1.
Molecular Basis Of Antibiotic Resistanc In E. Coli Isolates From Poultry Drinking Water
by Hira Naseer | Ms. Sehrish Firyal | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Back Ground:
E. coli is a single-celled organism belonging to the large bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae, the enteric bacteria. Most of the E. coli strains are harmless but there are some serotypes of it that are pathogenic and cause serious food poisoning in human and major economic losses in both chicken and turkeys. Poultry, the second largest industry in Pakistan is supplied by lots of antibiotics like streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin etc, either through feed or water. Use of antibiotics at large scale is resulting in the development of antibiotic resistance in poultry and human.
Hypothesis:
To check the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in E.coli and to find out the genotypic and phenotypic correlation between resistant E.coli from poultry drinking water.
Methodology/Parameters:
In this study, drinking water samples from poultry water were collected and cultured on MacConkey agar. Standard disk diffusion method will be used to check antibiotic susceptibility. Plasmid DNA was extracted from colonies showing antibiotic resistance by mini-prep protocol. Using universal set of primers, antibiotic resistant genes was amplified and then sequenced. The sequence thus obtained was compared in the database with previously reported sequences of antibiotic resistant gene in E. coli strains.
Statistical Design:
Prevalence of tetA and tetB genes was shown by a Column chart.
Outcomes:
This study helped to find out prevalence of these antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli isolated from poultry drinking water, which are potential threats to human being.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1497,T] (1).
2.
Feeding Behavior And Performance Of Sheep And Goats Under Various Feeding Management Systems
by Nasrullah | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullan | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Sheep and goats have been bestowed with the capacity of surviving under a variety of environmental conditions including the coastal region, plains and high mountains. The profitable small ruminants farming depend upon feeding and management systems because the feed cost is 70% in any livestock farming. In Pakistan, mostly people grazed ruminants on summer and winter fodders for maintenance and production requirements. Commercial livestock production demands a change in feeding with a trend for more efficient utilization of scarce feed resources. The proposed study was planned in to three experiments under a factorial arrangement to evaluate the growth performance of sheep and goats. In experiment one a study was first conducted to compare the voluntary intake and digestibility of janter (coriandrum sativum), guar (cyamopsis tetragonolba), cowpea (Vigna sinesis) in sheep and goats. For this purpose, 90 female animals (sheep n=45 and goats n = 45) were selected randomly and divided equally in, 6 groups representing each species under 2×3 factorial arrangements, Groups A,B ,C represented goats while group D,E,F represented sheep. Results showed that goats spent more time on eating than sheep while ruminating time was higher in sheep than goats. Drinking time was not different (P>0.05) among the species. Goats spent more time on playing and resting than sheep fed guar, cowpeas and jantar. Dry mater CP, NDF, ADF and GE intake was higher in sheep than goats fed guar, cowpeas and jantar. DMD and CP were higher in sheep than goats fed guar. NDF and ADF digestibility was similar in both species. Average daily weight gain, feed efficiency and cost of gain were similar in both the species. It is concluded that the jantar fodder in summer is most suitable fodder for sheep and goats compare to guar and Cowpea. In the second trial of the first phase study comparison of voluntary intake and digestibility maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and millet (Pennisetum americanum) in sheep and goats were compared. Statistical analyses showed that eating time was higher (P?0.05) in goats than sheep fed maize, millet and sorghum while, sheep spent more time on ruminating, drinking and standing than goats. Goats showed higher playing, resting and other activities than sheep fed maize, millet and sorghum. Dry matter CP, NDF and ADF intake was similar (P>0.05) in both the species fed maize, millet and sorghum. Dry matter digestibility was similar in sheep and goats fed maize, millet and sorghum. NDF digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in goat and sheep fed sorghum while this was different (P?0.05) when maize and millet were fed. ADF digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in goat and sheep. Average daily weight gain feed efficiency and cost of gain was not significant (P>0.05) among both the species fed maize, millet and sorghum. Results of the study showed that the non leguminous fodders during summer are equally preferred by both species. In second the phase voluntary feed intake and digestibility of berseem, (Trifolium alexandrium) lucerne, (Medicago Sativa), oats, (Avena Sativa) in female sheep and goats was studied. For this purpose, female animals (n=90) of sheep (n=45) and goats (n=45) were randomly selected and divided equally in six in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Results showed that eating time was higher (P<0.05) in goats than sheep, while ruminating time was more in sheep than goats fed berseem lucerne and oats, whereas time spent on drinking was similar in both goats and sheep. Goats utilized less time in standing, higher (P<0.05) time in playing, resting and other activities than sheep fed maize, millet and sorghum. Crude protein intake was higher (P<0.05) in goats than sheep fed berseem and lucerne. DM intake was higher (P<0.05) in goats than in sheep fed berseem, while it was similar when fed lucerne and oats fodder. NDF, ADF and GE (M cal/d) intakes were higher (P<0.05) in goats than sheep fed berseem and lucerne fodder however it was similar in both the species fed on oats fodder. DM digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in sheep and goats fed berseem, lucerne and oats. CP digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in goats than in sheep fed berseem. When fed Lucerne and oats there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between goats and sheep.. NDF digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in goats than in sheep fed berseem. Average daily gain, feed efficiency and cost of gain/kg was non-significant (P>0.05) between goats and sheep fed berseem, lucern and oats. Results demonstrated that during winter the most suitable fodder for sheep and goats is lucerne fodder. In the second experiment the study was conducted to