1.
Mercury Intoxication In Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella)
by Shehar Yar Khan, M | Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Nadeem Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present project was carried out to study the effects of mercuric chloride (HgCI2) toxicity in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). For this purpose 360 fish were procured from local fish farm and after one week of acclimatization, lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of HgCI2 was determined. Follow this two experiments were conducted to study viz, acute and chronic effect of mercury poisoning. For acute phase experiment 48 fish were divided into four equal groups (A, B, C and D). Groups B, C and D were given HgC12 at sublethal dose rate of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mg/L, respectively. Group A acted as control group. Skin, gills and kidneys were collected after 48 and 96 hours for histopathological study. For chronic phase experiment 72 fish were divided into five equal groups (E, F, G, H and I). Groups F, G, H and I were given HgCI2 at sublethal dose of 0.3 nig/L for 4, 8, 12 and 16 days, respectively. Group E acted as control group. Skin, gills and kidneys were collected from each group after 4, 8, 12 and 16 days for histopathological study. In mercury exposed groups normal morphology of epidermis was disturbed and number of immature cells were increased. Overall skin layers were atrophied and withered. Histopathology of gills showed hyperplasia of epithelial cells of gill filaments, fusion of secondary lamellae giving a club shaped appearance of filaments. On certain areas there was sloughing of respiratory epitheliurn in mercury exposed groups. Histopathological examination of kidneys also showed a wide range of toxicity lesions. Certain areas of kidney showed disintegration and disorganization of cells of both renal and interstitial tissue and consequent dilatation and thickening of glomeruli and renal tubules. Mild to sever tubular epithelial degeneration, and necrosis was also evident. In chronic phase experiment effects of HgC12 on clinical signs and growth rate of fish were also studied. There was suppression of growth in chronic exposure groups (G, H, & I). Restlessness, difficult breathing, fin flickering and jerky movements were also observed in treatment groups. Suppressed growth rate was observed. Therefore, it was concluded that mercury intoxication not only resulted in marked histopathological changes and abnormal clinical signs but also depressed the growth rate.
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2.
Study On Naturtal Quine Strongylosis And Its Control
by Zahida Qadir | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Two hundred equines of different age, sex and breed were subjected to coprological examination. A total of 65.51% sample were found to be infected with various helminths. Strongyles were the most common parasites and were detected in 58.5% of total faecal samples. The other species identified in this study included P. jprum (2%), Dictyocalus arnifeldi (1.5%), Gafitrodisus aegvuticus (1.5%), Anaplocepha species (1.5%), Strongvloides westeri (1.5%) and Strongyles + Ascaris (1.5%).
The higher infection rate of helminth parasites were observed in spring (78%) and in summer (82%) as compare with autumn (40%) and winter (56%). Highest average EPG of 530 was recorded in summer and lowest EPG of 161 in winter season. Age related susceptibilities indicated a high prevalence of strongylosis in equines of under 10 years of age as compared with horses of more than 10 years of age. A higher egg per gram of the faeces were also recorded in horses of 1-3 years of age (512) as compared with older horses. Males have higher prevalence of helminths (76%) as compared with female (49%). There was no difference in average egg shedding by male (304) and fema1 horses (296).
The anthelmintics efficacy of oxafax, ivomec and farbencja were also evaluated. Forty horses found positive for natural strongyle infection were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A, B and C were dosed with Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively as recommended by manufacturers. Group D acted as non-medicated infected control group. Percent egg reduction test indicated an efficacy of 96%, 98% and 81% for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda, respectively on day 14 (post-medication). An efficacy of 100%, 96% and 86% were observed for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively on day 28, Statistically there was a non-significant difference in the efficacy of Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbendazole on days 14 and 28 post medication (P>O.05). However, these drugs showed a significant reduction in average EPG as compared with control group (P >0.05) on both sampling days.
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3.
