1.
Efficacy Of A Newly Developed Herbal Diuretic Mixture In Broiler Chickens
by Mahreen Zahara | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: A number of diuretic drugs are presently used in poultry under the name of "flushers". These drugs play an important role in poultry disorders especially in cases of ascties, liver disfunctions, nephritis, Urates deposition, restoring normal functions of kidneys by eliminating toxic substances and extra fluid (through urinary system) and in oedematous conditions. The present study was under taken to evaluate the efficacy of a new locally prepared herbal diuretic mixture containing Cuminum Cyminum, Robonate of Poast, Sneeze wort and Salt petre and was compared with uronex in broiler chicken.
For this purpose, one hundred a day-old boiler chicks were reared under standard conditions. At the age of 28 day they were randomly divided into groups A, B, C, D and E. The birds of group A, B and C were given herbal diuretic mixture at different dilutions 1%, 2% and 3% in drinking water. The birds of group D were given uronex in drinking water and birds of group E were given with normal water, being control group. Diuretic efficiency of this herbal mixture was evaluated by measuring total serum protein, electrolytes (sodium and potassium) creatinine and uric acid contents before and after drug administration in broiler chicks.
Non significant (P>O.05) changes were observed in the serum protein and serum creatinine levels. The values of serum sodium, potassium and uric acid were significantly (P< 0.05) decreased in treated birds after medication as compared to control birds.
From these observations it is concluded that the newly prepared herbal diuretic mixture was effective and can be successfully used for the elimination of toxic and oedematous fluids in broiler chicks.
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2.
Role Of Alpha-2-Adrenocepter Agonists As Sedative And Analgesic In Fancy Birds
by Uzma Farid Durrani | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Asharaf | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the role of alpha-2-adrenocepter agonists as sedative and analgesic in fancy birds. A study was conducted on budgerigars pigeons and quails which were devided into three groups i.e. group A (budgerigar), group B (pigeon) and group C (quail), each group with fifty birds. Each group was subdivided into five subgroups i.e. X, D, K, X-K and D-K, each subgroup with 10 birds. All birds were physically examined and weighed. In group A, all birds of subgroups X, D, K, X-K, D-K were given xylazine (20mg/kg), detomidine (2.8mg/kg), ketamine (80mg/kg), xylazine+ketamine (1 Omg/kg+4Omg/kg) detomidine+ketamine (1 .4mg/kg+4Omg/kg) respectively via intramuscular route. In group B, all birds of subgroups X, D, K, X-K, D-K were given xylazine (16mg/kg), detomidine (1 .4mg/kg), ketamine (60mg/kg), xylazine+ketamine (8mg/kg+3 0mg/kg), detomidine+ketamine (0.7mg/kg + 30mg/kg) respectively via intramuscular route. In group C, all birds of subgroups X, D, K, X-K, D-K were given xylazine (18mg/kg), detomidine (2.4mg/kg), ketamine (60mg/kg), xylazine+ketamine (9mglkg+30mg/kg), detomidine+ketamine (1 .2mg/kg+3 0mg/kg) respectively via intramuscular route.
Different parameters i.e. time and nature of induction, duration, recovery, temperature, respiration, heart rate, reflexes and degree of analgesia were used for the evaluation of sedation and anaesthesia.
The results of this study indicated that in budgerigars, for non surgical procedures, xylazine (alone) can be used safely. For minor and major surgical procedures of budgerigars xylazine-ketamine combination can be used safely. In pigeons, for non surgical procedures, detomidine (alone) can be used safely; however, in case of unavailability of detomidine second choice is xylazine (alone). For minor and major surgical procedures of pigeons either xylazine-ketamine combination or detomidine-ketamine combination can be used safely. In quails, for non surgical procedures, xylazine (alone) can be used safely while for minor and major surgical procedures of quails, xylazine-ketamine combination can be used safely. Second choice for this purpose is detomidine-ketamine combination. All sedatives and anaesthetics should be used with proper thermoregulatory measures.
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3.
Bioavailability Of Norfloxacin After Flock Medication Via Drinking Water In Broilers
by Irfan Obaid Ullah | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: This project was done to determine the plasma concentration of Norfioxacin in broiler chickens after its administration through drinking water, stability of Norfioxacin in drinking water and to check the bioavailability of two products of Norfioxacin of two different companies by using the technique of microbiological assay.
In this project collected 60 birds which were divided into two groups which were further divided into six sub-groups containing 5 birds each. Two different Norfioxacin products (Norexcel given to group A and Anflox to group B) was used at the dose rate of lml/1 through drinking water and then blood samples were taken at different specific time intervals to determine the plasma concentration of Norfioxacin through microbiological assay technique.