compare the performance of sheep and goats under various feeding management systems in which ninety female animals were selected and divided into six equal groups with three groups of each species (sheep n=45, goats n=45) under a 2×3 factorial arrangement. These were in extensive, semi-intensive and intensive feeding management systems. Dry matter intake was higher (P?0.05) (P<0.05) in sheep than goats kept under extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. Crude protein intake was significantly higher (P<0.05) in sheep than goats fed intensively. NDF and ADF intake was higher (P?0.05) (P<0.05) in sheep than in goats. Average daily weight gain was higher in sheep than goats on the extensive system followed by the semi-intensive system. Feed efficiency was similar in goats and sheep while the cost of gain per kg was more economical in sheep than goats. Results of study revealed that both species performed better on extensive feeding system than the other systems might be of natural grazing behavior. The third experiment of study was conducted to compare the performance of sheep and goats under the intensive management system. Sixty female animals (lambs n= 30 and kids n=30) were used. The animals were divided equally in four groups A and B representing lambs while C, D was for kids. Both species were allotted two treatments i.e. fodder ad libitum with concentrate supplement (240 grams/animal/day) and total mixed ration ad libitum under a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Results showed that DM, CP, NDF and ADF intakes were higher (P?0.05) in lambs than kids. Average daily weight gain was higher (P?0.05) in lambs than kids fed total mixed ration. Feed efficiency was higher (P?0.05) in kids than in lambs fed fodder plus supplement. Dry matter and CP digestibility was higher (P?0.05) in kids than lambs fed a total mixed ration. NDF digestibility was maximum (P?0.05) in lambs than kids fed the TMR, it was also higher in kids than in lambs when fed fodder plus the concentrate supplement. ADF digestibility was maximum (P?0.05) in lambs than in kids fed the total mixed ration. The performance of lambs was better on TMR while kids showed good results on fodder plus the concentrate supplementation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1503,T] (1).
3.
Genetic Analysis Of Variable Region Of Hexone Gene For Phylogeny And Peptide Mapping Of Adenovirus Isolates From Hydropericardium Syndrome in Chicken
by Sobia Noureen | Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Baber.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1517,T] (1).
4.
Linkage And Mutational Analysis Of Gene Lebercilin (Lca5) In Families With Leber Congenital Amaurosis
by Adeel Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed | Mrs. Saeeda Kalsoom.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA, MIM #204000) accounts for at least 5% of all retinal dystrophies and approximately 20% of children attending schools for the blind. LCA is the most severe retinal dystrophy causing blindness or severe visual impairment before the age of 1 year. Inheritance is autosomal recessive in most cases. Clinically, LCA is characterized by the presence of four key features, namely severe and early visual loss (usually around the age of 6 weeks), sensory nystagmus, amaurotic pupils, and minimal or absent responses on the electroretinogram (ERG).
A total of five families (LA01-LA05) were enrolled, blood samples were collected and processed for DNA extraction. During linkage and genome scan, single family showed linkage to LCA5 locus. The diagnosis was established in all affected individuals by medical history, funduscopy, and standard ERG. We performed genome-wide linkage analysis for mapping the disease locus in this family.
Congenitally severely reduced visual acuity and nystagmus were reported for all patients. LCA in the family cosegregated with homozygosity for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotype on chromosome 6p14.1. The respective candidate region contained Leber congenital amaurosis 5 (LCA5), a gene previously reported to underlie LCA; subsequently identified a novel truncating mutation in exon 4 of LCA5, c.642delC, in homozygous state in all affected persons of the family LA01. Here, a novel LCA5 mutation causing LCA in a Pakistani family is reported.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1518,T] (1).
5.
Identification Of Polymorphism Of Cyp2D6 Gene In Pakistani Patients Of Epilepsy
by Sana Kulsoom | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Mr. Zahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which causes seizures by sudden burst of hyperactivity in the brain. It is a global health problem and 50 million people have epilepsy all over the world. The majority of epilepsy patients can pass a good life if they receive proper treatment. Various types of epilepsy are present in Pakistan but Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) is the most frequent type of epilepsy present in Pakistani patients. GTCS is a type of seizers involving the entire brain. It is also called a grand mal seizure. CYP2D6 is a gene associated with GTCS.
CYP2D6 is a 4.6 kb gene which encodes the protein cytochrome P450, a metabolizing enzyme. CYP2D6 is a highly polymorphic gene with 09 exons. Patient data and blood samples of different epilepsy patient were collected. DNA was isolated by Organic method. PCR amplification was performed for CYP2D6 gene (exon 6-9) and sequencing was performed on ABI 3130 XL Genetic analyzer and the results were analyzed. In this way the mutations, 2850 C>T in exon 6 of CYP2D6 gene have been caricaturized in Pakistani patients of GTCS encoding Cyctine in place of Argine at 296 in CYP2D6 enzyme. This change may be associated with GTCS in Pakistani Patients. Above study will help medical scientists in Molecular diagnosis, Genetic counseling and Gene therapy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1519,T] (1).
6.
Designing Of Oligo Pool All For The Selection Of Superior Dairy Animals In Pakistan
by Kamran Abbas | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Asif.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock has an important role in an agriculture based country like Pakistan with a large number of dairy animals. However the average daily milk yield of dairy animals is very low. There is need to improve milk yield by the selection of superior dairy animals using latest genomic selection procedures. Selection of superior animals on the basis of genetic markers has a tremendous potential for breed improvement across the globe. Substantial advances have been made over the past decades through the application of molecular genetics used in industry programs for several decades and is growing, the extent of use has not lived up to initial expectations. Most applications to date have been integrated in existing programs on temporary basis.