Prevalence And Treatment Of Faciolosis In Buffaloes Under Farm Conditions
by Sarfraz Ahmed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fasciolosis in buffaloes under farm conditions, efficacy of recently introduced Homeopathic (Trematox) with Allopathic (Zanil, ICI) drug and economic losses in terms of liver damage and decrease in milk production. For this purpose, 500 faecal samples were examined for the presence of liver fluke. The prevalence was observed 15% in buffaloes under farm conditions located in Okara district. For therapeutic purpose, sixty naturally infected and 20 healthy buffaloes were selected and divided into four equal groups i.e. A, B, C and D containing 20 animals each. Anirnals of group-A (healthy animals) were given no medication. Animals of group-B were infected control group. Animals of group-C were treated with Zanil (Oxyclozanide), while animals of group-D were treated with Trematox (A horneopathetic drug).
The therapeutic efficacy of Zanil and Trematox was compared on the basis of pre- and post-medication egg counts. The animals used for this study were naturally infected buffaloes (confirmed by faecal examination). Sixty positive and 20 negative cases were selected for tlie study. rfhe faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of the animals.
Eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and clinical performance were monitored. Faecal samples were examined at zero, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 18th day post-treatment. Animals which remained positive on 18th day were given a second dose of the respective drug on the same day and their faecal samples were further examined on 21st and 28th day.In buffaloes treated with Trematox the efflcacy recorded was 20.45% on 3rd day, 29.54% on 5th day, 40.90% on 7th day, 47.72% on 10th day, 50% on 14th day, 54.54% on 18th dày, 56.81% on 21st day and 61.36% on 28th day.
Buffaloes treated with Zanil showed better results than Trernatox. Decrease in the faecal egg counts was 39.13% on 3rd day, 56.52% on 5th clay, 69.56% on 7th day, 78.26% on 10th day, 82% on14th day, 86.95% on 18th day, 93.47% on 21st day and 95.65% on
28th day as compared to that of zero day.
The economic losses due to liver damage recorded were 21.6 million (Rs.) annually in 600 animals. Wheras economic loss in terms of decrease in milk production in infected animals was recorded as Rs.10,800 annually per animals
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4.
Prevalence Of Parasites Of Zoonotic Importance In Public Parks Of Lahore
by Mahmood Ahmad Tahir | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: To find out the prevalence of parasitic larvae/eggs of zoonotic importance at VaI1OLIS public places, 600 samples (200 canine faeces, 200 lierbage and 200 soil samples) were collected and processed according to the techniques mentioned in the text. Five samples for each material were collected fortnightly from and around five different public parks namely: "lqbal Park, Nasir Bagh, Bagh-e-Jinnah, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Race Course Park" during the period from 1st September to 31st December, 2002. The impact of meteorological conditions on the prevalence of various parasitic eggs/larvae was studied. Forty nine (24.5%) out of 200 faecal samples were sound to he positive amongst which 11(22.45%) were positive for T. canis. and 34 (69.39%) were positive for A. caninum whereas 4 samples (8.1 %) were found positive for other parasites namely: D. canium, Trichuris vulpis, Teania spp. and Strongyloides sp. Out of 200 soil samples 29 (14.5%) were found positive for parasites amongst which 8 (27.59%) and 19 (65.5%) were positive for T canis and A. Caninum respectively, whereas only 2 (6.90%) were positive for other parasites. Out of 200 herbage samples 69 (34.5%) were positive for parasite eggs/larvae amongst which 22 (31.88%), 42 (60.86%) and 5 (7.26%) were positive for T. canis, A. can/null and other parasites respectively.
Overall contamination of parks including all types of samples was recorded as 24.5%. It was observed that during the period of study (1st September to 31st December, 2002), the contamination of parks was the highest between 1st October to 30th November, 2002 when environmental temperature became optimal (27-30°C) and humidity being 75-76%. Inspite of the fact, rainfall did not occur during the highest prevalence of contamination.
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