1.
Effect Of Norgestomet And Gnrh On Besumptio Nof Cyclicity And Pertility In Early Postpartum Non-Suckled Buffaloes
by Attiq Ullah | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr. Khalid | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Delayed resumption of postpartum estrus activity is the most vital factor responsible for poor reproductive efficiency of dairy buffaloes. This study was designed to induce ovulation in early postpartum buffaloes (30-37 days). Fifteen Nili-Ravi buffaloes with a mean postpartum period 32.6±2.72 were randomly divided into three equal groups A, B and C (n=5) on the basis of parity, postpartum period, age and milk production. The animals in group A were given Norgestomet implant at day 32.8±2.94 postpartum period for 9 days. One day after removal of implants animals were given Dalmeralin (Leciren). The animals of group B given only Norgestomet implant at day 32.4±2.50 postpartum for 9 days. Group C animals acted as control and did not receive any treatment.
Same number of animals (4/5) exhibited estrus in both groups A and B. None of the buffaloes in-group C showed estrus. It is concluded that treatment of norgestomet or norgestomet + GnRH in early postpartum buffaloes, are able to induce estrus, however, fertility remain compromised.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0884,T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Hormone Addition (Pgf 2 Alpha) And Oxytocin In Semen Extender On Post Thaw Semen Quality And Fertility in Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Dr. Rafaqat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This project was executed to improve the semen quality during freezing process and to improve subsequent fertility rate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes with hormones (PGF2a and oxytocin) supplementation. Pooled semen from Nih Ravi buffalo bulls (n2) was divided into 8 equal parts after complete evaluation and subjected to the hormonal treatments. PGF2a (Lutalyse®) @ 2.5mg, 5.0mg and 7.5mg and oxytocin (Cintocinon®) @ 2.5 I.U, 5.0 I.U and 7.5 I.U/lOOml of diluted semen were added. One group (-ye control) received indomethacin @ 20mg + PGF2a @ 5.Omg/lOOmi of diluted semen. One group remained without any treatment (+ve control). Semen was cooled, filled in 0.5ml straws, equilibrated at 4°C for 4 h ours and frozen i n liquid nitrogen. After 24 hours of deep freezing, semen was thawed and evaluated for percentage motility of spermatozoa, plasma membrane integrity (HOS assay), acrosome integrity (NAR), viability (Live/Dead), longevity (hours) and fertility. Four (4) straws from each treatment group were thawed and pooled in 5m1 cuvette in water bath at 37°C and evaluated for quality parameters. Twenty five (25) straws from each treatment group were used to inseminate the buffaloes in standing estrus at 3 A.I centers (Phool nagar, Changa manga and Kot radlia kishen) in district Kasur. Pregnancy was checked 60 days post insemination. Data collected was presented as mean ± SEM, treatment groups were compared using ANOVA, unpaired two sample test and Pearson correlation at 5% level of confidence interval using Minitab® computer software. Results o f this study revealed that addition of both Lutalyse® (PGF2a) and Cintocinon® (oxytocin) did not show significant (P>0.05) improvement in any quality parameters measured and a non significant correlation was observed between treated groups and control except indomethacin and viability of spermatozoa where a significant negative correlati9n (r = -0.980) was found. However, blocking of seminal prostaglandins with indomethacin shows significant (P<0.05) deterioration in percentage motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability and longevity of spermatozoa but acrosome integrity remain unchanged. Results of fertility trial showed significant difference (P<0.5) among treatment groups. In conclusion, we can say that although hormonal addition did not improve semen quality but improve fertility rate, therefore, the importance of prostaglandins in semen can not be neglected. The W nature and physiological amount in buffalo semen should be investigated and maintained by exogenous addition after dilution during processing to maintain post thaw semen quality and fertility. However, it is suggested that pure forms of hormones should be used to add in semen instead of Lutalyse® as it contains 1.56% alcohol which is supposed to be detrimental to spermatozoa.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0923,T] (1).
3.
Molecular Detection Of Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis In Fresh And Cryopreserved Buffalo Sper Matozoa)
by Daulat Raheem Khan | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Irshad | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The objectives of present study were a) to validate annexin V/Pl assay, for buffalo sperm, using graded doses of camptothecin through fluorescent microscopy (Exp. 1) and b) to determine the effect of stages of cryopreservation on apoptosis (PS externalization, using annexin V/PT assay), motility and plasma membrane integrity in buffalo sperm (Exp.2). In the first experiment graded doses of camptothecin were used (n=2) in different aliquots of sperm suspension (1x106/mL) for induction of apoptosis. Higher dose levels of camptothecin (10.0 iM and 20 jiM) resulted in inducing apoptosis (P<O.05) compared to the lower (5tM) dose or control. In the second experiment semen samples (n=9, from three bulls) were cryopreserved using vapor freezing. Annexin V/PI assay for apoptosis, visual assessment for percentage motility and hypo-osmotic swelling test for plasma membrane integrity were employed at various stages of cryopreservation (i.e. fresh, after equilibration and post thaw). The mean percentage of apoptotic, necrotic and viable sperm did not differ between fresh and after equilibration stages. However, freezing and thawing increased (P<0.05) the percentage of apoptotic sperm (25.4±0.6 vs. 36.5±1 .9) while decreased (P<0.05) the necrotic (29.7±0.7 vs. 35.1±1.2) and viable sperm (37.2±1.3 vs. 32.8±1.9, (P<0.07). Similarly, freezing and thawing decreased (P<0.05) the mean percentage motility and plasma membrane integrity, compared to other stages. Based upon the difference in initial and post thaw values of two variables (percent motility and percent apoptosis) it is concluded that apoptosis contributes more than 50% sperm motility loss during the process of freezing and thawing in buffalo.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0933,T] (1).
4.
Use Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (Bht) As Antioxidant In Buffalo Semen Extender
by Tayyab Munir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The Buffalo is the major milk producing animal in Pakistan. Nili-Ravi breed of buffalo is the one of the best breeds of the world. Buffalo contributes seventy percent of total milk production in Pakistan. The excellent buffalo bulls are few in number and their semen volume and sperm concentration is also low as compared to cattle. The animal has lower fertility particularly when inseminated with frozen semen. There are many reasons for poor fertility of buffalos and one of the most important reasons may reasons for poor fertility of buffalos and one of the most important reasons may be the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (POS) from the plasma membrane of spermatozoa causing damage to the membrane integrity due to lipid peroxidation. The addition of optimum level of antioxidants like BHT to buffalo semen extender before freezing may be answer to this problem. The main objective of the present study was to determine the level of total of antioxidants in the semen and to optimize the quantity of BHT in the semen extender of the Nili Rave Buffalo bulls.