Among various molecular markers the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is one of the major genetic marker used worldwide. Through SNP genotyping selection of phenotypic superior animals can be done. There are many techniques used for SNP genotyping but the most advanced technique is Veracode GoldenGate Assay by Illumina. Illumina's VeraCode technology with the BeadXpress (BX) Reader is ideal for high-throughput small to mid-scale genotyping studies and SNP validation. BX leverages the power of digital holographic codes and the robust GoldenGate Genotyping Assay to provide a detection method for multiplex assays requiring high precision, accuracy, and speed. A custom assay of 48, 96, 144,192 and up to 384-SNPs OPA (Oligos Pool All) is designed using Illumina's Assay Design Tool and manufactured by Illumina.
As a first step for designing of Veracode GoldenGate Assay the development of Oligo Pool All (OPA) is necessary. The OPA was designed by using the genes for milk production, growth, fertility, health and other performance traits. The SNP's in these genes was searched from different gene banks and after proper arrangement the files were sent to Illumina for scoring. After scoring the OPA was finalized for the Veracode GoldenGate Assay for the selection of superior dairy animals in the country using the highly robust BeadXpress technology. The development of OPA for the selection of superior dairy animals was done for the very first of its kind based on modern technology, Veracode GoldenGate Assay in Pakistan. This will greatly help the livestock and dairy development departments, livestock owners, breeders, forensic agencies and researchers to use this unique panel of molecular markers for the selection of superior animals on the basis of marker assisted selection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1528,T] (1).
7.
Association Of Myogenic Factor 5 (Myf5) Gene Polymophism With Meat Quantity And Quality Traits In Sahiwal
by Faiza Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Atif Hanif.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Pakistan has a large population of farm animals, which are consuming for many purposes. Livestock is the major source of money for any country. Livestock is the major machines and factories which convert roughage (grasses and shrubs etc.) into quality food i.e. Meat and milk.
The Myf5 gene is a member of basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors which is involved in the regulation of myogenesis. Its main role in muscle growth, development, proliferation, muscle fibers formation and muscle functioning makes it a candidate gene for molecular marker of meat production in livestock.
Myf5 gene in cattle has been mapped to chromosome 5 and has a length of 3236 bp (Gen Bank accession no. NC-007303). It consists of three exons and two introns. Exons have the lengths of 659, 76 and 1245bp. Role of Myf5 gene in muscle development and growth makes it a candidate gene for meat production in farm animals. In this study association of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene polymorphism with meat quality and quantity traits in Sahiwal cattle was checked out.
In this study blood samples were collected from Sahiwal cattle breeds and DNA was extracted from leukocytes. DNA amplification was done by PCR. Then sequencing of amplified gene was done by Genetic Sequencer.
Allele frequencies and genotype frequencies were statistically analyzed by using SNPator software. The relationship between SNP marker genotypes of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene with meat quality and quantity traits was evaluated by using SNPator software. This study will be a helpful tool for marker assisted selection of beef cattle.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1561,T] (1).
8.
Identification Of Single Nucleotide Potymorphisms In Atp Synthase F0 Subunit 6 And Synthase 8 Genes
by Rizwan Ali | Mr.Tanveer Hussain | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pakistan is a fertile country regarding Animal Genetic Resource (AnGR), which have more than 1 million camel population belonging to 21 breeds of one humped camel i.e. Camelus dromedarius. Pakistan is the third major camel raising county in the world after Somalia and Sudan. All camel breeds of Pakistan has unique phenotypic traits, however, genetic data is inadequate for their evolutionary and phylogentic study. So to explore and use the genetic potential of dromedary camel, this research work was done.
ATP 6 and ATP 8 genes
ATP synthase is an enzyme in which oxidative phosphorylation occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The objective of this research was to examine the sequence of ATP 6 and ATP 8 genes in eight camel breeds of Pakistan (Marceeha, Barela, Kachhi, Pahari, Thari, Watni, Kharani, and mix-bred) to find SNPs and to see phylogenetic relationship among them as well as their position while considering already reported camel breeds from all over the world along with other mammalian species in GenBank NCBI.
A total of 79 blood samples from eight selected camel breeds of Pakistan, were collected from different government livestock farms and private owners in respective breeding areas of each breed by travelling throughout the country. DNA was extracted and quantified using standard protocols. Specific primers for the selected ATP 6 and ATP 8 genes was designed using primer fox software from reported sequences from the NCBI GenBank (Accession number, JN632608). Primers were optimized and PCR amplification was done on all camel DNA samples. Then all PCR products were processed for sequencing using ABI Prism Genetic Analyzer 3130 xl following standard protocols.
