better in D followed by H among treatment groups which is very near to control group A, showing activity of enzyme complex and acid.
The results show the values of glucose level at different time intervals, before feeding the glucose level in groups A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H showed significant results. When the data of glucose was subjected to ANOVA it revealed that group C, D, E, F, G and H were significantly different with A. Group C, D, G and H showed significant difference with B. Group B, E and F were non significant among each other. Group A showed significant different with all groups. The data obtained 1 hour after feeding when subjected to analysis of variance when compared with group A showed that groups B, D, E, F, G and H were significantly different with A. Group A, C, D, F, G and H showed significant difference with B. Group H was significantly higher among all. Data recorded after 2 hour when subjected to ANOVA revealed significant difference of group C, D, G and H with group A and B. Groups A, B, E and F are insignificant among each other. While group is significantly different with all groups. Values of data collected after 3 hours of feeding when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference of groups B, C, D, E, G and H with A. Groups A, C, D, G and H were significantly different with B. Group B and F were non significant among each other. Glucose level was higher in H followed by D, G, C, A, F, C and E.
The data calculated for ME when subjected to ANOVA it reveals that groups E and F are significantly different with other groups and shows non significant difference among each other. Other groups A, B, C, D, G and H are showing no significant among each other. ME in groups D and G is equal to control group A which shows the action of enzyme or acid which results in more release of energy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1440,T] (1).
12.
Relationship Of Gender And Body Condition Score On Histomrphometric And Physical Characteristics Of Selected Selected Skeletal Muscles in Kundi Buffalo
by Muhammad Usman Saleem | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Introduction: Present study was conducted to study the effect of gender and BCS on selected skeletal muscle properties in Kundi buffaloes. Tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity are the attributes of meat quality and are related with the muscle fiber number and diameter. Normal pH of the meat is 5.2-5.4 and any deviation from these values show that the animal was under stress before slaughter.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 animals each were taken. The first group was of 10 male animals having BCS 1-4 and the second group was of 10 male animals having BCS more than 4. The third and fourth groups were of 10 female animals each having BCS 1-4 and more than 4 respectively. Samples of muscles trapezius cervices longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were taken from each animal 24 hours post mortem. pH of the meat was measured with the help of pH meter 24 hours post mortem. Water holding capacity of the meat sample was measured 24 hours post mortem using Honikels gravimetric bag method. Samples were processed for light microscopy and stained by using Eosin and Hematoxylin staining technique. Tissue sections were observed for counting muscle fiber number and measuring the diameter of muscle fiber using a morphometry program.
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was made using independent sample t- tests for the comparison based on gender or BCS between groups, and analysis with in a group was made using one way ANOVA.
Results: It was observed that the pH, WHC and muscle fiber number was higher in males as compared to those of females. Muscle fiber diameter was greater in females as compared to those of males. Animals with BCS 1-4 had a lower pH, greater WHC, larger muscle fiber diameter and higher muscle fiber number than those animals having BCS > 4. pH of trapezius cervicalis is higher than longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus but its WHC is lower than semitendinosus and longissimus lumborum. Longissimus lumborum has least muscle fiber diameter however trapezius has got the largest muscle fiber diameter. Number of muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle is highest.
Conclusion: Through this research we determined that gender and BCS affect meat quality parameters.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1451,T] (1).
13.
Effect Of Different Dietary Levels Of Lysine During Phase Feeding On The Performance Of Male And Female Broilers
by Rabia Anjum | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom A. Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1452,T] (1).
14.
Effect Of Different Treatments On Tannin Contents Of Two Local Cultivars Of Sorghum Grain
by Muhammad Asad Iqbal | Dr. Saima | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Over the last few years, use of cereals in the poultry and livestock feed increased greatly. To meet the requirement of the feed industry, the production and proper utilization of the grains is much more important. Some grains due to presence of some anti nutritional factors limit their use in desired quantity. Similarly, their low amino acid profile and fewer digestibilities also hindered the utilization of these nutrient sources. Sorghum cereal is one of them which provide a considerable amount of protein and energy to the animal. Some other grains, sorghum contain a phenolic compound "Tannin" which is an anti nutritional component for both poultry and livestock. Tannin make a complex with protein, starch and some minerals thus reduce there availability for living beings. The present project has been planned with their objective to reduce tannin contents and increase digestibility of nutrients. The purpose of the study is the nutritional evaluation and up gradation of indigenous feed stuffs for Livestock and Poultry, so we can increase the use of sorghum grain in these industries. For this purpose two varieties of sorghum, red and white were used. Red and white sorghum varieties were treated with sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% solution and were kept at ambient temperature for 8, and 16 hrs. At the end of treatment, samples of each variety were tested for tannin contents and proximate analysis. In the last phase of experiment, all the treated samples of NaOH, formaldehyde and distilled water were monitored for in situ digestibility for 12, 18, 24, and 30 hrs. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique. The difference among treatment means were tested through Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of the present experiments showed that the treatment of high tannin sorghum grain with alkali or simple distilled water is the most effective method for reducing the total tannil contents in sorghum grain. It is further noticed that the alkali treatments also affect the overall nutritive value of grain and enhance the dry matter digestibility of the grain.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1485,T] (1).
15.
Effect Of Different Energy Levels On The Growth Performance Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).
by Mubarik Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Use of poultry meat in the world is increasing substantially. To meet the requirements of the consumer, increase in meat production is too much imperative. Japanese quail can be used as an alternative to broiler to increase per capita protein availability. Due to short life span, it is also gaining popularity among poultry farmers. But for optimum production, availability of energy and protein sources is cost effective. Moreover, data on energy: protein is scanty.
The present project had been planned with the objectives to examine the growth and production of the highly nutritious quail meat under local environmental conditions. To attain this goal, different energy levels were used in quail feed to examine its carcass quality, production and growth performance. For this purpose, different energy levels of 2700 k cals /kg., 2900 k cals /kg (which was control) and 3100 k cals /kg of feed, were offered to 600 day old quail chicks for 28 days. There were four replicates under each of the three groups; each replicate having 50 chicks. The birds were kept in cages throughout their life and had been offered ad libitum feed in crumbs form.