In this study semen from Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls ( n=10) was collected twice per week and diluted with Tris egg yolk citrate extender. Antioxidant BHT was added to the extended semen at the rate of 1.0mM, 1.0 mM and 2 mM while Control was containing no BHT. The semen was visually analyzed under phase contrast microscope for motility, vitality (Eosin/Nigrosin staining), plasma membrane (HOS assay) and acrosomal integrity (NAR), at three stages i.e. after dilution, before freezing and after freezing. For the determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), semen samples were transported under ice to Spectophotometric Laboratary, GC. University Lahore. Data collected was presented as mean= SEM. Treatment groups were compared using one way ANOVA and Results were compared by using Duncan Multiple Range Test using SPSS (version 16.0) ; SPSS Chicago IL.
Result of this study show significant (P< 0.05) improvement in semen motility, vitality, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity at 1.5 mM BHT concentration as compared to Control, however, insignificant difference was noticed with in treated groups and with in bulls. Maximum TEAC value (2.42) was observed in the extended semen containing two mM BHT and minimum TEAC values (0.58mM) in the post thaw semen sample with BHT.
It is concluded that addition of antioxidants in the buffalo semen improve the semen quality before and after freezing. Fortification of buffalo semen extender with BHT (@ of 1-1.5 mM) improved post thaw semen quality and hoped to increase the fertility of buffalo. However, field fertility trials need to be carried out for confirmation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1288,T] (1).
5.
Effect Of Two Synchronization Protocols (Ovsynch Va 2Pg)And Gnrh Pn Day Of Breeding On Reproductive Performancein
by Hasan Riaz | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The main objective of the present study is to compare the two synchronization protocols (Ovsynch vs 2PG) on estrus response, follicular development, ovulation, pregnancy rate and fecundity in Beetal and Teddy breeds of Pakistan. The secondary objective is to determine the efficacy of GnRH at the time of breeding on pregnancy rate in Beetal goats. Experiment 1 was conducted with a total of 28 goats during breeding season (September-October) at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The goats were randomly allocated in one of two treatment groups, Ovsynch and two PGF treatments. The Ovsynch treated does received an intramuscular injection of GnRH analogue 12.5µg lecirelin (Dalmarelin®, Fatro, Italy), on "Day 0". On "Day 7" does were treated with injection of PGF2? analogue 37.5µg d-cloprostenol (Dalmazin®, Fatro, Italy,) followed by a second injection of 12.5µg lecirelin (Dalmarelin®, Fatro, Italy), after a 48h period. Animals in the double PGF group received two injections of 37.5µg d-cloprostenol (Dalmazin®, Fatro, Italy), 10 days apart. In order to determine the estrous response and its duration, two aproned bucks were used twice daily for 30 minutes after the last PGF2? injection in both groups until the termination of estrous signs. All goats were naturally bred 12h after the onset of estrus. Follicular and luteal activity was monitored by transrectal Ultrasonography (ALOKA, SSD 900 Japan) with the aid of a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer daily- from the start of treatment, until estrus and then twice a day until the cessation of large follicles (apparent ovulation). On day 7 after breeding, all goats were re-examined by transrectal ultrasonography to determine the ovulation rate, based upon the number of CL's present. Pregnancy rate and fecundity (no of embryos per doe) was again determined at Day 30 after breeding by transrectal ultrasonography. Experiment 2 was performed on 25 goats. These does were randomly allocated to two groups (GnRH, n=11 and Control, n=14). GnRH does received 12.5µg lecirelin on the day of natural breeding (12h after standing estrus), while the control does did not receive any treatment. Timing of ovulation, pregnancy rate and fecundity were assessed by transrectal ultrasonography as in Experiment 1. Estrus (Experiment 1) was detected in 10 out of 14 does (71%) in Ovsynch group, while all 14 goats (100%) of double PGF responded group. The interval from the last PGF injection to estrus was 48.0 ± 2.6h in the Ovsynch group, while 36.0 ± 1.2h in the double PGF group (P<0.05). The interval from the last PGF injection to ovulation did not differ significantly between the Ovsynch (73.0 ± 4.8h) and double PGF (66.0 ± 2.7h) groups respectively. Similarly the interval from standing estrus to ovulation was not significant between the Ovsynch (24.0 ± 3.7h) and double PGF (30.0 ± 2.7h) treatments respectively. Estrous duration was similar in both treatment groups (44.7 ± 4.9h for Ovsynch and 47.1 ± 2.9h for the 2PGF). The size of ovulatory follicle was similar in both treatment groups (Ovsynch, 7.1 ± 0.2mm; 2PGF, 7.1 ± 0.1mm). On day 7 after breeding, the ovulation rate (no. of CL's on the ovary) were similar in both the Ovsynch (1.6 ± 0.2) and double PGF (2.0 ± 0.2) groups. The pregnancy rate as determined by transrectal ultrasonography on day 30 (Fig. 1) revealed 6/10 (60%) in the Ovsynch and 11/14 (78%) in the double PGF groups respectively (not significant). Fecundity was similar for both treatment groups (1.6 ± 0.2). In Experiment 2 the interval from standing estrus to ovulation recorded was not significant (31.2 ± 2.9h and 36.0 ± 5.3h), the ovulatory diameter (6.8 ± 0.1mm, 7.2 ± 0.5 mm (P<0.05), the pregnancy rate (54% (6/11) and 64% (9/14), and fecundity (1.5 ± 0.5, 1.7 ± 0.5) were not significant between GnRH treated and control does respectively (Table 2). From these experiments it can be concluded that the Ovsynch protocol, which is a non-steroidal and safe approach for estrous synchronization appears to be similar to the double PGF injection protocol, in terms of the reproductive performance in goats. However, this needs to be tested on larger number of animals. Furthermore, the use of GnRH at the time of breeding does not improve the reproductive performance in goats. The data generated has important implications for commercial goat farming in the developing countries.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1295,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Cholesterol Addition To Buffalo Bull Semen During Cryopreservation Procedures On Post-Thaw Survival Of Spermatozoa
by Ahmad Yar Qamar | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Cholesterol is an important constituent in the membrane fluidity regulation. This role becomes
more important in the cryopreservation of sperm cells where destabilization of plasma membrane
leads to intracellular ice formation causing death of the cell. The objective of the present study
was to verify if addition of cholesterol in semen extender has a beneficial effect on post-thaw
semen quality in buffalo bulls. This study was carried out at Al-Haiwan Sires, Sahiwal, Pakistan.