Sequence and Phylogenetic analyses
All sequences were aligned and analyzed using blast2sequence available on NCBI and CodonCode Aligner. Twenty nine Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from the aligned 842 bp coding region of ATP 6 and ATP 8 genes. Consensus sequences for eight breeds of Pakistan were used for construction of phylogenetic tree (Neighbor-Joining method) among them using MEGA5.1 software package. The tree indicated high genetic similarity between Mareecha and Pahari camel breeds of Punjab. The Thari, Watni, Kharani and Kachhi breeds of Balochistan province grouped close to each other indicating genetic relatedness among them. Further the phylogenetic trees were constructed for the comparison of Pakistani camel sequences with reported sequences of other camel breeds of the world and different species/ mammals available on GenBank, NCBI. The UPGMA Phylogenetic tree showed the high similarity of all Pakistani camels with Arabian dromedarius camel confirming the dromedarius genetic architecture of Pakistani camels. The two humped (Camelus bactrianus) grouped separately like llama, alpaca (the biological cousins of camel), However both types of camel and llamas were clustered together in one clade while all other mammalian species were grouped together in another clade. However cattle, yak and American bison grouped together, buffalo remained close to cattle. Sheep and goat were also grouped together. Conclusively the phylogenetic tree based on ATP 6 and ATP 8 genes reconfirmed not only the genetic position of Pakistani camel but also the biological/ taxonomic classification of other mammals and species.
Significance of research work
This work provided the genetic information on eight selected camel breeds of Pakistan and contributed in the existing information in Animal Genetic Resources of Pakistan and helped in exploring the rich genetic structure of our local camel breeds for their effective and meaningful conservation for future generations of Pakistan. This study was just an initial step to explore the genetic worth of Pakistani camel and data produced may act as base line information for other researcher planning to do more research work on camel to get maximum benefits from genetic potential of camel with its unique characteristics. This may also be helpful in designing proper breeding and conservation policies for camel in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1570,T] (1).
9.
Genetic Evaluation Of Teddy Goats In Pakistan
by Zulfiqar Hussan Kuthu | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Baber.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Data available on 20455 kidding and performance records of 5545 Teddy goats and progeny of 406 sires maintained as separate flocks at three different locations i,e (I) Livestock Experiment Station Rakh Ghulaman, District Bakkhar (1983-2008) (II) Livestock Experiment Station, Rakh Khariewala District Layyah (1971-2008) and (III) Livestock Experiment Station Chak Katora, District Bahawalpur (1975-2008) Punjab, Pakistan were analyzed for documenting both genetic and environmental sources which influence growth and reproductive traits. Breeding values of sires and does were estimated and genetic and phenotypic trends for various performance traits were drawn. The data was analyzed using the GLM procedure (General Linear Models) of the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS, 2004) to study the influence of environmental sources of variation on various growth and reproductive traits. The genetic parameter estimation was done using REML procedure fitting an Individual Animal Model. Estimates of breeding values for various performance traits were also calculated by using BLUP. For these purposes WOMBAT software was used.
The Least squares means for Age at first service, Age at first kidding, Weight at first service, weight at first kidding, services per conception, service period, kidding interval, birth weight, weaning weight, weight at six months, weight at nine months, yearling weight, pre-weaning daily gain, post-weaning daily gain at six months, post-weaning daily gain at nine months and post-weaning daily gain at twelve months the least squares means were 245.65±0.73 days, 14.07±0.01 kg, 394.14±0.76 days, 18.06±0 kg, 1.24±0.004, 153.58±0.73 days, 327.53±1.12 days, 1.66±0.03 kg, 9.59±0.01 kg, 11.70±0.02 kg, 16.69±0.02 kg, 21.03±0.03 kg, 70.21±0.16 grams, 31.39±0.08 grams, 45.25±0.03 grams and 45.95±0.02 grams, respectively. The percentage of single births was 43 percent, while multiple births were 57 percent. The sex ratio was 51:49 males and females.
Year, sex, flock, and type of birth were main sources of variation on all the growth traits. The influence of season of birth was significant on yearling weight; however its effect on weight at six and nine months was non-significant. A significant influence of (p<0.01) birth and weaning weight was noticed on weight at 6, 9, 12 months and on post-weaning daily gain at 6,9 and 12 months. A significant effect (p<0.01) of year, birth weight and weight at service were observed on age of does at first service, while the seasonal and flock effect on the trait was non-significant. The influential environmental sources of variation on weight of does at first service were year, season and age at first service(p<0.01). A significant effect (p<0.01) of year, season, type, age and weight at service on age and weight at first kidding was noticed. The influence of year of service, flock, age and weight at service on services per conception was significant (p<0.01); however, effect of season of service on the trait was non-significant. A highly significant effect (p<0.01) of year and season of service, services per conception and weight at service were observed on service period. A significant effect (p<0.01) of year and season on kidding interval was noticed. The effect of flock was non-significant on the trait, however, age and weight at kidding had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the service period and kidding interval.
The heritability estimates for birth weight, weaning weight, weight at six, nine and twelve (yearling) months, pre-weaning daily gain, post-weaning daily gain at six, post-weaning daily gain at nine, post-weaning daily gain at nine, post-weaning daily gain at twelve months, age at first service, weight at first service, age at first kidding, weight at first kidding, services per conception, service period and kidding interval were 0.28±0.23, 0.23±0.32, 0.19±0.42, 0.09±0.01 and 0.12±0.01, 0.21±0.32, 0.17±0.42, 0.12±0.02, 0.15±0.01, 0.19±0.22, 0.21±0.01, 0.19±0.04, 0.20±0.04, 0.07±0.01, 0.06±0.05 and 0.05±0.03, respectively. The repeatability estimates for birth weight, weaning weight, services per conception, service period and kidding interval were 0.53±0.02, 0.38±0.01, 0.02±0.05, 0.01±0.04 and 0.05±0.03, respectively.