The Maximum plasma concentration (Cpmax) attained by group A was 2.700±0.0683µg/ml and group B was 2.583±0.083µg/ml. The Maximum time (Tmax) for both group A and B was 2 hours. Area under the curve for group A was 201.166 ± 3.387µg/hr/ml and for group B was 203.616 ± 2. 674µg/hr/ml and Cpmjn. for group A was 1.150±0.0428 µg/ml and for group B was 1.016±O.0401µg/ml.
This project showed that Oral administration of Norfioxacin, gave better bio-availability than other routes of administration of drug. Maximum plasma concentration (Cpmax) achieved by Norfioxacin in this study is enough to check the sensitive micro-organism. The medication of Norfioxacin through drinking water is better because it remains stable in water, and its stability in water is upto 90% which checked after every 4 hours, so no suggestions for renewal of fresh solution of Norfioxacin.
According to this data we concluded that the dose given in this project (1m1/l) of drinking water is enough for the treatment and cure of the bacteriological infection and this also tells that the way of medication through continuous drinking water is the method of choice for getting maximum results.
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4.
Effect Of Levamisole On The Cholinesterase Inhibition By Trichlorfon In Rabbits
by Hafiz Muhammad Irfan | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: This project was designed in female rabbits to find out Trichiorfon- induced toxicosis and its interaction with Levamisole by inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme, taking account of the administration of levamisole before trichiorfon dosing. For this purpose, twenty female rabbits with weights of 1.0kg to 1.9kg were divided into four groups. Each group (A, B, C and D) containing five rabbits. Group 'A' was considered as control, group B was given trichiorfon 10mg/kg body weight (orally), while group 'C' was treated with levamisolelomg/kg (S/C) and then trichiorfon 10mg/kg (orally) after 30minutes of levamisole and the group 'D' was given levamisole 10mg/kg (S/C). After determination of butyryl cholinesterase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, aspartate aminotransferase activity and alanine aminotransferase activity, it was observed that Trichiorfon and Levamisole significantly inhibited butyryl cholinesterase enzyme at 10mg/kg body weight Where as Levamisole pretreatment did not potentiate the inhibitory activity of Trichlorfon at 10mg/kg body weight dosage whether the Levamisole was given subcutaneously or orally. The alkaline phosphatase activity was increased significantly with Trichiorfon and Levamisole had no significant effect on it while the effect on aspartate aminotransferase was non significant. The alanine aminotransferase activity was decreased significantly with Levamisole. The results also showed that the time interval between Levamisole and Trichiorfon dosage and route of administration did not affect the cholinesterase activity. No clinical signs and postmortem lesions were observed at 10mg/kg body weight dosage while Levamisole at 50mg/kg body weight, produced signs of toxicosis. In general, there was no adverse drug interaction between Levamisole and Trichlorfon.
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5.
Tha Anti-Inflammatory And Antipyretic Activity Of Nigella Sativa (Black Seeds, Kalonji) On Induced Inflammation And pyrexia in rabbits
by Muhammad Atif Raza Cheema | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Scientific interest in medicinal plants has grown rapidly due to increased efficiency of new plant-derived drugs, growing interest in natural products, and rising concerns about the side effects of conventional medicine. Before being considered for clinical trials in humans, the active ingredients of these plants should be identified and must show tolerable levels of toxicity in several animal models. Today, there are at least 120 distinct chemical substances derived from plants that are considered as important drugs currently in use in one or more countries in the world. More than 150 studies conducted since 1959 confirmed the pharmacological effectiveness of N. sativa seed constituents. N. sativa seed is a complex substance of more than 100 compounds, some of which have not yet been identified or studied. A combination of fatty acids, volatile oils and trace elements are believed to contribute to its effectiveness. The seeds of Nigella sativa Linn. (Ranunculaceae), commonly known as black seed or black cumin, are used in folk (herbal) medicine all over the world for the treatment and prevention of a number of disease conditions such as asthma, diarrhoea and dyslipidaemia etc. Much of the biological activity of the seeds has been shown to be due to thymoquinone, the major component of the essential oil, but which is also present in the fixed oil. The plant's mechanism of action is still largely unknown. The present study was designed to study the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect of Nigella Sativa oil on mammals (Rabbits). Another hypothesis is that Nigella Sativa oil has no hepatotoxicity in treated rabbits was also tested in this study. It has been observed that Nigella Sativa oil has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity along with no hepatotoxicity in treated rabbits. The biochemical analysis including ALT and AST showed variations from normal range after injecting LPS and turpentine oil. However, after administering LPS and turpentine oil along with Nigella sativa oil showed normal range of ALT and AST values as compared to values of the control group. These findings indicate that Nigella sativa oil may have protective action against hepatotoxicity in rabbits. All the results showed that Nigella sativa oil can also be used as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent in veterinary practice is less toxic to aspirin. This study therefore, supports its use in folk medicine both as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent and calls for further investigations to elucidate its mechanism of action.