Cholesterol was added to Tris-citric acid semen extender in the form of cholesterol-loaded
cyclodextrin (CLC). Semen was collected by using artificial vagina (420 C) from four buffalo
bulls. Split pooled ejaculate (n = 7), having more than 60 % visual sperm motility, were diluted
at 370 C in extender containing CLC either 3mg Iml (LOW), 4 mgl ml (MED), 5 mg Iml (HIGH)
or without (CON). Motility of semen samples before freezing was checked and cryopreservation
was done through routine procedures. Beneficial effect of CLC in cryopreserved semen was .
assessed by post-thaw motility (%), live spermatozoa (%), morphological abnormalities (%),
normal acrosornes (%) and plasma membrane integrity (%) in four groups. Analysis of variance
revealed that motility before freezing was significantly (P<0.05) more in MED (68.93 ± 0.51 %)
as compared to CON and HIGH but non-significantly higher than LOW. Percent post thaw
motility (PTM) from semen samples containing MED concentration of CLC was the highest
(61.43 ± 0.74 %; P < 0.05) followed by LOW (50.36 ± l.15 %; P < 0.05) or HIGH (38.57 ± 2.66
%; P < 0.05) (Table 1). Percent PTM was the lowest in CON (32.86 ± 2.07 %; P < 0.05) semen
samples. Mean plasma membrane integrity (PM I) from semen samples containing MED
concentration of CLC was the highest (59.36 ± 1.32 %; P < 0.05) followed by LOW (51.93 ±
1.32 %; P < 0.05) or HIGH (44.00 ± 1.65 %; P < 0.05) and was least in CON (41.14 ± 1.71 %; P
< 0.05) semen samples. Mean normal acrosomes from semen samples containing MED
concentration of CLC was the highest (52.93 ± 1.78 %; P < 0.05) followed by HIGH (40.57 ±
2.01 %; P < 0.05) and CON (34.93 ± 2.89 %; P < 0.05) semen samples. Buffalo bull semen in
MED & LOW had significantly (P < 0.05) higher live sperm percentage (69.64 ± 1.84 & 61.43 ±
1.62, respectively) as compared to HIGH and CON samples. CON samples had significantly
(P<0.05) higher morphological abnormalities (9.86 ± 0.14 %) as compared to LOW & MED but
non-significantly higher as compared to HIGH samples. All the variables under study had strong
positive correlation (P < 0.01) with each other except morphological abnormalities having strong
negative correlation (P < 0.01) with all others. It is concluded that addition of cholesterol in
MED concentration (4 mg CLCI ml of semen extender) to buffalo bull semen can improve post-
thaw semen quality.
Conception rate of AI in buffaloes is generally lowered than in cows. Cholesterol is an
important constituent in the membrane fluidity regulation. This role becomes more important in
the cryopreservation of sperm cells where destabilization of plasma membrane leads to
intracellular ice formation causing death of the cell. The objective of the present study was to
verify if addition of cholesterol in semen extender has a beneficial effect on semen post-thaw
quality in buffalo bulls. This study was carried out at Al-Haiwan Sires, Sahiwal, Pakistan.
Cholesterol was added to Tris-citric acid semen extender in the form of cholesterol-loaded
cyclodextrin (CLC). Semen was collected by using artificial vagina (42° C) from four buffalo
bulls. Split pooled ejaculate (n = 7), having more than 60 % visual sperm motility, were diluted
at 37° C in extender containing CLC either 3mg Iml (LOW), 4 mgl ml (MED), 5 mg Iml (HIGH)
or without (CON). Motility of semen samples before freezing was checked and cryopreservation
was done through routine procedures. Further examination was done to check post-thaw motility
(%), live spermatozoa (%), morphological abnormalities (%), normal acrosomes (%) and plasma
membrane integrity (%) using phase contrast microscope and hypo osmotic swelling assays.
Analysis of variance revealed that motility before freezing was significantly (P<0.05) more in
MED (68.93 ± 0.5 I %) as compared to CON and HIGH but non-significantly higher than LOW.
Percent post thaw motility (PTM) from semen samples containing MED concentration of CLC
was the highest (61.43 ± 0.74 %; P < 0.05) followed by LOW (50.36 ± 1.15 %; P < 0.05) or
HIGH (38.57 ± 2.66 %; P < 0.05) (Table 1). Percent PTM was the lowest in CON (32.86 ± 2.07
%; P < 0.05) semen samples. Mean plasma membrane integrity (PMI) from semen samples
containing MED concentration of CLC was the highest (59.36 ± 1.32 %; P < 0.05) followed by
LOW (51.93 ± 1.32 %; P < 0.05) or HIGH (44.00 ± 1.65 %; P < 0.05) and was least in CON
(41. I 4 ± 1.71 %; P < 0.05) semen samples. Mean normal acrosomes from semen samples
containing MED concentration of CLC was the highest (52.93 ± 1.78 %; P < 0.05) followed by
HIGH (40.57 ± 2.01 %; P < 0.05) and CON (34.93 ± 2.89 %; P < 0.05) semen samples. Buffalo
bull semen in MED & LOW had significantly (P < 0.05) higher live sperm percentage (69.64 ±
1.84 & 6 1.43 ± 1.62, respectively) as compared to HIGH and CON samples. CON samples had
significantly (P<0.05) higher morphological abnormalities (9.86 ± 0.14 %) as compared to LOW
& MED but non-significantly higher as compared to HIGH samples. All the variables under
study had strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) with each other except morphological
abnormalities having strong negative correlation (P < 0.01) with all others. It is concluded that
addition of cholesterol in MED concentration (4 mg CLCf ml of semen extender) to buffalo bull
semen can improve post-thaw semen quality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1398,T] (1).
7.
Dynamics Of Membrane Changes And Generation Of Reactive Oxygen Species During Bovine Sperm Death
by Mushtaq Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1430,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of (Estradiol Benzoate) On Estrus Response And Fertility In Cidr Treated Crossbred Heifers.
by Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Commercial dairy farming in Pakistan is rapidly growing. Crossbred dairy animals hold promise because of two reasons, first that they are significantly high producer than buffalo, Sahiwal, Cholistani and Desi cows and secondly that they are much more adaptable as compared to exotic (Friesian or Jerseys) cows. Generally, replacement heifers remain ignored by the owners in term of feeding and early achievement of puberty as they are not producing. Estradiol promotes tighter synchrony and ovulation and provides opportunity for fixed time A.I as reported earlier in Holstein dairy cows. Use of CIDR has been reported to be effective for synchronization in variety of dairy animals including buffaloes, dairy and beef cows. However no such report has been published on crossbred heifers. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of estradiol benzoate (EB) on estrus intensity, response and fertility in CIDR treated cross bred heifers.Crossbred heifers with average body condition of 3 ± 0.5, located at four farms were assigned throughout one year to receive one of the two treatments. Crossbred heifers with EB (n = 50) or without EB (n = 50). All the heifers were treated with Controlled Internal Drug Releasing Device (CIDR; 1.38 mg Progesterone; Pfizer, USA) on day 0 and were administered injection of PGF2?, (0.150 mg; Dalmazine®, Fatro, Italy; 2 ml; i.m.) on day 6 followed by removal of CIDR on day 7. Estradiol benzoate (400µg/4ml, i.m. Sigma Aldrich Germany) was administered 24 h after the CIDR removal. Estrus detection was carried out by visual observation; twice daily for at least 30 min, beginning after CIDR removal till insemination. All heifers were fixed time inseminated with frozen-thawed semen after 48 and 60 h after CIDR removal, respectively. Pregnancy status was determined by ultrasonography (HS 1500V; Honda; Japan, with 7.5 MHz probe) between days 30 and 40 post AI. Estrus response and pregnancy rate were analyzed using Chi-square test. Pregnancy rate was determined by number pregnant/number treated x 100. The estrus response was 100% in both the groups. The estrus intensity was higher 2.9 ± 0.1in the EB heifers compared to the controls 2.0 ± 0.7. The results showed that pregnancy rate was 54% (27/50) in EB and 36% (18/50) in without EB heifers. The overall pregnancy rate was 45% (45/100). It is concluded that estradiol benzoate in CIDR protocol intensified the signs of estrus without affecting the response, with higher fertility in crossbred heifers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1502,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Duck Egg Yolk Plasma In Extender On Post Thaw Quality Of Buffalo Bull Spermatozoa
by Furqan Tehseen | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Hafsa Zaned | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1603,T] (1).
