1.
Prevalance And Anthelmentic Activity Of Indigenous Plants Against Trichostrongylus Of Sheep In District Zhob
by Nasib Ullah | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A Trichostrongylid is gastrointestinal nematode which causes the heavy economic losses to the livestock particularly sheep. A total 240 gastrointestinal tracts of sheep from district Zhob abattoir were collected. These samples were isolated and identified for trichostrongylid nematodes. The overall prevalence was 50%(120/240), of which 39.1% in male and 60.8% in female sheep were recorded at slaughter-house. Plants were collected from area of district Zhob. These plants were Identified and authenticated by botanist .The crude aqueous methanolic extract of the plants were used for in-vivo studies. Eighty sheep of either sex, aged between three to six months and naturally infested with Trichostrongylid nematodes (including trichostrongylius spp. I-Iaemonchus contortus, cooperia etc) were selected and managed separately for the experiment. These sheep were divided into 4 groups A ,B,C and D. Group A was contained 10 sheep and was untreated and considered as control. Thirty (30) were kept in Group B, were further sub divided into three equal groups i.e. BI, B2 and B3 and treated with different levels of Chenopodium album @ 1, 2 and 3 g/kg body weight respectively. Group C having thirty (30) was also sub divided into three equal groups i.e. Cl, C2 and C3 and treated with different levels of Artemisia brevifolia @ 1, 2 and 3g/kg body weight respectively. Group D was treated with Levamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Faecal egg count reduction was criterion for evaluation. Faecal samples were collected before treatment on day 0 and on day 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 post treatments for EPG count.
The results of EPG for animals in group B1 at day 0 was 1325. This rate was reduced to 1250, 1125, 995 and 702 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14, respectively. Similarly EPG of sheep in B2 were 1280 at day 0 and reduced to 1205, 1202, 1001 and finally to 690 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Best results in B group against the nematodes were in B3 in which Chenopodium album was used 3g/kg bw. The results were 1250, 1231, 1145, 590 EPG at day 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14. The sheep in group Cl showed 1203 EPG at day 0, when treated with Ig/kg bwArtemisia brevifolia, the EPG was reduced to 1173, 1115, 700 and 528 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Second level of treatment C2 of
Artemisia brevifolia which was given @ 2g/kg bw initially contained reduced to 1202 EPG, on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 the EPG counts were 1020, 631, 546 and 459, respectively.
Highest dose of Artemisia brevfolia was 3g/kg body weight to sheep in group C3. On day zero the EPG count was 1196. On day 3, 7, 10 and 14th day the EPG count decreased to 1079, 905, 528 and 396 respectively. The sheep in group D, treated with recommended dose of Levamisole showed 1138 EPG prior to medication, which reduced remarkably to 681, 536, 357 and 147 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Although no untoward effects of plants were observed but best EPG reduction results (87.08 %) were observed in Levamisole as compared to treatment of 3gm/kg b.w Chenopodium album (51 .03 %) and Artemisia hrevfolia 3g/kgbw (66.88 %).
CONCLUSIONS
A wide variety of plants are naturally available in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent which possess narrow or broad spectrum anthelmintic activities. No doubt this is true in other regions of the world as well where gastrointestinal parasitism is an important problem in livestock keeping, and the availability of commercial drugs may be limited. Conventionally, trichostrongylids has been tackled with use of synthetic anthelmintic but owning to development of anthelmintic resistance against major groups of anthelmintics viz., benzimidazole, Levamisole and avermectins, people are looking for alternatives to synthetic chemicals.
The phytochemical analysis of these plants and controlled anthelmintic trials along with contemporary knowledge of parasite control strategies may offer new opportunities for effective and economical control of parasitic diseases. So these plants can be better alternative for synthetic chemicals.
Quality control extracts of Artemisia brevifolia and Chenopodium album or possibly isolated bioactive compounds could be a promising alternative to conventional anthelmintics fbr the treatment of gastrointestinal trichostrongylids of small ruminants in the future. Such a treatment could be used in control strategies against gastro intestinal nernatodes in organic and conventional production systems. Further research is needed for studies on the bio active constituents, as well as on the reproducibility, dosage, application regime. toxicity and effectiveness of Artemisia brevifolia and C'henopodium a/bums in other host species and against other economically important gastro intestinal nematodes species.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that further research could be carried out on large sample size in different seasons of the year and large number of plants, identification of active principles of plants with proven anthelmintic activity, standardization of dose and toxicity studies for drug development. In addition to this, large number of samples of the same plant from different geographic areas should be subjected to experimentation keeping in view the possibility of differences in chemical composition of soils.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1075,T] (1).
2.