During the trial, weekly feed consumption, weight gain and FCR were determined. After the trial 5 birds from each replicate were slaughtered to examine the dressing percentage, liver weight and breast meat percentage. The data thus obtained was statistically analysed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique. The difference among treatments means was tested through Least Significant Difference test.
The results of the experiment revealed that the feed consumption and body weight gain were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group containing 3100 k cals of energy per kg following the control group having 2900 k cals energy per kg while group possessing 2700 k cals was at the last in these respects. Feed conversion ratio was best seen again in high energy group following the lowest energy diet while the control group was intermediate in this respect. The higher energy group showed maximum value for dressing percentage and liver weights followed by lower energy diet and lowest energy diet. The characteristic breast meat percentage was, however, showing lowest value for highest energy diet.
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably high cost of feed per kg of the group C having 3100 k cal energy per kg followed by the group A which possessed 2900 k cals per kg and group B was prepared in less amount as compared to others.
Conclusion
Use of high energy in feed increased the body weight gain.
Higher energy in feed gradually resulted in more feed intake but not up to the pace of body weight gain.
Calories, CP, calcium, methionine and lysine intakes increased with increasing energy levels while phosphorus showed a negative relationship with energy.
Feed conversion ratio was best exhibited by highest energy feed.
Dressing percentage was higher for higher energy feed while breast meat percentage was higher for lower energy feed.
More liver weight was there with increasing energy level was attributed to more burdens on liver in sense of digestion of energy rich compounds.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that inclusion of high energy ingredients in diet has many benefits which consequently results in improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1486,T] (1).
16.
Effecacy Assessment Of Omega-3 Bio-Fortified-Eggs Against Hypercholesterolemia In Human Subjects
by Hussnain Rasul | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which include linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) might reduce risk factors for heart disease through lowering total blood cholesterol, LDL, blood pressure, triglycerides and enhancing the level of blood HDL. Excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids are fish, flax seed, olive oil etc. Recently the efforts had been successful to bio-fortify or improve the omeg-3 fatty acid contents of the products like eggs through feed manipulation. However, the information was lacking on extent of subsequent health benefits of such bio-fortified/ designer products. For the purpose, this project had been designed to test the efficacy of omega-3 enriched eggs against hyperlipidemia in hypercholesterolemia adult human subjects.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid bio-fortified eggs improved the lipid profile in hypercholesterolemia humans. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eggs (more than 200mg per egg); already bio-fortified through feeding management, were obtained from University of Sargodha. The eggs were analyzed for chemical composition; protein, carbohydrates, ash, fatty acids, cholesterol content and physical parameters color, weight, volume, density etc. Representative samples from bio-fortified lots and control eggs were boiled and evaluated for organoleptic acceptability through a 10-member panel of trained judges for parameters of taste, texture, flavor and overall acceptability. Finally, representative samples of bio-fortified and control eggs were used for efficacy studies against hypercholesterolemia in human subjects. Twenty- two hypercholesterolemia adult subjects with both sexes without complications were recruited after informed consent, divided into two groups having 11 in each group. We selected those patients whom cholesterol level was > 200mg/dl, triglycerides level also greater than 200 mg/dl, normal blood pressure and no heart problem. First group was provided with bio-fortified eggs whereas second group was not provided either of the eggs. The individuals in 1st group were asked to eat one egg per day in morning until 40 days whereas the individuals in 2nd group were advised to continue with their usual diets. The blood samples of the individuals were obtained at the start of the study, after this blood sample was obtained only weekly basis for 40 days. The blood was analyzed for blood lipid profile to assess the impact of omega-3 bio-fortified eggs against various blood lipid fractions.
The data thus collected was analyzed statistically to check significance (Steel et al., 1997). Means were compared for significant difference with t-test for physical and chemical composition parameters and with Least Significant Difference (Duncan, 1955) for efficacy studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1522,T] (1).
17.
Comparison Of Histological Alterations In Intestinal Mucosa And Morphometery Of Different Organs In Two Strains Of Broiler Under Selected Dietary Conditions
by Hafiz Yasir Ahmad | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Hafsa Zaned.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Organic acid are well known for their positive influence on the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds. Present study aims to evaluate the effect of organic acid (formic acid and propionic acid) on histomorphology of two strains of broiler used in Pakistan. One hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups (n=30). Out of 120 day old broiler chicks, 60 birds of Hubbord strain divided in two groups and remaining 60 birds comprising of Cobb strain and also divided in two groups. These Hubbord and Cobb strains further divided into Hubbord organic acid supplemented group (HOAS), Hubbord non-supplemented (HNS), Cobb organic acid supplemented group (COAS) and Cobb non-supplemented group (CNS).
All non-supplemented groups were fed a corn-soya based basal diet and supplemented groups were fed same diet with addition of organic acid (formic acid 70%and propionic acid 30%) in the ratio of 1gm per Kg of diet. At 21 day, fifteen birds of each group were slaughtered and measurements, weight of heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine and large intestine and also length of small and large intestine, were taken. Samples from all three segments of small intestine of all groups were processed for measurements of villus height by H&E staining. Same procedure was repeated after 42 days for remaining birds. Results showed that the organs of organic acid supplemented birds gained more weight than non-supplemented groups and supplemented birds gained more villus height than the non-supplemented groups. There was no significant difference of results showed between two strains of broiler except in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum. All the results were same for both age groups (21 & 42 days).
It could be concluded from the results that organic acid has beneficial effect on the growth of different organs of broiler birds and supplementation with organic acid can positively influence the height of villus of small intestine but there is no significant difference between two strains of broiler in case of organic acid supplemented birds as well as non-supplemented group in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum where hubbard strain of broiler perform significantly better than cobb strain of broiler. Hence organic acid improved the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds which resulted in more absorption and utilization of nutrients which further led to improved growth performance of broiler birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1543,T] (1).
18.