The estimates of genetic, Phenotypic and environmental correlations between birth weight and other growth traits were; weaning weight 0.61, 0.20 and 0.19, with weight at six months 0.39, 0.24 and 0.23, with weight at nine months 0.25, 0.38 and 0.36, with yearling weight 0.29, -0.01 and -0.02 and with pre-weaning daily gain 0.55, 0.31 and 0.29, respectively, while corresponding values for correlations between weaning weight and other growth traits were; with weight at six months 0.29, 0.19 and 0.17, with weight at nine months 0.23, 0.27 and 0.25, with yearling weight 0.45, 0.29 and 0.27 and with pre-weaning daily gain 0.97, 0.68 and 0.65, respectively, while the corresponding values for these correlations between weight at six months and other growth traits were; with weight at nine months 0.71, 0.27 and 0.25 with yearling weight 0.64, 0.21 and 0.19 and with pre-weaning daily gain were 0.31, 0.33, 0.31, respectively. The values for these correlations between weight at nine months and other traits were; with yearling weight 0.79, 0.23 and 0.21, with pre-weaning daily gain 0.25, 0.39 and 0.37, with post-weaning daily gain at six months 0.72, 0.81 and 0.79, respectively, while the estimates of these three correlations between yearling weight and other traits were; with pre-weaning daily gain 0.47, 0.41 and 0.42 and with post-weaning daily gain at six months 0.65, 0.10 and 0.08, while the corresponding values between pre-weaning daily gain and other traits were; with post-weaning gain at six months were 0.34, 0.15 and 0.13, with post-weaning gain at nine months 0.22, 0.13 and 0.12 and with post-weaning daily gain at twelve months were 0.54, 0.17 and 0.14, respectively.
The estimates of genetic, Phenotypic and environmental correlations between age at first serviceand other traits were; with weight at first service 0.22, 0.79 and 0.76, with age at first kidding 0.76, 0.97 and 0.91 and with weight at first kidding 0.34, 0.14 and 0.11, respectively, while the corresponding values for these correlations between weight at first service and other traits were; with age at first kidding 0.39, 0.81 and 0.80, with weight at first kidding 0.35, 0.22 and 0.21 and with weight at first kidding 0.82, 0.18 and 0.16, respectively.
Analysis of pedigree records for coefficient of inbreeding revealed that number of animals being 4465 (42.61 percent) with an average inbreeding of 2.43 percent and the highest level being 46.48 percent. The number of non-inbred animals was 6014 (57.39%). Out of the total of 406 sires used 23 were found inbred having an average inbreeding coefficient of 3.125 percent. Most frequent value for this category of animals was zero. The highest number of animals 1531 (14.61 percent) had an inbreeding percentage between 0.1 to 3.125, while only 104 animals (0.99 percent) were found with inbreeding of more than 25 percent. Most of the growth traits were statistically better in non-inbreds as compared to inbreds except yearling weight and post-weaning weight gain at twelve months, in which the means of both the traits were similar in both the groups. Among reproductive traits, age at first serviceand kidding, services per conception, service period and kidding interval were also statistically better in non-inbreds as compared to inbreds, while weight at first service and kidding interval were similar in both the groups.
The ranges for estimated breeding values for different traits were, birth weight (-0.18 to 0.08 kg), weaning weight (-0.61 to 0.40 kg), weight at six months (-0.27 to 0.11 kg), weight at nine months, (-0.07 to 0.09 kg), yearling weight (-0.12 to 0.18 kg), pre-weaning daily gain (-0.30 to 1.20 grams), post-weaning daily gain at 6 months (-0.74 to 1.27 grams), post-weaning daily gain at 9 months (-0.32 to 0.57 grams), post-weaning daily gain at 12 months (-1.08 to 1.57 grams), age at first service(-43.23 to 58.06 days), weight at first service (-0.55 to 1.07 kg), age at first kidding (-53.31 to 48.34 days), weight at first kidding (-1.19 to 3.50 kg), services per conception (-0.18 to 0.16), service period (-7.07 to 9.80 days) and kidding interval (-13.23 to 20.89 days), respectively. The genetic trend in both birth weight and weaning weight showed an increasing trend during the period of study, while the genetic trend in weight at six, nine and twelve (yearling) months had no significant trend and fluctuated in the vicinity of zero.
It is envisaged from the present study that over the 34 years period selection remained ineffective to bring the desired changes and it will remain so if random use of breeding animals is practiced. The possible use of ineffective selection could be unavailability of efficient techniques for the evaluation of animals and incorrect performance recording etc. It is therefore, necessary to correct all these discrepancies by taking corrective measures as discussed above. The following corrective measures may be a first step towards a goal oriented breeding policy.
1. The animals kept mainly for producing meat, the single most important factor is reproductive rate, which contributes to the efficiency of production (Shelton 1978). The most striking feature of sheep and goat enterprise is the ability to breed, off-season. Teddy goat is a non-seasonal breeder as kidding was observed throughout year with 36%, 19%, 25% and 20% kiddings recorded during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, therefore a controlled breeding programme being practiced at times (as was observed during the present study at all the three stations) should not be advocated in any form at all and the desirable trait of non-seasonality should be the main pillar of a meat goat enterprise.
2. Although a higher percentage of abortions (70%) was observed in summer months but the percentage of dead births and mortality was almost equally distributed throughout the year, which indicates that better management of the flock during extremes of weather will results in less abortions and reduced mortality.