10.
Effect of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) on the Follicular Dynamics, Estrus Eepression, Ovulation and Pregnancy Rate in Control Internal Drug Release (CIDR) Based Estrus Synchronization Protocol in NIli-Ravi Buffalo.
by Muhammad Ilyas Naveed | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Buffalo is unique to livestock and dairy industry in Pakistan as its share is major (65%) in milk production major. Reproduction is crucial for profitable production in dairy sector. Buffalo reproduction is hampered due to small size ovaries, poor ovarian reserves, and less pronounced estrus intensity, ultimately leading to substandard fertility. Synchronization technology including CIDR based protocols are well established in cows and gaining popularity in buffaloes. However, this needs modifications based on estrous cycle physiology in buffaloes. It is hypothesized that addition of eCG at the time inducing luteolysis in CIDR based synchronization protocol will promote follicular growth, ovulation and pregnancy rates. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of addition of eCG to a CIDR based synchronization protocol on ovarian follicular dynamics, estrus rate, ovulation, and pregnancy rates in Nili-Ravi buffalo. Lactating multiparous suckled Nili-Ravi buffalo (n=63) milked twice daily were assigned in a CIDR (1.38 g progesterone Pfizer Co, USA) synchronization regimen. Animals were divided randomly to receive either saline (n=31) or 1000 IU eCG i.m. (n=32) (Chronogest PMSG, Intervet, Holland) concurrent with PGF2á (Dalmazine, cloprostenol, Fatro, Italy) treatment of the CIDR protocol (Day 6). Fixed time, two inseminations were performed at 48 and 60 hours after CIDR removal (Day 7). Number of follicles of variable size recruited at CIDR removal, dominant follicle size, its growth rate and ovulation time did not differ significantly between the groups. The estrus response was not higher significantly (P>0.14) in eCG group than control group but estrus intensity was significantly higher (P>0.001) in eCG group. Ovulation rate and 26 pregnancy per AI was higher (P>0.05 & 0.004) in buffaloes in eCG group. Therefore, It is concluded that eCG is helpful to improve estrus expression, ovulation rate and pregnancy per AI in FTAI program in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1653,T] (1).
11.
Effect of Timing of Artificial Insemination and Ovulation in Relation to Onset of Standing Heat on Pregnancy Rate in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Umair Riaz | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the first and most influential biotechnologies of animal agriculture. To be beneficial artificial insemination must be done properly. There are many factors involved in quality of AI performance, including insemination technique, technician, semen quality, cleanliness, etc. However, the single most important factor in achieving high conception rate in buffalo is the timing of AI relative to the timing of ovulation. Application of AI is difficult because of poor estrus expression by buffaloes and poor estrus detection by owners, a highly variable duration of estrus and the difficulty to predict time of ovulation. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of A.I at different time intervals (0, 12, 24 hours after the onset of standing heat) in relation to time of ovulation on pregnancy rate in buffalo. For this purpose, buffaloes with average body condition 2.5 ± 0.5 at Livestock Experimental Station Bhuneki, Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur during breeding season (September to December) were exposed to teaser bull two times in a day at 12 hours interval (6:00 am in morning and 6:00 pm in evening) to determine the standing heat (0h). Buffaloes, allocated randomly, at different time intervals i.e., either 0, 12 or 24 hours after the onset of standing heat were bred artificially using frozen thawed semen. Trans-rectal ultrasonography (HS 1500V; Honda; Japan, with 7.5 MHz transducer) was used to determine ovarian follicular development and ovulation, from onset of standing heat till ovulation after every 12 hours. Pregnancy status was determined by ultrasonography, 30 to 40 days post AI. Results revealed that the overall time of ovulation from onset of standing heat averaged 35.33 ± 0.21 h. Pregnancy rates were 26% (8/30) at 0 h, 37% (10/27) at 12 h and 53% (15/28) at 24 h after the onset of standing heat. It is concluded that timing of ovulation is about 35 h and 24
maximum pregnancy rate are achieved when bred after 24 hours after the onset of heat in buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1694,T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Control Internal Drug Release & Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration On Day 7 After Fixed Time
by Ali Husnain | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr Mian Abdul sattar | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1697,T] (1).
13.
Effect Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (Bht) As Antioxidant On Semen Quality Of Naked Neck Chicken
by Waseem Abbass | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1746,T] (1).
14.
Comparision Of Synchronization Protocols On Estrus, Follicular Dynamics, Ovulation Time And Conception Rate in Sahiwal Cows
by Mubbashar Hassan | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Aijaz Ali Channa | Dr. Aneela.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Sahiwalcow is one of the established milch breed of zebu cattle (Bosindicus), known for heat tolerance and tick resistance in tropical and subtropical region which has its origin in Pakistan.Average milk yield is about 1500-2200 liters per lactation with 4.5% contents of fat (Shah, 1994).The population of Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan is decreasing over the past few decades due to change in agriculture system, indiscriminate crossbreeding and preference for buffalo. To minimize the cross breeding of Sahiwal cows, efforts have been made for its conservation, through management and genetic improvement. Significant genetic improvement, through artificial insemination(A.I) has been made. Fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) has emerged in recent times which usually performed in association with a variety of estrus and ovulation synchronization protocols.Synchronization of estrus is actually the manipulation of estrous cycle or induction of estrus to bring large group of females in estrus at a programmed time. Three synchronization protocols were compared. In PG group, each animal was treated with luteolytic dose of PGF2? (d-Cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m) on random stage of the estrous cycle. In OVS group each cow received an intramuscular injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 50 mcg of a GnRH analogue, DalmarelinTMFatro®, Italy; 2 ml; i.m) on random stage of estrus cycle (day 0). On day 7 these cows were treated with PGF2? (d- cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m), followed by second injection of GnRH on day 9. In CIDR group, each animal received an intravaginal Controlled Internal Drug Releasing Device (CIDR™; 1.38 g progesterone Eazibreed™; InterAg, Hamilton, New Zealand) on random stage of estrus cycle that was considered as day 0 of treatment. CIDR was removed on day 7 and on day 6 cows were injected with luteolytic dose of PGF2? (d-cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m).Estrus response and estrus intensity are higher in CIDR group but ovulation rate is less in CIDR and high in PG and OVS group. Timing of ovulation is shortest in OVS group as compared to other groups. Pregnancy rate are also high in OVS group. Therefore it is concluded that Ovsynch protocol is helpful to improve ovulation and pregnancy rate in Sahiwal cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1827,T] (1).