Morphometric Evaluation Of Corpus Luteam And Ovary During Estrous In Nili-Ravi Buffalo Through Ultrasonography in spring and Dry Hot Seasons
by Abdur Rehman Ansari | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Introduction: The current investigation was carried out to study the effect of season on
the morphometric values of corpus luteum and ovary in spring (February-April) and dry
hot (May-June) seasons in the same animals and to characterize the biometry of corpus
luteum and ovary during estrous through ultrasonography in Nili-Ravi buffalo. The
correlation between the plasma Progesterone concentrations and ultrasonographic
biometry of corpus luteum was also studied during estrous in spring and dry hot seasons.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on ten female Nili-Ravi buffaloes in
both the seasons (spring versus dry hot). The ultrasonographic measurements and
echogenicity of ovaries and corpus luteum were performed by using linear rectal probe
(Agro-scan AL) of 5.0 MHZ on alternate days during the entire length of estrous cycle.
The plasma progesterone level was determined by taking 10 ml blood samples by
coccygeal vein puncture on the examination day from each animal in test tubes,
containing EDTA. The collected blood was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for about 20 minutes
and then the plasma was harvested, labeled and stored at freezing temperature (-20 °C)
until progesterone (P4) evaluation through ELISA technique.
Statistical Analysis: The data obtained by the ultrasonographic examinations was
analyzed with the help of paired t-test and the correlations regarding plasma progesterone
(P4) concentration and the morphometric values of corpus luteum were determined by
Pearson correlation by using computer software SPSS statistics version 17.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1556,T] (1).
19.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Yeast (Saccharomyces Cervisiae) Sipplementation On Milk Production And Milk Quality in lactating Buffaloes
by Muhammad Haider | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Absul Jabbar | Dr. Abdul Waheed Sahota | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1567,T] (1).
20.
Effect Of Supplemented Phytase On Phytate Phosphorus From Feed Stuffs Of Vegetable Origin In Broiler Rations.
by Hafiz Rizwan Akram | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1573,T] (1).
21.
Morphometric And Histological Modulation Of Broiler Gut Under Chronic Heat Stress With And Without Dietary Yeast Supplementation.
by Ghulam Abbas | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1620,T] (1).
22.
Morphological Modifications Induced By Mannan Oligosaccharide Concentrations In Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba livia domestica)
by Muhammad Tahir Amjad | Dr. Hafsa Zaned | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1625,T] (1).
23.
Physico-Chemical And Sensory Characteristics Of Feta Cheese Made From Sheep Milk Blends.
by Muhammad Adeel | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima Inayat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1639,T] (1).
24.
Evaluation Of Comparatrive Effect Of Zinc Bacitracin, Mannan Oligosaccharides And Lactobacillus On Broiler Performance, Gross Measurements of Major Organs an Intestinal Histomorphometry
by Rabia Tamkeen | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1673,T] (1).
25.
Principal Component Factor Analysis Of The Morphostructure Of Aalt Range Sheep
by Muhammad Imran Khan | Mr. Imran Mohisn | Dr. Jalees Ahmed Bhatti | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1692,T] (1).
26.
Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Catharanthus Roseus On Gross And Micro-Structures Of Selected Internal Organs of Broilers
by Saba Anwar | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1737,T] (1).
27.
Comparative Pathological Studies Of Brucellosis In Azikheli And Nili Ravi Buffaloes At Slaughter House I District Sawat
by Sayyed Irfanullah Khan | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1741,T] (1).
28.
Humic Acid Efficacy Study Against Aflatoxin B1 In Broiler Rations
by Rana Yasir Arafat | Dr. Saima | Dr. Abdul | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Fungus is an important concern in poultry feeds because it can grow at any level of their production right from when grains are in field until the finished product is transported and stored. Therefore it is an immense need to protect raw feedstuff as well as finished feed from the attack of fungus. Aflatoxin is one of the toxins produced by fungi and it causes morbidity and mortality in poultry. In the past different compounds have been employed in order to chelate toxins produced by different types of fungi. Humic acid is produced during the normal decaying process by fermentation of organic materials particularly the plants. Humic acid as a toxin binder is a recent advancement that have got the potential to bind aflatoxins produced by A. flavis and A. Parasiticus. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate efficacy of humic acid to chelate aflatoxin B1.
The study was completed in two phases. In first phase aflatoxin B1 was produced while in second phase the toxin thus produced was employed through feed to commercial broiler chicks. A total of 450 birds were used in five different treatments including positive and negative control. There were 90 birds in each treatment and each treatment was comprised of three replicates of 10 birds in each. In positive control three levels of aflatoxin B1 including 100 ppb, 200 ppb and 300 ppb were added into rations without addition of humic acid. In negative control plain feed was offered without supplementation of humic acid and aflatoxin B1. In rest of three treatments different levels of humic acid including 0.1 percent, 0.2 percent and 0.3 percent were used through feed against three levels of aflatoxin B1 including 100 ppb, 200 ppb and 300 ppb. The parameters including feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, giblet weight, keel length, shank length, dressing percentage, tibial toe ash, gross lesions on carcass, mortality and AFB1 concentrations in serum and liver extracts were studied. The experiment was planned under completely Randomized design with factorial arrangement. The data thus collected on different parameters were subjected to statistical analysis through analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The difference among treatment means were compared through Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) Test at P?0.05.
During first week, birds in all experimental groups showed non-significant difference in terms of feed intake, weight gain and FCR as all the birds in different treatments received plain feed without supplementation of either humic acid or aflatoxin B1. During second week, feed intake, weight gain and FCR were minimum in control group consuming different levels of aflatoxin B1 only, while it was maximum among the birds in group 'B' consuming only plain feed with a non-significant difference in the birds receiving different levels of humic acid. It was observed that with increasing level of humic acid feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency were linearly improved. Similar pattern was observed in terms of the parameters under discussion during 2nd to 4th week. While during last two weeks of experiment all of the birds in different experimental groups were again put on plain feed without supplementation of aflatoxin or humic acid. During this time period the birds in positive control that had consumed different levels of aflatoxin B1 showed variable levels of improvement in terms of feed intake, weight gain and FCR. Non-significant difference (at P?0.05) was observed among the birds consuming different levels of humic acid as compared to control group consuming plain diet.
Mortalities were maximum in groups 'AD', 'BD' and 'CD' with the highest in 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. Dressing percentage was best in 'AK3' and followed to BK2, B, BK1 and CK3. This showed growth stimulant activity of humic acid in addition to anti-AFB1 activity.