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6.
Efficacy Of Florfenicol Against Haemorrhagic Septic Aemia In Bufalo Calves
by Shoaib Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | D. /Sjeruar Afzal | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqboo.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Two antibiotic preparations of florfenicol and amoxicillin were used in these trials against haemorrhagic septicaemia, singly and along with combination of a non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug (flunixin meglumin).
Forty buffalo calves suffering from haemorrhagic septicaemia were selected and treated under field conditions. Weighed clinical score was recorded before and after treatment in each case on the basis of severity of clinical symptoms. Reduction in this score and recovery or death of animal was also noted.
It was concluded that florfenicol was more effective than amoxicillin and the
n of non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drug reduced convalescence period and also jincreased the survival rate. Therefore florfenicol along with flunixin meglumin is ecommended as the successful therapy for haemorrhagic Septicaemia.
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7.
Comparative Therapeutic Efficacy Of Herbal Medicine(Cocciguard) With Standard Anticoccidial Drugs In Experimentally induced Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicks
by Khalid Khan | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof.Dr.Azhar | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: This study was designed to compare and evaluate therapeutic anticoccidial efficacy of herbal drug (steroidal sapogenin), suipha drug (suiphachiorpyrazine) and Amproliurn.
Total of 150, a day-old broiler chicks were reared for six weeks in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. Coccidiosis was induced in broiler chickens in cages (battery system). The oocysts were collected from already infected poultry guts and were processed and sporulated in potassium dichromate solution according to the standard method of floatation and then the sporulated oocysts were counted by McMaster technique and were inoculated into birds as per required dose rate to induce coccidiosis in birds of group A, B, C and D.
Coccidiosis was diagnosed on standard postmortem procedure and oocyst counting of the fecal droppings of the infected birds. Group A, B and C was medicated by sulphachlorpyarazine (Esb3), steroidal sapogenin (cocciguard) and amprolium (cocoban) respectively. Group D were infected but left un-medicated positive control and group E were left non infected and non medicated negative control.
The therapeutic efficacy of the above mentioned drugs were evaluated by oocyst counting in droppings of all the infected treated groups and by intestinal lesion scoring, bloody diarrhea. Morbidity and mortality were recorded in all infected groups before and after treatment. Oocyst counting was done in all groups after induction of coccidial infection and at the end of the treatment in all medicated groups.
Oocyst counting and intestinal lesion scoring were helpful in evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the cocciguard (steroidal sapogenin) in comparison with the chemical anticoccidial drugs.
The following recorded parameters, oocyst counting, morbidity, mortality, bloody diarrhea, intestinal lesion scoring were subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance, to detect the therapeutic efficacy difference between treatments and the results obtained are as follows.
Oocyst per gram was 1.49*0.78, 20.36±1.89, 2.66±1.47 and 47.7±4.3 for suiphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, amprolium and positive control respectively.
Morbidity recorded was 1.5±0.87, 2.75±0.47, 2.25±0.25, and 2.25±0.25 for sulphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin amprolium and positive control respectively.
Mortality recorded was 0.40±0.24, 2.40±0.24, 1.80±0.2, and 2.40±0.24 for suiphachiorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, amprolium and positive control.
Intestinal lesion scoring recorded was 1.5±0.35, 2.5±0.20, and 1.62±0.12 for sulphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, and amprolium respectively.
Survival rate recorded was 56%, 20%, 33.30%, 0%, and 93.3% in suiphachlorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin, amprolium, positive control, and negative control group respectively.
Percent reduction in oocyst per gram was recorded 97.48%, 18.58%, and 97.19% in suiphachiorpyrazine, steroidal sapogenin and amprolium respectively.
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8.