15.
Effect Of Trehalose On Cryopreservation Of Sahiwal Bull Spermatozoa
by Zohaib Ashraf | Dr. Aijaz ali channa | Prof .Dr. Aneela | Prof. DR. Nasim ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1948,T] (1).
16.
Effect Of Rbst Treatment On Antral Follicular Count Plasma E2 P4 Profile And Esteus Behavior In Postpartum Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Sadia naz | Dr. Amjad riaz | Dr. Jawad nazir | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2055,T] (1).
17.
Enhancing Fertility Through Induction Of Ovulation In Mares
by Fayzan sultan awan | Dr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Aneela | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2161,T] (1).
18.
Follicular Dynamics During Estrous Cycle In Sahiwal Cows
by Muhammad Yasir Arfat (2007-VA-102) | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Pakistan by default is an agricultural country. Livestock is mainstay of the farming
communities and has exclusive position in national agenda of the development. It plays an
important role in poverty alleviation and can uplift the socioeconomic condition of our rural
masses. Livestock contribution to agricultural GDP is 55.9 % and its contribution to National
GDP is 11.8 % (Anonymous,2013-2014). Total cattle population of Pakistan is 39.7 M
(Anonymous, 2013-2014). Livestock, especially cattle, play an important role in agriculture
economy of Pakistan in form of milk, meat and draught power. Milk is one of the cheapest
sources of nutrition and is beneficial for the human health in all stages of life. Despite the
nutritional importance of milk, its per capita availability and consumption is low in our country.
This inadequacy is due to suboptimal performance of indigenous dairy cattle due to lack of
modern technologies in cattle farming.
Pakistan is blessed with the finest breeds of dairy cattle such as Sahiwal, Cholistani and
Red Sindhi. Sahiwal cattle breed initially named as Montgomery breed (Bos indicus) is one of
the important breeds of indigenous cattle in Pakistan having dairy characteristics. The average
milk yield is about 1500 liters per lactation with 4% butter fat. But still its potential of milk
production is far less as compared to the exotic breeds e.g. Holstein Friesian etc. This is
primarily due to compromised feeding and management and little attention in the past for the
selection and breed improvement in Sahiwal cows. Moreover, late age at maturity and longer
calving interval (Makuza and McDaniel 1996) are major reproductive issues in Sahiwal cows.
Introduction
2
Physiology of oestrus cycle has been extensively studied in Holstein cows ( ). With the
advent of ultrasonography in early 1980’s it became possible to study follicular and luteal
dynamics during the estrous cycle in detail in Bos taurus (Fortune 1994; Lucy et al. 1992; Savio
et al. 1988; Wolfenson et al. 1995), and some beef breeds of Bos indicus cattle (Bó et al. 2003;
Figueiredo et al. 1997) and in buffalo (bubalis bubalis) as well (Warriach and Ahmad 2007).
The benefit of these studies was that the information on follicular dynamics in Bos taurus breeds
has been used to manipulate the estrous cycle in order to improve estrus synchronization
(Thatcher et al. 1993; Twagiramungu et al. 1995; Wolfenson et al. 1994) fixed time artificial
insemination (FTAI) (Pursley et al. 1997; Schmitt et al. 1996a; Schmitt et al. 1996b;
Twagiramungu et al. 1995) and embryo transfer procedure (Mapletoft et al. 1994; Roberts et al.
1994).
Sahiwal is one of the established zebu cattle (bos indicus) milk breeds of tropical and
subtropical region. It is known for its remarkable power of endurance for hot climate, resistance
to ticks and other diseases and has high producing ability under harsh environment and low cost
of maintenance as compared to the Bos indicus and Bos taurus crossbreds. Due to its promising
dairy characteristics and better adaptation to tropical environmental conditions, both the semen
and female of this breed have been exported from Pakistan and in Africa and Australia.
Differences on the reproductive characteristics between Bos taurus and few breeds of Bos
indicus cattle have been reported like luteal tissue characteristics (Pathiraja et al. 1986), Graafian
follicle (DF) diameter (Figueiredo et al. 1997) and estrous cycle duration (Castilho et al. 1996).
However, surprisingly, there has been no thorough study on the reproductive physiology of the
estrous cycle in Sahiwal cows. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to determine the
Introduction
3
follicular dynamics, luteal tissue development and regression, estrous cycle length, timing of
ovulation, estrus signs and fertility.
It is hoped that these data will be helpful for improved assisted reproductive technology
e.g. AI, ET etc. (Andrabi and Maxwell., 2007), timing of the treatment of the various hormones
(Krininger et al., 2003) and development of new technologies like fixed time A.I, estrus
synchronization, super ovulation, embryo transfer in Sahiwal cows. Ultimately, these can
increase herd reproductive, productive performance and for preservation of Sahiwal cattle breed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2183,T] (1).
19.