Results of giblet weight showed non-significant difference among different groups under study except positive control consuming AFB1. Maximum values were observed in groups 'B' and 'CK3' followed by 'AK2' and 'CK3' while minimum was observed in group 'CD'. Results of heart weight were non-significant among different experimental treatments except 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. Results regarding liver weight showed significant difference among the birds in positive control consuming different levels of AFB1. Maximum liver weight was observed in group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. During last two weeks when all of the birds were receiving only plain diet again as withdrawal strategy, the birds in positive control that had consumed purified AFB1 during 2nd to 4th week, showed a reversal effect by exhibiting improvement in giblet weight.
Results obtained regarding ND titres showed maximum titres in group 'AK2', 'B' and 'BK2' while were minimum among the birds in group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. Results were significant with control group consuming different levels of AFB1. The results during last two weeks showed that the birds in different groups consuming different levels of humic acid and particularly in 'CD' that had consumed 300 ppb of AFB1 only during time period of 2nd to 4th weeks showed a reversal effect in developing ND titres. The difference was non-significant (at P?0.05) with control consuming plain diet only.
During the time period of active intoxication of birds with purified AFB1, the results obtained regarding concentration of AFB1 in liver extracts showed non-significant difference among different groups consuming humic acid while significant as compared to control group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. This demonstrated AFB1 chelating activity of humic acid. The results were also significant as compared to group 'B' consuming plain diet only. Maximum concentration was found in group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. After 28th day until 42 days of experiment all of the groups showed a clearance effect of AFB1
Conclusions:
Findings of the current study revealed that addition of increasing levels of humic acid improved the growth and performance of commercial broiler chicks as compared to control group suggesting its potential role in chelating Aflatoxin B1 challenge of different magnitude when given through feed. Therefore, humic acid is recommended for its use as Aflatoxin B1 binder through feed at an inclusion rate of 0.2% of the ration.
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29.
The Development Of Tea Whitener By Partial Replacement Of Palm Oil With Canola Oil
by Junaid Kabir | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab Ahmad anjum | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Tea whitener is now become a popular trend in Pakistan with 01 billion tons consumption annually according to my personal information and its consumption is increasing day by day. The replacement of hydrogenated palm oil used traditionally is necessary as they contains 49.3% saturated fatty acids, the majority of which are palmitic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid which are proved to be most injurious for human health, raises the total and LDL cholesterol (Bonanome et. Al, 1998). Canola oil is known for its low level of saturated fatty acids, a relatively high level of monounsaturated fatty acids, and a very good amount of the n-3 fatty acid a-linolenic acid. Canola oil consists of an appreciable amount of a-linolenic acid which amounts for almost 10 percent which is a fairly good quantity. In addition, 1:2 is the ratio balance between linolenicacid and linoleic acid which is favorable and well balanced. Canola oil is a relatively rich source of tocopherols,60-70 mg/100g, contains high level of phytosterols (892 mg/100 g. Keeping in mind the above mentioned nutritional aspects, canola oil based tea whitener is developed.
The research was conducted in two phases. During 1stphase the HLB requirement of the canola oil and partially hydrogenated palm oil was determined which are determined as 08 and 06 respectively. Then the emulsifier's percentages are calculated according to their standard HLB values and the doses of the emulsifiers "DATEM" and "GMS" are adjusted according to the ratios of hydrogenated palm oil and canola oil in all the formulations. During second phase the proximate, chemical, physical and sensory analysis are done for all the emulsions so as to determine their resemblance with the control formulation S1.
Different graph analysis regarding proximate analysis of canola oil based tea whitener showed that the results for moisture percentage are (85.69 ± 0.089), for crude protein the values are (1.66±0.22), for dry matter its (14.32±0.04) for crude fat the result shows (7.01±0.03). The variation in all the emulsions were negligible, as the ingredients except fat source is almost the same in all the formulations.
The results for acidity of tea whitener emulsions on the 2nd day which is 0.09± 0.02 which shows the acceptable range, while on the 6th day the mean value of the acidity is also in the acceptable range which is 0.14± 0.01 which means acidity increases to some extent on the 6th day of storage. The mean of the acidity on the 8th day is 0.16± 0.01. The trend shows the acidity increases from 0.09±0.02 to 0.16±0.01 in 08 days. The variation was observed in all the emulsions with the passage of time, but there is not a very significant difference among all the emulsions as compared to control S1.
Mean values for pH on the 2nd day is 6.79±0.03 while the control sample S1 has the pH value of 6.82 on the 2nd day and the treatment which has the lowest pH values on day 2nd is S6 with pH 6.75. The observations on 6th days are shown in pH chart which shows slight decrease in pH in the 6th day with the mean value 6.71±0.02. The mean value of pH on the 8th day is 6.61±0.02. The results showed that pH of tea whitener emulsionsdecreases as storage progressed. A very interesting point raised during study that the pH values of the standard emulsion S1 is higher among all the emulsions on the 2nd day, but as the days proceeds, the pH of the emulsions with different rations of canola oil retains their pH and the pH becomes almost the same as standard on the 8th day. This may concludes that the emulsions containing canola oil retains their ph more as compared to palm oil based emulsion.
The mean value of density of the tea whitener emulsions 1.12±0.02. So overall the results variation is not significant. The little difference may be due to the fact that palm oil has density of 0.89 L/kg at 25 C while the density if canola oil is 0.91 L/kg on the same temperature. The density of all the formulations are comparable with the control emulsion S1.
The results depicted that 'L" value was decreaseswith increase in the ratio of canola oil. Mean comparison for color "L" parameter showed that highest value for S1 which is 90.45 and least value for S8 which is 89.29. The variation is very slight but the palm oil based emulsions are slight whiter in the appearance.The mean value of a* is -0.285 ± 0.095 which shows a very little variation. The level of greenness decreases slightly as the ratio of the canola oil increases from S1 to S8. The degree of yellowness in the emulsion increases as the ratio of canola oil in increases in the emulsions. The mean value of b* is 2.94±0.27 which shows a slight variation as we go from S1 to S8.