In Vitro On The Antibacterial Potential Of Ocimum Basilicum (Sweet Basil) And Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice)
by Humaira Tahir | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Jawaria Ali | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: This study was designed to test the antibacterial activity of Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet basil) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) extracts in four different solvents i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia co/i and Salmonella typhi. Glycyrrhiza glabra roots were cut into small pieces and Ocimum basilicum L leaves were collected, washed, air dried, grounded and dried in desiccators. Each plant material was weighed and 20.0 grams of it was taken in four different bottles.500.0 ml of each solvent was added in the respective bottle. Plant material was macerated for three days. The extracts were filtered by whatmann's filter paper, dried in vacuum desiccators and the powder mass obtained was weighed and then reconstituted in respective solvent to get the final extract of known concentrations.Each of the bacteria was inoculated separately in the Nutrient Agar medium in a concentration of 1 CFU/ml and the media was poured in petri dishes and was allowed to solidify.Six wells of 1 .Ocentimeter diameter were cut in each plate with the help of sterile cork borer. In three wells equal volume of known concentrations of plant extracts was poured with the help of micropipettes. In 4th well, penicillin G (l600ig per well) and in the 5th well Gentamicin (l000ig per well) was taken as a positive control. In the 6th well, respective solvent was taken as a negative control. The plates were incubated at 37 degree Celsius for 24 hours and the DIZ was calculated in millimeters. Each experiment was performed in five replicates .Both plant extracts showed considerable activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Ocimum basilicum non-polar components had good activity against gram positive than gram negative bacteria while Glycyrrhiza glabra methanol extract showed greater activity against all tested bacteria.
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9.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Combination Therapy Against Field Isolates Of Various Bacteria
by Sadia Arshad Rana | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr.Jawaria Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: This study was designed to find out the susceptibility of various selected antibacterial combinations (Colistin and Tylosine; Lincomycin and Spectinomycin; Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin) against field isolates of Gram positive (Staphiococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.) and Gram negative (Salmonella and E.coli) pathogens in vitro from poultry. All the used antibacterials were in salt form so were soluble in water for injection. Bacterial pathogens were dollected from field source and were transported to laboratory where those were isolated, identified and characterized by slide method and biochemical teclmiqiies. Bacterial activity_was determined by calculating the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of all the antibacterials alone as well as in combination in their respective groups by tube dilutin method. The lowest concentration (highest dilution) of antibiotic alone or in combination, preventing appearance of turbidity is considered as to be the MIC. Results were computed statistically and analyzed.
Colistin and Ty!Qsin did not exhibit significant results against all selected bacterial isolates although showed efficacy against Gram negative and gram positive isolates respectively. Lincomycin and Spectinomycin attributed considerable activity in combination as compared to the alone agent against almost all isolates. Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin in combination exerted significant results against Gram positive bacteria than alone as compared to Gram negative pathogens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1043,T] (1).
10.
Effect Of Two-Stroke Auto Rickshaw Smoke Solution On Wound Healing In Mice
by Aqeela Iqbal | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof.Dr.Zafar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: The use of 3-wheel auto-rickshaws powered by a 2-stroke engine is widespread in south Asia; exhaust from these vehicles may cause different types of toxicities resulting in different pathologies. The aim of this study was to explore the association between exposure to 2-stroke auto-rickshaw smoke solution (2SARSS) and wound healing. The in vivo model of wound healing was customized to evaluate different stages of wound healing. A total of 56 mice were used of aged 4-5 weeks. After anesthetizing and hair removing from dorsum side of mice a wound of 3mm diameter was generated with the help of a sterile wound puncture. Smoke was collected in the lOOml distilled water from six 2-stroke rickshaws and then these solutions were filtered by syringe filters. 10% ointment of all the samples was prepared in Petroleum Jelly and applied to the experimental group, petroleum jelly to positive control group, no treatment was applied to negative control. Macroscopic evaluation was done by using high resolution camera photographs and measurement of wound by vernier caliper on alternate days. At the end of the study (day 12) histological evaluation was done when the control group wounds were healed. Histological examination revealed a significant delay in the outcome of re-epithelialization, dermal matrix regeneration, and maturation of collagen bundles among all 2SARSS-exposed wounds. Delayed activation of neovascularization was seen in the 2SARSS-treated groups at day 12 post-wounding. The Abbot curve, angular spectrum, and several other 3D surface parameters of reverse wound topographies revealed a highly significant reduction (p<O.OOl) in angiogenesis. These results demonstrate that application of 2SARSS causes a substantial delay in the progression of angiogenesis, resulting in delayed onset of wound healing. These observations validate the damaging effects of 2SARSS on wound healing. Thus, people who are directly or indirectly exposed to this toxic exhaust are expected to have delayed wound healing, which could result in chronic wounds.