The Comparative Efficacy Of Various Feed Additives On The Resistance Of Broiler To Experimenmtally Induced Cecal Coccidiosis
by Atta Subhani | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan parasites Eimeria. Drugs and live vaccines are the two main control measures of the disease; however, due to increasing concerns with prophylactic drug use and the high cost of vaccines, alternative control methods are needed. Recent evidence that various dietary and live microbial supplements can influence host immunity against enteric diseases prompted me to investigate the role of prebiotic, probiotic on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Neem fruit (azadirachta indica) and diclazuril is also used in the experimental trial due to their anticoccidial activity. For this purpose a total of 300 day old chicks free from coccidial infection were randomly divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) each comprising 50 birds. The dietary treatments for groups A-F were basal diet only, basal diet + Diclazuril 0.5%, basal diet + lactobacillus based probiotic, basal diet + Mannan-oligosacchrides (MOS), basal diet + neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) and basal diet only, respectively. The birds in groups A-E were challenged oesophageally with 10000 viable sporulated E. tenella oocysts, while the birds in group F were remained unchallenged and serve as negative control. The oocyst per gram (OPG), clinical signs/severity of diarrhea, lesion score, body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, mortality rates, hemoglobin estimation, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were the parameters considered. The efficacy of various treatments was estimated on the basis of reduction in OPG, clinical signs/severity of diarrhea and lesion score. The effect of coccidiosis on hemoglobin, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were also recorded. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that oocyst per gram (OPG), clinical signs/severity of diarrhea, lesion score, mortality rates, feed consumption, hemoglobin estimation, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count of group D and C were significantly lower than group A, B and E (p<O.O5) respectively except group F (-ye control), but feed consumption of group C and D is significantly lower than group F (p<O.05). Body weight gain, and FCR of group C and D were significantly higher than group F, followed by E, B and A (p<O.O5) respectively.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that both prebiotic and probiotic not only facilitate as an anticoccidial but also helpful in body weight gain. These consequently result as an alternative drug free approach to antibiotics for the control of coccidiosis because of drug resistance as well as growth promoter and ultimately reduce the economic losses due to coccidiosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1095,T] (1).
3.
Preualence And Chemotherapy Of Nematodes In Pigeons At Lahore Zoo
by Sumaira Maitla | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Pigeons came from South Asia where they have selected for their flight ability. During the last 150 years, they have periodically been released in several sites as potential game birds but without success since they migrate away from the release point (Williams, 2000).
The present study was carried out at Lahore Zoo and University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore and postgraduate laboratory UVAS, Lahore. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of Pigeons, a total of 150 faecal samples were collected (75 reared at floor and 75 in cages) under different managemental conditions. Faecal samples were examined by three different techniques i.e. Direct smear, Flotation and Mc Master Egg counting technique. Out of 150 samples 33.5%) pigeonss were positive in cage system and (37.5%) were positive on floor system. Overall prevalence in both the systems of management was (35.5%).
Chemotherapeutic trails were conducted by using Albendazole and Mebendazole. For this purpose a total of 45 birds from the 105 positive birds were selected. These were randomly divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C having 15 birds in each group. l3irds in group A and B treated with Albendazole and Mebendazole. At their recommended dose rate respectively whereas birds in group C were not given any treatment. The efficacy of Albendazole and Mebendazole was 97.54% and 82.68% respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1225,T] (1).
4.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Fasciolosis In Cattle In Nangarhar Afghanistan
by Redwanullah | Prof.Azhar maqbool | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1866,T] (1).
5.
Epidemiological Studies And Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Resistance Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Sheep In Balochistan
by Hamdullah | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof | Prof. Dr. Azhar maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1960,T] (1).
6.
Efficacy Of Levamisole, Benzimidazole And Ivermectin Against Nematodes In Sheep In District Jafferabad Balochistan.
by Mansoor Ahmad(2008-VA-161) | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Dr.Saadullah Jan | Dr.Muhammad Oneeb | Dr.Muhammad Zubair Shabbir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The contribution of Livestock sector in agriculture’s share is about 11.6 % to national GDP out of which livestock share’s is more than 55 %. In Pakistan 70% of population live in rural area and nearly 35-40 million rural people directly or indirectly depend on livestock. The population receives about 30-40% of their income from livestock. The average population in each house hold is estimated to be 2 or 3 cattle, 5 to 6 sheep or goats. There are many hurdles and diseases that effecting the growth of livestock industry in the country, among these constraints parasitic infestation is one of the major growth threatening condition which affect the livestock the industry worldwide.
Many commercially available drugs are used every year to control the gastrointestinal nematodes in the animals, specially grazing animals. Uncontrolled uses of these medicines have made the helminth less susceptible to the drugs. And in many regions of world the parasites have developed resistance against such anthelmintic. To overcome the issue of drug resistance scientist is thinking to develop medicinal plant as curing agent against the nematodes.
The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of three commercially available anthelmintic against gastrointestinal of sheep of Tehsil Usta Muhammad district Jaffar Abad Balochistan. The drugs administered in the study were Albendazole, Levamisole, and Ivermectin. A total of 80 sheep microscopically positive and having worm load of > 150 eggs per gram of GIT nematodes were randomly selected for the trial. Four groups were made with each group containing 20 animals alternately. Group A was treated with Levamisole at the dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. The animals in group B were drenched with Albendazole at the dose rate
54
Summary
of 3.8mg/kg body weight. Group C were treated with Ivermectin at the dose rate of 0.2mg/kg body weight. In the results Ivermectin showed maximum reduction in EPG that is 96.17% followed by 91.71% and 84.17% of Albendazole and Levamisole respectively. The data was analyzed through repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS version 20.0. The results showed resistance against in the nematodes of sheep against the drugs Albendazole and Levamisole.
Conclusion
There is a serious threat of either developed or a tendency for development of anthelmintic resistance against Levamisole and Albendazole in nematode population of sheep in study area. The factors that assist to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematode population of sheep flocks recorded in the present study can be divided in to operational, inherited, and medicinal, which need to be addressed together as a part of a potent worm control program. The level of alertness, awareness and technical know-how is unsatisfactorily poor among all the farmers concerned in small ruminant farming. Therefore, there is no dewormer schedule for worm control practices in place at present, which describes a severe fear on the future of sheep and goats production on the one hand and permits an immediate attention on the problem of anthelmintic resistance.
In the present study Ivermectin is commercially available and widely used anthelmintic is still effective against nematodes of sheep. Other anthelmintic were less effective in comparison to ivermectin in sheep of District Jaffarabad Balochistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2966-T] (1).