The sensory attributes scores obtained from sensory evaluation by trained panelists varies a lot. Addition of canola oil in place of palm oil significantly alters the flavor, After taste and over all acceptability of the tea made with tea whitener emulsions from S1 to S8, the scores are almost the same up to S4 as compared to control formulation S1 for all the attributes mentioned above. Score decreases from S5 to S8 which is definitely due to the addition of canola oil in the formulations. The sensory attributes like fat separation and color get the same scored almost for all the formulations.
Flavor scores are almost the same up to S5 but the scores decreases significantly from S6 to S8, for the sensory attribute of "after taste" the formulations from S1 (standard) to S4 get good scores means the after taste if the S2, S3 and S4 are comparable to the control emulsion S1 while S5 to S8 get lower scores, For "overall acceptability" S2, S3 and S4 are nearly equivalent and good scores as compared to control formulation with 100 percent palm oil formulation with the mean value of 90±02 which gives a green signal that we can partially replace hydrogenated palm oil with canola oil. The formulation S5 get a little lower score as compared to control one. The formulations from S6 to S8 get lower scores in overall acceptability.
Finally it is concluded that the formulation S4 is the one which can be replaced with the control emulsion S1 for making of tea which means 42.5 percent of the total fat in tea whitener can be replaced successfully with canola oil without compromising the physical, chemical and sensory properties of the tea.
Recommendations
The main aim of this project was to make a tea whitener which is based on healthier and heart friendly oil (canola oil) instead of palm oil. Canola oil has been used as a cooking oil and also in nutritional products like "Ensure Plus" and "Glucerna" due to its health friendly composition. The idea is drawn from the nutritional products compositions whose fat part is mostly consists of canola oil.
In Pakistan, keeping in mind a very huge consumption of tea whitener of 01 billion annually according to my personal information. The production may be much higher as my information may be limited. Keeping in mind the annual production or consumption of liquid tea whitener in Pakistan, the delivery of more healthy oil to the consumers by incorporating it in the liquid tea whitener product seems to be a pretty good idea. It is not only the matter of incorporation of healthy canola oil but also the matter of replacement of saturated fatty acids rich palm oil. Keeping in mind the chemical, physical and sensory properties of tea whitener emulsions S4 with 42 percent canola oil of the oil phase gives similar physical, chemical and sensory properties when compared to control formulation tea whitener S1 with 100 percent palm oil as oil phase. Keeping in mind the composition of the canola oil, if tea whitener is made with 07 percent fat level, in case of S4 (The formulation with resemblance to control up to maximum canola oil extent) canola oil percentage if the total fat is 42.5 percent of the total fat, it will give 0.7 grams of omega-3 as ALA per 250 ml of the tea whitener which means that it will provide 2.8 grams of omega-3 per liter of tea whiteners which can help us to meet up to some extent the ADA recommendations which is 1.3 to 2.9 grams based on 2000 Kcal diet (ADA, 2007)
The real challenge in the making of tea whitener formulations with different ratios of canola oil and palm oil is to make a successful emulsions without fat separation, thanks to HLB system for successful making of emulsions. Another challenge is to mask the after taste of the canola oil which can be prominent in the tea whitener, the after taste of canola oil is masked by milk flavor due to which the successful replacement of palm oil with canola oil up to 42 percent becomes possible. The purpose of the product development of making it a source of omega-3 was successfully met as the results shows the partial replacement of palm oil with canola oil is possible.
From the present study it can be concluded that canola oil can be incorporated in liquid tea whitener up to the percentage of 42.5 percent of the total fat without any persistent change in chemical, physical and sensory properties of the tea whitener. The concluded value of omega-3 which it gives per 250 ml is 0.7 grams according to fatty acid profile given by ADA reports (ADA, 2007). They do not affect the taste or texture of the product. My study showed that the replacement of palm oil with canola oil up to 42.5 percent in tea whitener formulation was acceptable among consumers and also the tea whitener retained its quality and sensory properties after storage for 08 days at 04 C. The tea prepared from S4 has the same sensory properties as the tea made with the control formulation. It is recommended that canola oil based tea whitener should be a introduced in the market for creating awareness among the general population about the role of omega-3 n human health and threats of consuming saturated fatty acids. There are need of studies forefficacy of developed tea whitener whether it beneficially transmit the omega-3 to human body or not and what are the health benefits among the subjects. More research work is required to testify the product under UHT treatment to find out what are the changes in physical and chemical properties of the product up to 03 months, it's emulsion stability and it's sensory properties during and after 03 months of shelf life in tetra packaging.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1756,T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Fibrolytic Enzyme On Digestibility And Production Performance Of Lactating Nili Ravi Buffalos
by Burhan-e-azam | Dr. Saima | Prof | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1762,T] (1).
31.
Effect Of Mannan Oligosaccharides (Mos) From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Alone And In Combination With Antibiotic
by Musawir Rehman | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khaliqe | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Poultry feed industry worldwide has been using antibiotics for more than 50 years. But the use of antibiotics as growth promoters was completely banned in 1999 by the European Union (EU) (European Commission, 2001). This was due to increases in microbial resistance to antibiotics and residues in chicken meat products which might be harmful to consumers.
In Pakistan poultry feed industry is using antibiotics. But internationally their alternatives mannan oligosaccharides (MOSs) are being used. MOSs, which are derived from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have shown promising effects, such as decreasing pathogenic microflora of the gut, stimulating a strong immune response, and elevating the strength of the intestinal mucosa in poultry. Exact mechanisms by which MOSs show positive effects are not known but some suggestions are they provide nutrients, they aid in digestion of foods and inhibit harmful bacteria in the gut (Owings et al.1990). Gastrointestinal normal flora plays an important role in the health and performance of poultry (Thong song et al.2008). It is therefore of vital importance, both from an animal and human health perspective, to obtain natural alternatives like mannan oligosaccharide (MOSs).
MOSs have been shown to increase growth in broilers (Yusrizalet al. 2003), turkeys (Kannanet al.2005), and results of many trials indicated that MOSs can be one of the best alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (Hoogeet al.2003), and even trace amounts of MOSs added to a ration were quite effective in increasing the health status and production of poultry (Savage et al. 1997). Stanczuk et al., reported that supplementation of rations with MOSs and inulin (0.1% and 0.4% MOS in diet) did not significantly affect live body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), or feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in turkeys in an 8-week trial (Stanczuket al., 2005).