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11.
Comparative Efficacy Of Various Antiviral Agents Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Shahzada Khurram Syed | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr.Aftab | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: In this project, 120 embryonated broiler chicken eggs of 9th days were obtained from Hi-tech laboratories Pvt Ltd and were placed in WTO quality control laboratory. Eggs were candled for separation of live embryos. For each drug to be tested, embryonated eggs were divided in 8 groups and marked them with lead pencil.
Eggs were disinfected with 70% ethanol. The New castle disease was virus obtained from Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Virus was identified by haemagglutination inhibition test. To prepare inoculums, stored virus was admixed at room temperature with antibiotics. Each embryonated eggs were inoculated with 0.1 ml of inoculum with the lml of BD syringes.
Eggs were incubated for 72 hours with frequent candling after every 24 hours. After, 72 hours of post inoculation, all live and dead embryos in eggs were kept in refrigerator at 4°C to 8°C. After, 72 hours antiviral groups were checked for the replication of ND virus by means of spot haemagglutination test. Drug's toxicity was checked for the viability of embryo by candling.
Three different concentrations of plant extracts of garlic, glycyrriza and ribavirin in normal saline were evaluated for' their antiviral activity and toxicity in embryonated eggs. Three concentrations for glycyrrhiza 1 5mg/iOOml, 30mg/i OOml and 60mg/i OOml were used. l5mg/lOOmi was neither toxic nor against virus. 6Omg/lOOmi was toxic and killed the embryos. Only 3Omg/lOOmi was antiviral as well as non-toxic.
Three different of concentrations of garlic were lgm/lOOmi, 5gm/lOOmi and 10gm/lOOm!. lgm/lOOmi was not having antiviral activity and it did not stop virus replication. 5gm/lOOmi and lOgm/lOOmi stopped virus replication and also non-toxic.
Three different concentrations 5ig/m1, lOtg/ml, 2Oig/ml of ribavirin were used. The first concentration was not having toxicity and antiviral activity. Second concentration was antiviral as well as non-toxic. Third concentration was toxic and killed the embryos.
This project was designed to investigate the efficacy of ribavirin and plant extracts (garlic and glycyrrhiza) against new castle disease virus and to reduce the cost of antiviral medicines and to explore flora of Pakistan.
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12.
Effect Of Diclofenac Sodium On Angiogenesis Using Chorio Allantoic Membrance (Cam) Assay
by Iradat hussain | Dr.Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof.Dr.Habib | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Angiogenesis, the growth of new capillary blood vessels in the body, has much more importance in healing and reproduction. The body controls angiogenesis as there is a natural balance between growth and inhibitory factors in healthy tissues.
When this balance is disturbed, the result is either too much or too little angiogenesis. Abnormal blood vessel growth, either excessive or insufficient, is now recognized as a "common denominator" underlying many deadly and debilitating conditions, including cancer, skin diseases, age-related blindness, diabetic ulcers, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and many others.
Treating angiogenesis with anti-angiogenic compounds results in safe and effective anti-angiogenic therapies. In current experiment, focus was on the effect of Diclofenac sodium on angiogenesis using chicken chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Fresh fertilized eggs were taken, sprayed with 70% ethanol and incubated at 37 °C (humidity 55-60%). At day 5 of incubation a small window was made on each egg, 4-5 ml of albumin was aspirated, windows were sealed with sterile Para-film and eggs were returned to incubator. Concentrations i.e. 0.7%, 0.5%, 0.3% were prepared in distilled water. Filtered concentrations of the Diclofenac sodium were used for experimental analysis and applied to the CAMs on day 7 of incubation. Macroscopic vascular changes were evidently observed among all treated CAMs on day 6 of incubation. There was reduction in total area and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels was observed after treating CAMs with Diclofenac sodium. By using SPIP (Scanning probe image processor) software, 3D surface roughness measurements, Sa (surface area ), Sq (root mean square), Ssk (surface deviation), Sku (peakedness), Sdr (ratio of increment of interfacial area of a surface over sampling area), Sci (ratio of void volume of the unit sampling area at core zone over root mean square deviation ), Sy (lowest valley), Sz (average absolute height), Ssc (arithmetic mean submit), Sdq (root mean square sloop), Spk (reduce summit height), Sku (kurtosis of surface) , Stdi (texture index), Sk (core roughness depth) were carried out which clearly elaborated anti-angiogenic effect of Diclofenac sodium on CAMs. Diclofenac sodium inhibits angiogenesis, which is a common denominator shared by various major disease.
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