3. The high percentage of multiple births (57%) as against single births (43%) in teddy goats found in present study has backing of several studies, which showed that although there was slow growth rate in multiple births, yet they performed better by producing more total weight of kid weaned. Therefore prolificacy becomes a very important reproductive criteria and therefore emphasis should be selection of those animals with higher percentage of multiple births.
4. Environmental effects on productive and reproductive traits were significant; therefore through better management there are ample chances of improvement in these traits.
5. Low to medium heritability was recorded in all the growth traits, which offers scope for genetic selection.
6. Selection of animals to be the parents of future flock must be based on EBVs of growth traits.
7. Reproductive performance in present study was more than satisfactory. Early maturity which has been the main characteristic of Teddy breed was better as compared to many other breeds of the tropics (Beetal, Kamori, Jamunapari and Sirohi). Teddy goats were efficient than other breeds of the region when the means of the other reproductive traits like services per conception, service period and kidding interval were taken into consideration, however, room for improvement is still there.
8. Inbreeding in present study showed some increasing trend during the last five years and the percentage of animals kept on increasing during the last decade, therefore to control inbreeding a breeding plan with introduction of new blood from time to time is of utmost importance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1582,T] (1).
10.
Develoopment Of A Reliable Microsatellites Maarkers Panel For Parentage Analysis In Cattle Breeds Of Pakistan and Its Validatio Through Cytochrome B Gene Sequencing
by Tanveer Hussain | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Ahmad Ali | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pakistan posseses enormous Animal Genetic Resource (AnGR) with 36.9 millions of cattle population. The data on genetic fabric of these breed is yet to be documented for their genetic characterization and identification. This work reports first country wide microsatellite markers and cytochrome b gene based genetic characterization of 10 famous cattle breeds of Pakistan. A total of 352 blood samples from unrelated and phenotypically representative of ten native cattle breeds including Bos indicus; Sahiwal, Cholistani, Red Sindhi, Tharparker, Dhanni, Dajal, Lohai, Bhagnari, Achai and Bos indicus x Bos taurus; Nari Master, and an exotic Bos taurus; Holstein Friesian breeds were collected from their respective home tracts, institutional herds and private livestock farms located throughtout the country. These samples were subject to DNA extraction using inorganic method caliberated to same concentration in Molecular Biology and Genomics Laboratory of the Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Pakistan. A total of 21 microsatellite markers recommended by the programme for the global management of genetic resources (MoDAD) for breed characterization of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) were applied. Multiplex PCR were optimized for amplification and were genotyped using ABI Genetic Analyzer 3130 xl using LIZ as size standard. Genotyping results were analyzed using POPGENE and Arlequin ver 3.5 software. The observed and effective number of alleles ranged from 10 (INRA32) to 43 (TGLA126) and 2.3574 (CSSM66) to 15.0019 (BM6526) respectively in all breeds? The observed and expected heterozygosity estimates ranged from 0.0638 (INRA32) to 0.7101 (BM2113) and 0.6510 (INRA32) to 0.9347 (BM6526) respectively in the experimental samples. Mean values for observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.4943 ± 0.1647 and 0.8164 ± 0.0930 respectively. Mean values for Fis, Fit and Fst in all cattle breeds were calculated as 0.2819, 0.3864 and 0.1456 respectively. Average polymorphic information content (PIC) of all microsatellite loci was 0.81 indicating a high degree of informativeness of all microsatellite markers used. It implies that the same set of markers is equally good and could reliably be used for parentage confirmation in Pakistani cattle breeds. The data produced, also showed least degree of genetic difference between Red Sindhi and Tharparker breeds. This may due to mixing of the two breeds for being in close proximity of their home tracts.
Fragment mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was also amplified using specific primers through PCR of 130 individuals representing all selected breeds and sequencing was done using ABI Genetic Analyzer 3130 xl. The sequences were aligned and analyzed with CodonCode Alligner 4.0.4 software. The analysis revealed highly degree of sequence conservation in all the Pakistani cattle while documenting changes in only 9 nucleotides from 26 individuals whereas multiple nucleotide changes in 5 locations were shown by more than one individual in the data presented. One polymorphic site was found in nucleotide 318 (T?C) in several breeds of indicine cattle while 2 Lohani and 5 Nari Master individuals showed nucleotide changes specific to taurine cattle. Of all the changes found, only three of them caused changes in the amino acid sequence. The UPGMA tree using MEGA 5.1 showed a clear differentiation between taurine and indicine cattle, except for Nari Master Pakistani cattle showing mitochondrial taurine sequences because it's a cross between Bhagnari (Bos indicus) and Australian Draught Master (Bos taurrus). The estimates of divergence among breeds were also low for most breed pairs, except for Nari Master and Dhanni whereas the overall divergence within Bos indicus or within Bos taurus were also very low (0.002 and 0.003, respectively) but the differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus were significantly higher (0.014) as should be the case.
These results of microsatellite markers have produced a set of information that can be recommended as a reliable marker panel for studies on genetic diversity analysis, parentage confirmation. The cytochrome b data on the other hand not only substantiated genetic diversity analyses but it also proved to be equally good for comparative Phylogenetic analysis of Pakistani cattle breeds and exotic breeds. This work provides most authenticated data and adds a great deal, to already existing information on Pakistani AnGR. This information coupled with prospective data using next generation genetic technologies will assist designing breed improvement focused breeding policies and conservation activities in future.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1597,T] (1).
11.
Identification Of Polymorphisms In 6Th & 7Th Exons Of "Parkin Gene" And Their Relationship With Parkinson'S Disease.
by Sadaf Niaz | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aif Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1638,T] (1).