Actigen a product by Alltech, Inc., is having advanced form of mannan oligosaccharide, which was offered in feed to broiler birds in this trial. It acted as alternative to antibiotics without affecting the performance of birds, It protected the birds from pathogens. Keeping in view the situations the present project was planned. In this studymannan oligosaccharide (MOS) was evaluated on broiler (5*6*15=450) as antibacterial and growth promoter alone or in combination with antibiotic (neomycin) in environmentally control shed of Poultry Research and Training Centre, Department of Poultry Production, UVAS-Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Duration of this trial was 35days.The parameters of this experiment were feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, mortality, carcass characteristics, and slaughter parameters, estimation of ALT, AST and cholesterol from blood. Statistically data was analyzed by using ANOVA in completely randomized design (CRD) with help of a special computer based statistical package (SAS9.1, 2002-03).The results showed that there was significant difference in feed intake when birds were fed with 0.1% MOS with antibiotic from other dietary treatments. MOSs and antibiotics alone or in combination depicted significant results upon weight gain. They were significantly different from control. There was significant decrease in FCE in groups where MOSs was used in combination with antibiotic and more in 'A' 'B' and 'D' respectively. There was significant decrease numerically regarding mortality but statistically there difference was non-significant. Effect of dietary treatments on relative organs weight was non-significant. There was also a non-significant effect on dressing %age. Regarding sera ALT level there was significant decrease in treatment groups than control group. Value of AST level was also significantly less in treatment groups than control group. There was not a significant difference in serum values of triglyceride. Cholesterol level decreased in treatment groups 'B' and 'C' significantly than control but increased significantly in groups 'D' and 'E' than control group. The outcome of this study is that MOS have definite effect on bird's performance and could be used in combination or as an alternative to antibiotics. It is cost effective and beneficial for human health and poultry industry of Pakistan.
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32.
Evaluation Of Comparative Effects Of Zinc Bacitracin, Lactobacillus And Mannan Oligosaccharide On Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broilers
by Muhammad Arshad Javid | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib-ur-Rehma.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background
Bone is metabolically self-motivated organ and it undertakes continuous remodeling. Skeleton provides structural support to the birds and serves as an important source of minerals like phosphorus and calcium. Bone strength and hardness is due to organic and inorganic sources. Bone mineralization is directly related to the bone density. Bone weakness is an important skeletal problem which causes economic losses in poultry industry. Leg bone deformities adversely affect the bird's performance. Antibiotics and its alternatives like probiotics and prebiotics in the feed have beneficial effect on bone health and bone quality in broilers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the comparative effects of antibiotic, probiotic and prebiotic on morphometric characteristics of tibia bone in broilers.
Materials and Methods
160 one day old broiler chicks were reared under environmentally controlled conditions. The chicks were randomly divided into four groups with four replicates. Group I was served as control and fed only basal diet. Group II was given BD + 0.04% Zn bacitracin, group III was given BD + 0.1% lactobacillus based probiotic andgroup IV was given BD + 0.1% mannan oligosaccharide. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood samples were collected for determination ofserum ALP level. Right and left tibia of each bird was separated and immersed in boiling water (1000C) for 10 minutes. Specimens were cooled at room temperature. Flesh was removed from each bone. After this, bone weight and bone length was
Summary
measured. Diaphysis diameter and medullary canal diameter was measured with digital caliper. Dry tibia bones were burnt in a muffle furnace at 5600C for 24 hours to calculate the %age bone ash.
Results
The results revealed that tibia bone weight, length, thickness of medial wall and lateral wall, %bone ash and tibiotarsal index of broilers supplemented with zinc bacitracin, lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the significant values (P<0.05) as compared to the control group. However, weight/length of bone index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the higher values (P<0.05) than the control and zinc bacitracin supplemented groups. Medullary canal diameter of control group was higher (P<0.05) than all the supplemented groups. Diaphysis diameter and robusticity index presented the no significant difference between the control group and all supplemented groups. Between different supplemented groups, tibia bone weight and weight/length index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the zinc bacitracin supplemented group. Serum alkaline phosphatase level of all supplemented groups was lower than the control group.
Conclusion
It is concluded that antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics improve the bone morphometric characteristics, bone density and bone quality in broilers.
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33.
Biometrical And Histological Studies Of Testes In Different Age Groups Of Azikheli Buffalo Bulls
by Salahuddin | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1797,T] (1).
34.
Effect Of Supplemental Bacterial And Fungal Phytase At Diffrent Dietary Level Of Phosphorus On Tibial Bone
by Saqib Saleem Abdullah | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Shela Gul Bokhari.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: The most organized sector of the agriculture is the poultry sector which has a contribution of 1.2 in GDP of Pakistan. It also generates jobs to approximately 1.5 million people associated with this sector. Nutrition plays a vital role in the growth of Poultry birds. Besides major nutrients and vitamins, many other elements play a key role in the development. Minerals are the nutrients that exist in the body and are quite important for the development. The skeletal system plays different roles in body like locomotion, support and it also provides a proper shape to the body. A continuous process of repair and regeneration occurs in bone throughout the life time. Bone related problems in broiler are the result of low production. Phytase enzymes help in digestion of phytate phosphorous which eventually have better effects on bone health.
Addition of Phytase enzyme in the diet results in better growth and development of the bones. Phytase enzyme breaks the antinutritional factor Phytic acid and releases the bound phosphorous that is than utilized by the birds. Keeping in view a 35 days research trial was conducted. A total of 140 birds were divided into 07 treatment groups with o4 replicates. Diet A was corn soybean meal with 0.45 %NPP NRC (1994).Diet B was 0.30% NPP + Fungal Phytase, Diet C was 0.30% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet D was 0.15% NPP +Fungal Phytase, Diet E was 0.15% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet F was 0.0% NPP + Fungal Phytase and Diet G was 0.0% NPP + Bacterial Phytase.