Effect Of Alpha Lipoic Acid On Post Thaw Quality And In Vitro Incubation Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Bull Semen
by Muhammad Hammad Fayyaz (2008-VA-171) | Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Younas | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Cryopreservation is the freezing of cells or tissues to subzero temperatures, typically -196 º C. Many benefits have resulted from the process of cryopreservation. Damage induced by cryopreservation has been results cold shock, oxidative stress, osmotic changes, and formation of ice crystal and lipid–protein reorganizations within the cell membrane. Oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to impaired cell functions. Free radicals, includes ROS and RNS, are normal pro - oxidant molecules in aerobic metabolism. Alpha lipoic acid is a non-vitamin coenzyme that helps in significant metabolic and antioxidant functions in the body. Alpha lipoic acid has been reported to have extra functions by which they are able to synthesize vitamin C from its reduced form in the presence of glutathione. It is matchless among biological antioxidants, because it is equally lipid and water soluble. This allows it to nullify free radicals almost everywhere in the body, inside as well as outside the cells. Therefore, the objective of present study is to determine the effect alpha lipoic acid on post thaw quality and in vitro incubation of buffalo bull semen. Alpha lipoic acid scavenge on reactive oxygen species formed in semen during the process of cryopreservation, so it maintained good semen quality during post thaw and in vitro incubation. Three mature Nili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) bulls (4-8 year age) kept at SPU, Qadirabad Sahiwal Pakistan were used in the study. These bulls are being used as regular donors at SPU. There semen was collected with artificial vagina of temperature 42c; three ejaculates (one from each) was pooled and diluted (30 million sperms/ml) with extender of different inclusion levels (0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mmol/ml) of alpha lipoic acid. Straws were filled and extended then semen was cooled for 2 hours and equilibrated for two hours. Semen was placed in Liquid nitrogen vapors for 10 minutes. Finally semen straws was put in liquid nitrogen, Total five replicates were performed. Now post thaw quality was checked in
Summary
39
which various tests were performed, like %age motility, Acridine orange assay for DNA integrity, HOST for plasma membrane integrity, Fitc-PNA/PI for viability and acrosomal integrity. Longevity test was performed by in vitro incubation of frozen thawed semen sample in SOF and evaluating it at 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hour interval in Carbon dioxide incubator. It was expected that Alpha lipoic acid shown positive effect on post thaw quality and in vitro incubation of buffalo bull semen, in the meaning of increased percentage motility, Less DNA damage during cryopreservation and incubation, Increased acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity. So alpha lipoic acid shown positive effect by counter acting on ROS during cryopreservation and in vitro incubation. Results acquired from this study shown that an increase in sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, DNA integrity, Acrosomal integrity, viability and survival was caused by ALA competences in energy production and anti-oxidant properties, when used at the concentration of 0.5mM and 1mM. In summary, based on the results of our study, it can be concluded that an optimal concentration (0.5mM and 1mM) of ALA improved PMI, sperm motility and viability, minimize DNA damage and improved sperm survival. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2268-T] (1).
20.
Effect Of L-Cysteine And Glutathione On Post Thaw Quality Of Sahiwal Bull Spermatozoa
by Farhan Younas (2007-VA-495) | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Dr. Syed Murtaza Hasan Andrabi | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Freezing and thawing of semen leads to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
due to plasma membrane lipid peroxidation. Because of this semen quality can be
compromised. To overcome this problem, antioxidants have been used in cryopreservation
medium. Glutathione and cysteine have thiol groups which penetrate into the cell and protect
it from oxidative stress. In this study, effect of different concentrations of cysteine and
glutathione on post thaw quality of Sahiwal bull spermatozoa was determined.
Semen was collected with artificial vagina from five mature regular donor Sahiwal
bulls kept at the Semen Production Unit Qadirabad, Sahiwal. Semen samples possessing
>60% motility and >500x10
6
sperm/ml were included in study. After collection, semen
samples from five bulls were pooled, divided into seven equal aliquots and kept at 37 ºC in
water bath. After that dilution was done with Tris citric egg yolk extender having different
concentrations of cysteine and glutathione as Con (0.0 mM), C1 (1.0 mM cystein), G1 (1.0
mM glutathione), CG0.5/1(0.5 mM Cysteine+1.0 mM glutathione), CG1/0.5 (1.0 mM
cysteine+0.5 mM Glutathione), CG0.5/0.5 (0.5 mM cysteine+0.5 mM glutathione) and
CG1/1 (1.0 mM cysteine+1.0 mM glutathione). Diluted samples were cooled to 4ºC in two
hours and equilibrated for 4 hours at 4
o
C. After that they were packaged into 0.5 ml French
semen straws (20x10
6
sperm/straw). All semen straws were placed 4cm above liquid nitrogen
surface in vapors for 10 minutes. Then, semen straws were plunged into liquid nitrogen for
freezing and stored until post thaw analysis. The experiment was repeated for five times
(replicates = 5). Four semen straws/treatment were thawed for 30 seconds in water bath at
37ºC and evaluated for visual motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome integrity,
mitochondrial trans membrane potential and CASA motility parameters and kinematics.
42
Summary
PMI in group CG0.5/0.5 was significantly higher (40.00±1.42 %) as compared to Con
26.67±0.80 (P<0.5). Plasma membrane integrity in groups CG1/1, CG0.5/1, G1 and C1 was
significantly higher (36.00±1.88 %, 36.20±1.07 %, 33.60±1.21 % and 32.80±0.80 %
respectively) as compared to Con (26.67±0.80 %) (P<0.05). There was no significant
difference in C1 (32.80±0.80 %) and G1 (33.60±1.21 %) (P>0.05). In case of acrosome
integrity, NAR value of group CG0.5/0.5 was significantly higher (71.40±1.08 %) as
compared to Con (59.67±0.37 %) (P<0.05). All other groups also showed significant
differences as compared to Con (P<0.05). CG0.5/0.5 also showed significantly higher NAR
value (71.40±1.08 %) as compared to C1 (64.40±1.40 %) and G1 (67.60±2.07 %) (P<0.05).
CG0.5/0.5 had significantly higher value (71.40±1.08 %) as compared to CG1/0.5 and CG1/1
(65.60±0.81 % and 68.80±0.97 % respectively) (P<0.05). CG0.5/0.5 had significantly higher
subjective motility (54.00±1.88) as compared to Con (36.66±0.92)
Mitochondrial transmembrane potential of CG0.5/0.5 was significantly higher
(37.00±0.71 %) as compared to Con (25.33±1.28 %) (P<0.05). All the other treatment groups
also had higher mitochondrial transmembrane potential as compared to Con (P<0.05). In
groups of combination of cysteine and glutathione, CG0.5/0.5 showed significant difference
(37.00±0.71 %) as compared to CG1/1 and CG1/0.5 (29.00±1.00 % and 33.80±0.86 %)
respectively (P<0.05).
CASA results showed that CG1/1 had significantly higher motility as compared to the
control. But the percentage of progressive spermatozoa was significantly higher in
CG0.5/0.5. VSL of group CG0.5/0.5 was significantly higher (53.33±2.90 %) as compared to
Con (45.10±0.50 %). However, VSL, VCL, ALH and BCF did not vary significantly among
groups. STR and LIN of group CG0.5/0.5 were significantly higher as compared to the
control group.
43
Summary
In conclusion, addition of cysteine and glutathione in tris citric egg yolk extender
improved the post thaw quality of Sahiwal bull spermatozoa. In case of additive effect of
cysteine and glutathione, CG0.5/0.5 showed higher plasma membrane integrity, acrosome
integrity, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, progressive and rapid spermatozoa as
compared to CG0.5/1, CG1/0.5 and CG1/1.
44 Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2318-T] (1).
21.
Development Of A Suitable Semen Extender For The Cryopreservation Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Bull (Bubalus Bubalis) Semen
by Fazal Wadood (2007-VA-557) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Dr. Muhammad Younas | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Presently, buffalo farmers are dissatisfied with fertility rates of the frozen semen used in the field and tend to use bulls. This study was designed to develop a suitable semen extender for cryopreservation of Nili Ravi buffalo semen that can improve conception rate in buffaloes.