12.
Mutational Analysis Of Parkin Gene And Its Association Eith Parkinson'S Disease
by Misbah Hussain | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Miss. Asma | Miss. Saeeda Kalsoom.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which dopamine neurons are lost in sabstantia nigra. It is second most prevalent disorder after Alzheimer's disease. PD is also referred as movement disorder because its main characteristics are movement related like rigidity, slowness of movement and resting tremors which are caused by the loss of dopamine in putamen specially its caudal portion
Lots of work has been done on PD but still actual mechanism of its progression is unknown. Scientists have declared genetic mutations, oxidative stress, pesticide exposure, high caloric food etc as causative agents for PD. There are 6 genes which are responsible for PD. Mutations in the parkin gene produce Early Onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) in 50-60% of patients. parkin gene encodes for Parkin protein which consist of 4 domains (UBL, RING1, IBR, RING2). UBL domain is involved in the interaction with substrates. While the other 3 domains helps in interaction with E2 Ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme.
Most frequent mutations in this gene are the point mutations. 2nd exon of parkin gene is considered as one of the hotspot for mutations. First three exons code for Ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain, which help in the attachment with substrates like Rpn10 subunit of 26S proteasome. Rpn10 subunit of 26S proteasome binds with Arginine at position 42 located in UBL domain of parkin. This 26S proteasome degrade the unfolded proteins into short peptides of 7-8 amino acids in length, which are then further degraded in shorter fragments which are then used in the formation of new proteins.
In current study, I have done mutational analysis of parkin gene and found one very important noval point mutation which is a transition C'T mutation in UBL domain, which results in the amino acid substitution Arginine' Cysteine at position 42 (location where Rpn10 subunit of 26S proteasome binds). Arginine and Cysteine are biochemically different in nature and in the classification based on R group they belongs to different groups. Arginine is a polar positive amino acid while Cysteine is polar uncharged and contain sulfur molecule. So, this amino acid change could result in the decreased or no attachment of 26S proteasome (catalyzes protein degradation) via its Rpn10 subunit which selectively binds with the poly-ubiquitin chain of damaged proteins.
So, this decreased attachment inhibits the degradation of misfolded and defected protein in the cytosol. In result of this inhibition these defected proteins will start gathering and form aggregates within the cytosol of cell it will eventually decrease cell's function and cell will start dying.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1643,T] (1).
13.
Cytogenetic Analysis Related To Infertity Problems In Buffalo In Pakistan
by Muhammad Dawood | Prof. Dr. khalid Javaid | Prof. Dr. masroor Ellahi babar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics which deals with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. It includes routine analysis of chromosomes using different banding techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomes were first discovered in plant cells by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1842 and in animal (salamander) cells were described by Walther Flemmin, in 1882.
In 1964 IngemarGustavsson was the first who work on clinical cytogenetics in animals and found first 1/29 robertsonian translocation in cattle. Hundreds of abnormalities have been reported in past 50 years with clinical disorders. Some abnormalities include robertsonian translocation in captive Thai Gaur (Chaveerach et al. 2007), in Veitnamese cattle (Tanaka et al. 2000), pericentric inversion of chromosomes and chimeric karyotypes in cattle and buffalo, sex chromosomes reciprocal translocation including X;X translocation in Mehsana buffalo (Patel et al. 2006) and bovine freemartin syndrome. Livestock population have been extraordinarily improved in the last 40 years through cytogenetic screening (Ducos et al. 2008).
This study was carried out to optimize the protocol for lymphocyte culture, harvesting and slide preparation techniques for indigenous buffalo in local conditions and to document the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities leading to infertility problems in buffalo. Lymphocyte culture was used for the cytogenetic studies of indigenous buffalo. Procedure for lymphocyte and culture was standardized in Animal Genetic Lab, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. In blood cell culture incubation time will be 72 hours at 370C. Mitosis was induced through Phytohaemagglutinin. After incubation cells were arrested by colcimid. Slides were prepared for karyotyping and checking for the chromosomal abnormalities.
In this study 30 repeat breeder and anestrus animals along with 5 normal animals were used for chromosomal analysis. Good quality metaphase spreads were cytogenetically analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities (structural and numerical). Results of this study show that there is not any sex chromosome abnormalities and autosomal abnormality foundin the group of repeat breeders and anestrus animals.
All the standard procedures regarding cytogenetic culture, harvesting, slide preparation and staining were optimized in Animal Genetic Lab. Genus 3.2 Applied Imaging System software was used for karyotyping the animals.
We can conclude that cytogenetic analysis can play more effective role in the betterment of livestock. Through this technique we can screen out abnormal animals at very early stage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1699,T] (1).
14.