At the end of the trial, the data was analyzed by analysis of variance. The group differences will be compared by Duncan's multiple range test (Steel et al. 1997) using Statistical analysis was conducted with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS for Windows version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results show that there was a significant difference in weight gain (P<0.05) in groups supplemented with Phytase. The bone weight of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). It is evident that Group A (control); Group B, Group D and Group G are not significant. Group C showed significance difference when compared with all other groups and maximum bone weight is also attained by Group C. Bone length of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C shows significant difference among all the groups and maximum tibial length is also attained by Group C. Diaphysis diameter tibial bone of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C showed significance with all groups when compared with other treatment groups. Medullary Canal Diameter of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Maximum Medullary Canal Diameter is of Group C.Weight/ Length Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Highest Weight/ Length Index was attained by group C. The Tibiotarsal Index of broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05).Rubosticity Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Lowest Rubosticity Index is attained by Group A (Control).Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and serum phosphorous level of the broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05). Whereas Serum calcium level was significant (P<0.05) in different treatment groups.
Conclusion
The results of the study conclude that addition of Phytase at low level of phosphorous results in increased weight gain and also increases bone density in broilers.
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35.
The Effect Of Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Extract On Oxidative Stabilization Of Butter At Ambient
by Fazal Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Saima Inayat | Dr. Yasir Zahoor.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This investigation aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of date fruit extract using butter as an oxidation substrate on the basis of certain instrumental, orthodox analytical techniques and sensory characteristics. The objectives of this study were to characterize the date extract for polyphenolic compounds, free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of nitric oxide macromolecules and to study the effect of various concentrations of the date palm extract on oxidative stability and sensory characteristics.
The butter was added 200, 400 and 600-ppm respectively date palm extract and compared with a control, stored at refrigeration and ambient temperature during winter months for 90-days at the interval of 30-days. Peroxide value, anisidine value, iodine value, conjugated dines, totox value, free fatty acids and sensory evaluation were performed in the fresh and three month stored butters. Sensory evaluation of supplemented butter added with various concentrations of date palm extract stored revealed the effect of treatments, storage period and their interaction to be significant. Taste, Color and overall acceptability score was non-significant up to 30-days of storage. After this sensory score started to deteriorate and went on decreasing the rest of storage period. The decline in taste score was not due to the addition of date palm extract rather it was due to the generation of peroxides and other oxidation products. Oxidation products and peroxides are found to be in direct relation with temperature; with rise in temperature the decline in sensory evaluations was more pronounced. This connection between taste score and peroxide value was highly correlated (R= 0.9982).
The results of triplicate treatments and triplicate analysis (n=3x3; ±SD n=3x3) was analyzed by using one way analysis of variance techniques (ANOVA) to find out the effect of the date palm extract to the storage conditions. Differences among treatments were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test.
Supplementation of butters with date palm fruit extract did not revealed any significant effect on the inhibition of free fatty acids (P>0.05). The free fatty acid content of fresh and 90 days stored treatments and control were at par with each other. The peroxide value of all the treatments and control increased during the storage period but to varying degree. The addition of date palm extract revealed a significant effect on inhibition of peroxide value (P<0.05). The peroxide value of fresh supplemented, control and 90 days stored samples showed a significant difference. The difference in control and treatments were in order of To > T 1 > T2 > T3 in 90-days stored experimental samples and control. T3 revealed a maximum resistance towards the increase of peroxide value during storage period of 90-days over the control at refrigeration temperature. It is evident from the result that the addition of date palm extract significantly inhibited the auto-oxidation phenomenon in butter stored at room temperature, however the concentration of oxidation products were higher as compared to butter stored at refrigeration temperature. The iodine value decreased during the storage period in control experimental samples throughout the storage period of 90-days but to varying extents at refrigeration temperature. Control (T0) showed highest decrease in iodine value while T3 showed least change in iodine value during the storage period.
The anisidine value of control and treatments stored at refrigeration temperature were in the order T0 > T1 > T2 > T3. Control revealed significant increase in anisidine value as compared to treatments. After 90 days of storage period the extent of secondary oxidation products in control and T3 was 22.24 and 8.35 at refrigeration temperature respectively. The classical rise of anisidine value was observed in all the treatments to varying degree, supplementation of natural antioxidant offered a great deal of resistance towards the rise of anisidine value. Supplementation of butter with date palm fruit extract revealed significant effect on the generation of oxidation products. Conjugated dienes for control and all the treatments increased throughout the storage time slowly and steadily.
Analysis of variance revealed that the effect of treatments, storage period and their interaction was significant. Taste, Color and overall acceptability score was non-significant up to 30-days of storage. After this sensory score started to deteriorate and went on decreasing the rest of storage period. The results indicate that ethanolic date palm extract at 600-ppm concentration can be used as natural antioxidant source for the long term storage of butter at ambient temperature during winter months. The outcome of this study will help the food industry for preservation of fats and oils.
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36.
Pathological Findings Of Field Isolated Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus (Pprv) In Experimentally Infected Goats
by Qamar Ullah | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is the influential disease of small ruminants chiefly goats and sheep. It is highly contagious viral disease of economic point of view. It produces hurdles in farming of small ruminants in areas where it is present such as Africa and Asia. Those areas where the disease is endemic and huge numbers of small ruminants are reared by needy farmers; it threats their subsistence. Epidemically the disease identified since 1991 in Punjab province of Pakistan.
The aim of the present study was detection of PPR virus through Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction during period of incubation. The course of the disease was monitored through regular clinical examination and hematological profile. The nature of the disease was evaluated through gross and microscopic lesions. The comparative proteomic analysis of field and vaccinal PPR virus was done through SDS-PAGE.
A total of twenty healthy teddy goats were purchased from local market of Lahore and were reared for 21 days. The goats were randomly divided into Group-A (experimental group) and Group-B (control group), with ten goats (n=10) in each group. Experimental infection of field isolated PPR virus was given intratracheally to the goats of group-A. The goats of group-B served as un-infected control group. For early detection of PPR virus through RT-PCR, ocular and nasal secretions were collected on day 1, 3, 5 and 10 from experimentally infected goats and on day 5 and 10 from goats of control group. Clinical examination of all goats of both groups was performed on daily basis. For hematological analysis, 2.5 mL blood was drawn from jugular vein on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21st day post infection from all goats of both groups. Gross and microscopic lesions were recorded after slaughtering one goat from each group at day 7, 14 and slaughtering all the remaining goats of both groups on day 21 post infection. Two goats of the experimental group were died naturally, one goat at day 8 and one goat at day 13 post infection. Proteomic analysis of PPR virus harvested from experimentally infected goats was done through SDS-PAGE and was compared with PPR virus vaccinal strain Nigeria 75/1.