Experiment-I, an attempt was made to develop semen extender with optimal osmotic pressure for buffalo semen using tris citric acid (TCAE), skim milk (SME) and coconut water (CWE) extenders (each extender have 260, 270, 280, 290 and 300 mOsm/kg osmotic pressure levels). In Experiment-II, best extender (TCAE: 300 mOsm/kg) of experiment-I was tried to improve post thaw spermatozoa characteristics by supplementing antioxidants [0.0, 1.75, 2.0 and 2.25 mM butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and 0.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 8.0 mM L-cysteine]. Post thaw spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), DNA damage rate and lipid peroxidation were assessed in first two experiments. In Experiment-III, pregnancy rate assessment of extended semen was carried out by using Trial extender (best of experiment II) or Control extender of Semen Production Unit (SPU), Qadirabad, Pakistan (50 inseminations of each extender).
Higher spermatozoa motility at ≥ 270 mOsm/kg was noted in TCAE than both SME and CWE could be due to less intracellular ice formation in zwitterions extender. Higher spermatozoa viability in TCAE and CWE compared to SME may be attributed to extender effectiveness. Higher acrosomal integrity rate at 300 mOsm/kg in TCAE and SME may be because of less intracellular ice formation in isotonic extenders. At 290 mOsm/kg, higher spermatozoa PMI in SME and lesser DNA damage in three extenders might be due to lesser intracellular ice formation at cryopreservation. Decreased spermatozoa DNA damage in SME might be due to the presence of natural antioxidants i.e., casein. Higher lipid peroxidation in CWE than TCAE and SME may be due to presence of natural antioxidants (in SME) and higher cell dehydration potential of TCAE.
Higher spermatozoa motility recorded at 2.0 mM BHT compared to other BHT groups including DMSO might be due to fact that BHT protects spermatozoa mitochondria by reducing oxidative stress. Lower spermatozoa viability, PMI rates and higher DNA damage at 2.25 mM of BHT may be due to BHT toxic effects. Lower lipid peroxidation in BHT treated groups compared to DMSO and BHT control groups might be related to BHT strong antioxidant properties. L-cysteine caused higher spermatozoa DNA damage at highest level (i.e., 8 mM) that could also be due to antioxidant’s toxic effect.
Pregnancy rate 18 % higher was noted in Trial than Control semen extender; however no significant difference have been noted that might be due to less no of inseminations.
In conclusion, TCA extender (300 mOsm/kg) having BHT (2.0 mM) improved post thaw semen quality and yielded numerically better pregnancy rates. Results of study indicated that osmotic stress damaged the spermatozoa internal structures more severely than injury to plasma membrane.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2360-T] (1).
22.
Effect Of Synchronization Protocols (Pg And Ovsynch) On Estrus Response, Estrus Intensity, Ovulation Time And Conception Rate In Cholistani Cows
by Muhammad Awais Ajmal (2009-VA-370) | Dr. Aijaz Ali Channa | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cholistani cattle breed, like other milch breeds of our country (Sahiwal, Red Sindhi cattle), is one of the indigenous breeds of Pakistan having superior dairy characteristics. Being heat tolerant breed present in tropical and subtropical areas of Pakistan it has average milk production 1235 litters with 4.8% fat in it. To minimize the cross breeding of Cholistani cows, some efforts are being done for its conservation, through management and genetic improvement. Moreover genetic improvement, through artificial insemination (A.I) is in process. In recent times another important tool Fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) has emerged to improve fertility which usually is performed in association with a variety of estrus and ovulation synchronization regimens. Synchronization of estrus is actually to bring large group of females in estrus at a desired fixed time by manipulation of estrus cycle. Two synchronization protocols were compared. In PG group, each animal was treated with luteolytic dose of PGF2α (d-Cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m) on random stage of the estrous cycle and repeated after 11 days TAI was done at 72 and 84 h after 2nd PG. In OVS group each cow received an intramuscular injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 50 mcg of a GnRH analogue, Dalmarelin TM Fatro®, Italy; 2 ml; i.m) on random stage of estrus cycle (day 0). On day 7 these cows were treated with PGF2α (d-cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m), followed by second injection of GnRH on day 9 and TAI was done at 12 and 24h after 2nd GnRH. Estrus response and estrus intensity were higher in OVS group as compared to PG. Timing of ovulation was shorter in OVS group as compared to. Conception rate are also high in OVS group. Therefore it is concluded that Ovsynch protocol is helpful to improve ovulation and conception rate in Cholistani cows. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2523-T] (1).
23.
Effect Of Trehalose And L-Cysteine On Post Thaw Semen Quality, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity And Fertility In Nili Ravi Buffalo Bulls
by Sajid Iqbal | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Syed Murtaza Hassan Andrabi | Dr. Syed Murtaza Hassan Andrabi | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Addition of various antioxidants in semen extender is one of the vital strategies being applied in reproductive biology for attaining functionally/structurally integral sperms and hence an appropriate conception rate. It is well established that chilling of buffalo semen results in decreased semen quality which is highly associated with decreased antioxidant activity and higher ROS production. Furthermore, buffalo bull spermatozoa are more susceptible to oxidative damage as compared to cattle bull spermatozoa. It is believed that this difference is due to higher contents of polyunsaturated phospholipids present in plasma membrane of buffalo bull spermatozoa. Freezing process accelerates the production of ROS molecules which may decrease the viability of buffalo bull spermatozoa during storage. Therefore, supplementation of antioxidants in semen extender is required to decrease the ROS-mediated damages to buffalo spermatozoa. The present study had, hence, been designed to monitor the effects of trehalose and L-Cysteine on the semen quality, antioxidant enzyme activity and fertility of Nili Ravi Buffalo bulls.
Semen samples (n= 20) from 4 buffalo bulls were diluted in Tris-citric acid based extender having different concentrations of trehalose (0.0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mM) and frozen in French straws. At post dilution, profile of sperm catalase (U/mL) was higher (P < 0.05) in extenders containing 15, 30 and 45 mM of trehalose as compared to control. While profiles of superoxide dismutase (U/mL) and total glutathione (μM) were higher (P < 0.05) in extenders containing 15 and 30 mM of trehalose as compared to control. At pre freezing, sperm catalase, superoxide dismutase and total glutathione profiles were higher (P < 0.05) in all the treatment groups as compared to control. At post thawing, the profiles of catalase and total glutathione
were higher (P < 0.05) in extender containing 30 mM trehalose as compared to other treatment groups and control. Whereas, profile of superoxide dismutase was higher (P < 0.05) in extenders containing 30, 45 and 60 mM of trehalose as compared to control and 15 mM group. Post thaw total sperm motility (%) was higher (P < 0.05) in extender containing 30 mM trehalose as compared to control and 15 and 60 mM groups. While sperm progressive motility (%), rapid velocity (%), average path velocity (μm/s), straight linear velocity (μm/s), curvilinear velocity (μm/s), plasma membrane (structural and functional, %), acrosome (%) and DNA (%) integrity were higher (P < 0.05) in extender containing 30 mM trehalose as compared to other treatment groups and control. The fertility rates (61% vs. 43%) were higher (P < 0.05) in buffaloes inseminated with semen doses cryopreserved in extender containing 30 mM of trehalose than the control. It is concluded that addition of 30 mM trehalose in extender improves the semen antioxidant enzymes activity, post thaw quality, and fertility in Nili Ravi buffaloes.