Molecular Charaterization Of Ampk Gene Of Pakistan Buffalo
by Waqas Ahmed Khan | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Ali Raza Awan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is an agriculture country and its economy is mainly dependent on agriculture, agriculture products. Livestock has been playing an important role in the economy of the country. Livestock sector contributed approximately 51.8 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.3 percent to national GDP. Buffalo which is known as black gold of Pakistan is famous for its largest milk production in the world. A better understanding of the genetic control of energy metabolism in farm animals can have far-reaching implications for molecular breeding programs. It can allow the implementation of knowledge-based breeding to increase feed efficiency and to improve meat quality. In addition, because of the high degree of evolutionary conservation of these genes, the information gained about the genetic control of animal nutrition can be extrapolated back to questions about human nutritional genomics and disease. This study was performed to discover the single nucleotide polymorphism at AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gene in Nilli Ravi and Kundi Buffalo and their possible association with milk production. As AMPK is a sensor of energy metabolism so genetic variations in AMPK gene may also have effect the feed utilizing efficiency of animals. Buffalo is popular for utilizing low quality roughages in a better way. Buffaloes are popular in the world for high fat content and low cholesterol content as compare to cattle. A total of 128 single nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered at AMPK gene in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi Buffalo. Out of which 10 are in exonic region and 118 are in Intronic region. Most of the SNPs are Intronic it also shows that AMPK is highly conserved as it has been shown by many studies. The Intronic SNPs may have role in regulation of AMPK gene. Forty-six SNPs were discovered in Intronic region of A1 subunit of AMPK gene. Out of these 46 SNPs. Forty-four SNPs are same in both Nilli-Ravi&Kundi buffalo.
Two SNPs found at position 11908 and 12217 was present only in Kundi buffalo. These two SNPs can be used for breed characterization of Nilli-Ravi&Kundi buffalo. The numbers of SNPs discovered in exonic region are 6. These all SNPs are non-synonymous mutations and changes amino acids at position 23333 from Histidine>Tyrosine, at 23387 from Glutamic acid>Lysine, at 23402 from Valine>Isoleucine, at 23426 from Ser>Pro, at 23489 from Stop codon>Arg and at 23612 from Ala>Thr. Forty SNPs were discovered in Intronic region of A2 subunit of AMPK gene. Out of these 43 SNPs 28 are same in both Nilli-Ravi & Kundi buffalo. SNPs at positions 71371, 71382, 71383, 71396, 71558, 42736, 42766, 42881, 41661, 41900 and 42021 are only present in Kundi buffalo while SNPs at position 70900, 71613, 42935 and 42944 are present only in Nilli-Ravi buffalo. These SNPs can also be used for breed characterization of Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo. The B1 subunit of AMPK gene has 21 SNPs in Intronic region, which is common, both in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo. These polymorphisms may have role in regulation of AMPK gene. The SNPs found in exonic region are 3 which are all non-synonymous mutations and changes amino acids at position 4362 from Histidine>Tyrosine and at positions 8193, 8195 from Glycine>Serine. All exonic SNPs are non-synonymous mutations, which show that it will change the function of protein and might be associated with milk production and feeding efficiency in Nilli-Ravi & Kundi buffalo. This study is an example of candidate gene approach to find some novel variations at population level. It is the first study conducted for Molecular Characterization of AMPK gene in Buffalo. The only way to associate these polymorphisms to the trait under consideration (energy metabolism) by back tracing the sampling groups. This study is first in finding some molecular markers for energy metabolism in Nilli-Ravi and Kundi buffalo that can be used for future selection and breeding programs. More the population will be diversified for the trait and showing trends of heterozygosity, better will be the chances of selection of animals with suitable genetic makeup.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1796,T] (1).
15.
Photo-Oxidation Of Pasteurized Milk In Polyethylene Pouch Packs
by Asif anwar | Dr. Muhammad Nadeem | Dr. Imran javed | Prof. DR. Masroor ellahi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1938,T] (1).
16.
Isolation Of Phytase Gene From Bacteria Obtained From Different Sources
by Raja Danish munir | Prof. Dr. Masroor ellahi babar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Khalid javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2065,T] (1).
17.
Molecular Genetic Study Of Oculocutaneous Albinism In Pakistani Population
by Sajjad ali shah | Prof. Dr. Masroor ellahi babar | Dr. Asif nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Tayyeb.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2080,T] (1).
18.
Study Of Candidate Genes Involved In Milk Production Traits For Identification Of Probable Biomarkers In Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Maryam Javed | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Abu Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2120,T] (1).
19.
Association Study Of Leptin Gene With Growth Trait In Lohi Sheep
by Ali Haider Saleem | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2132,T] (1).
20.
Lvistmsa: Interactive Visual Tools For Multiple Sequence Alignments
by Muhammad Tariq Pervez | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2140,T] (1).
21.
Identification And Expression Analysis Of Genes Involved In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder In Pakistani Population
by Javeria (2008-VA-627) | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The background of this study is that WHO reports that psychiatry disorders affect worldwide 0.8 to 2% population. Anxiety illnesses are a class of illness associated with unreasonable and disturbing sensation of fear and tension. There are several types of anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social phobia, OCD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic disabling condition. OCD is characterized by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, and impulses and by repetitive, ritualistic physical or mental acts performed to reduce the attendant anxiety. The severity of OCD depends on the amount obsessions and compulsions. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) is a reliable and consistent scoring system that can be used to categorize OCD. The major genes involve in OCD are SLC6A4, BDNF, SLC1A1 and COMT genes.
The study was enrolled patients treated for OCD. Blood samples have been collected from the patients. DNA extracted from fresh blood. Primers were designed. Then DNA amplification have done by Bio-Rad thermal cycler. Then gel electrophoresis was done for PCR product quantification. PCR products precipitated and sequenced. SNPs were identified. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed for each sample with TaqMan Universal PCR mastermix which showed down regulation of COMT gene in OCD patients in Pakistani population.
The aim of this study was SNP identification in Pakistani Population in Obsessive Compulsive disorder and to analyze the gene expression of COMT gene involved in OCD in Pakistani Population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2620-T] (1).