The results showed that PPR virus was detected by RT-PCR in PPRV infected goats at day three post infection and before the occurrence of acute clinical signs. The PPR virus was not detected in uninfected goats throughout the studied period which showed that there was no natural circulation of virus in the area of experimental sheds. The clinical examination showed significant increase in rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates in PPRV infected goats as compared to uninfected goats. From the comparison of hematological parameters in PPR infected and uninfected goats, it was observed that PPRV is linked with some obvious alterations in its hematological profile. PPR in experimentally infected goats led to obvious decrease in the number of leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, hemoglobin estimation and packed cell volume but marked increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume as compared to uninfected goats. The gross lesions were specific for PPR which were prominently observed in the digestive and respiratory systems and lymphoid organs. The microscopic lesions revealed that there was congestion in trachea, sloughing in mucosa of rumen, mitotic activity in cardiac myocytes and hemorrhagic & effaced mediastinal lymph nodes of infected goats. From the comparative proteomic analysis through SDS-PAGE, differences in bands of proteins were observed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1802,T] (1).
37.
Quality Enhancement Of Soy Milk And Soy Yoghurt Blender With Buffalo Milk
by Muhammad Asad Hameed | Dr. Saima Inayat | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Yoghurt is a fermented milk product, which is produced by the bacterial fermentation of milk. It is a rich source of calcium, protein and vitamin B-complex. Lactose-intolerant people can eat yoghurt without any harm as lactose is converted into lactic acid by the bacterial culture. Yoghurt is more nutritive then milk and possesses better digestibility. The benefit of yoghurt depends upon the presence of beneficial viable bacterial culture in adequate number. The bacterial cultures are used in the fermentation process to metabolize the lactose, secondly the proteolysis of protein for improving bioavailability and thirdly lactic acid bacteria for production of some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K. Yoghurt culture are responsible for the production of aromatic flavor compounds.
In Pakistan the production of soy milk and soy yoghurt isnot common because ofconsumerunawareness for such kind of products. Therefore, this study was designed to develop soy milk and soy yoghurt by using different concentrations of buffalo milk. To produce soy yoghurt, soy milk and whole milk was pasteurized at 85°C for 30 minutes to kill the pathogenic microorganism. Thencooled at 42°C. This milk was used for the production of yoghurt.Thecommercial starter culture was used for the manufacturing of soy yoghurt. This culture was imported from Italy.
During storage the prepared soy yoghurt was evaluated for its sensory qualities. A panel of judges evaluated the yoghurt samples for appearance, taste, color and overall acceptability on 9-point hedonic scale (9 = like extremely; 1 = dislike extremely). The sensory evaluation of the product at 0, 7, 14 and 21 day was carried out in the Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki. There was significant effect of storage on sensory attributes of soy yoghurt. Highest score was awarded to T0. Soy yoghurts were evaluated for physico-chemical parameters (Fat, protein, total solid, acidity, pH and ash) during storage of 21 days with 7 days interval. Fat, pH and ash contents were continuously decreased while protein, total solid and acidity values show continuous increase in all treatments. Soy yoghurt was also evaluated for microbiological examination (total plate). Highest microbial count was observed in T0.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1842,T] (1).
38.
Efficacy Of Toxin Binder In Reducing Induced Aflatoxin B 1 And Ochratoxin A In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Umer Zahid | Prof. Dr Anjum khalique | Dr. Saima | Mr. Jibran hussain.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1939,T] (1).
39.
Comparative Impact Of Dairy Farming On Health Status Of Farm Workers And Non Farmers Of Lahore
by Farwa Amjad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar khan | Dr. Saima | Ms. Shakera Sadiq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1971,T] (1).
40.
Alteration In Dimensions Of Different Mucosal Components Of Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba Livia Domestica) Caused By Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide
by Sahar ijaz | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Dr. Muhammad | DR. Saima masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2013,T] (1).
41.
Effect Of Supplementation Of Choline And Betaine On Performance And Blood Triglyceride Level Of Broiler Chicks Fed Methionine Level
by Nadeem akhter | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique | Prof. Dr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2040,T] (1).
42.
Qualitative Studies Of Cheese Made By Using Bifidobacterium Bifidum & Lactobacillus Acidophilus
by Abid hussain | Dr. Saima inayat | Dr. Jalees | Dr. Muhammad ayaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2042,T] (1).
43.
Incidence Of Spore Former Microbes In Pasteurized Milk Available In Lahore Disteict
by Muhammad Asim ikram | Dr. Imran javed | Dr. Saima inayt.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2054,T] (1).
44.
Excretion Of Aflatoxin M1 In Milk Of Mid Lactating Buffaloes And Its Detoxification Using Organic Andinorganic Toxin Binder
by Kabir ahmad chohan | Dr. Saima | Dr. Jalees | Dr. Naveed ul haque.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2073,T] (1).
45.
Efficy Of Symthetic Antioxidant In Stabilizing The Various Levels Of Poultey By Product Meal In Broiler Diet For Subsequent Growth Performance
by Haseeb Ahmad | Prof. Dr Anjum Khalique | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2096,T] (1).
46.
Development And Evaluation Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles As Feed Additives In Broilers
by Sajid Khan Tahir | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Saima | Prof Dr. Habib ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2129,T] (1).
47.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Growth Performance And Gut Morphology In Broiler Chickens
by Imad Khan | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr, Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2139,T] (1).
48.
Pathologenesis Of Anaplasmosis In Balkhi Sheep And Their Confirmation With Polymerase Chain Reaction
by Ajab Khan | Dr. Muti ur Rehman Khan | Dr. Gulbeena Saleem | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2145,T] (1).
49.
Effect Of B- Mannanase On Broilers Performance At Different Dietary Energy Levels
by Muhammad Imran | Prof. Dr. Talat Nasir Pasha | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2147,T] (1).
50.
Comparison Of Nutrient Profile And Organolepic Acceptability Of Various Steamed And Fried Indian And Chinese Carps
by Ahsan Khalid | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Noor Khan | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2174,T] (1).