Similarly Semen samples from 4 buffalo bulls were diluted in Tris-citric acid based extender having different concentrations of L-cysteine (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mM) and frozen into 0.5 ml French straws. The antioxidative enzymes [catalase, super oxide dismutase and total glutathione (peroxidase/reductase)] were significantly higher (P< 0.05) at pre freezing and post thawing in extender containing 2.0 mM L-Cysteine as compared to other groups. Post thaw total motility (%), progressive motility (%), rapid velocity (%), average path velocity(μm s-1), straight line velocity (μm s-1), curvilinear velocity (μm s-1), beat cross frequency (Hz), viable sperm with intact plasmalemma (%), acrosome and DNA integrity (%) were higher with addition of 2.0 mM L-cysteine as compared to other groups (P < 0.05). The fertility rates (59 vs. 43%) were higher (P < 0.05) in buffaloes inseminated with doses containing 2.0 mM of L-cysteine than the control. In conclusion, addition of 2.0 mM L-cysteine in extender improved the
SUMMARY
77
antioxidant enzymes profile, post thaw quality and in vivo fertility of Nili Ravi buffalo bull spermatozoa.
Conclusion
It was concluded that addition of 30mM Trehalose and 2.0mM L-Cysteine in semen extender has significantly improved semen antioxidant enzymes activity, post thaw quality and fertility in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2550-T] (1).
24.
Comparison Of Commercial Triladyl Extender With A Tris-Citric-Egg-Yolk (TCEY) Extender On Post-Thaw Semen Quality Of Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Muhammad Asad Ullah Khan | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cryopreservation of semen is the most important step for its usage in artificial insemination. Freezing of semen leads to a remarkable reduction in post-thaw semen quality. Therefore, selection of a better semen extender has always been considered priority that could serve as a good cryoprotectant.. Our semen production units (SPUs) have been using Tris based egg yolk semen extender since long time. Some modern SPUs like CEBG are using commercially available semen extenders for better post-thaw semen quality.
After collection pooled semen divided into two equal aliquots in separate sterilized test tubes and kept in water bath at 37 ºC. Semen was diluted with each of extender (TCEY and Triladyl) on the basis of sperm concentration (40x106sperm/ ml). Diluted semen was placed bottles and placed in safety cabinet cooled to 4 ºC over and equilibrated for 4 hrs. After equilibration semen was filled in 0.5 ml French straws (20x106sperm/ 0.5 ml). All semen straws placed in automatic freezer 4cm above liquid nitrogen surface in vapors for 10 minutes. Liquid Nitrogen vapors used in automatic programmable freezer to reduce temperature from 4 ºC to -180 ºC and then plunged into liquid nitrogen -196 ºC for freezing and was stored until analyzed. The experiment was repeated for seven times (replicates = 07)
CASA sperm motility parameter and kinematics were analyzed at Center of Excellence for Bovine Genetics (CEBG) Renala khurd District Okara. For further analysis frozen semen straws were brought to the Department of Theriogenology UVAS, Lahore. Effects of Triladyl and TCEY on post-thaw semen quality of the Nili Ravi buffalo semen were compared.
Summary
54
In Triladyl group, significantly (P<0.05) higher post-thaw motility (PTM %), Plasma membrane integrity (PMI, %),) DNA integrity (%), Live percentage was found. However, no significant (P<0.05) difference was found regarding NAR results between both groups. Sperm abnormalities were found significantly lower in Triladyl group as compared to TCEY group.
In overall assessment regarding and post-thaw CASA motility parameters, CASA motility, (PROG %), rapid (RAP %), medium (MED%), and slow (Slow, %) and sperm motility kinematics (VAP μm/sec), (VSL μm/sec), (VCL μm/sec), (ALH μm), (BCF HZ), (STR%) and (LIN%) Triladyl was found better than TCEY.
This was concluded that use of commercial semen extender Triladyl resulted in significantly better post-thaw semen quality as compared to Tris citric egg yolk (TCEY) extender. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2581-T] (1).
25.
Comparison Of The Cryoprotective Effect Ofquailand Chicken Egg Yolk On The Freezability Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Bull Spermatozoa
by Kamran Khaliq (2014-VA-812) | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistan is one of the most important agricultural country. Livestock as a subsector of agriculture contributes 11.4% in the national economy and 56.3% in agriculture. Buffalo is honored as the black gold of Pakistan and Nili-Ravi is the most important animal in this regard. Approximately 60% of the total milk produced within a country comes from buffalo. Artificial insemination is considered to be the most important tool for the prompt genetic improvement of livestock. Mammalian spermatozoa undergo many structural and biochemical changes during cryopreservation which may leads to an impaired fertility. Buffalo bull spermatozoa are sensitive and more prone to damage than cattle. Various experiments have been conducted in order to improve the post thaw semen quality which includes supplementation of egg yolk from different bird species that tends to work as a cryoprotectent against cold shock. In the present study it is assumed that replacement of chicken egg yolk with quail egg yolk in cryodiluents improves the freezability of Nili-Ravi buffalo bull spermatozoa.
Three adult Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls without any clinical reproductive anomaly and kept at Semen Production Unit (SPU), Qadirabad District Sahiwal were used in this study. Semen from these three experimental bulls was collected twice a day twice a week by using an artificial vagina already maintained at 42 ºC. Each bull was subjected to a minimum of seven replicas. Both semen samples were collected on each collection day from each of the three experimental bulls with an interval of about ten minutes between the ejaculates. After initial evaluation for sperm motility and concentration, both ejaculates collected from the same bull at the same collection day were pooled and again evaluated for sperm cell concentration. Every pooled semen sample was then divided into five aliquots and extended with one of the five experimental extenders namely A, B, C, D, and E in order to maintain a final concentration of 40 million spermatozoa per 0.54 ml of diluted semen. Instantly after dilution motility percentile for each semen sample was recorded. After filling, open ends of straws were sealed with polyvinyl pyrolidine powder and allowed to cool and then it was stored at 4-5 ºC for equilibration. Finally the samples were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. On post thaw evaluation, motility, live/dead count, plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, and DNA integrity along with CASA evaluation parameters for motility characteristics were performed. Data were analyzed by means of two way ANOVAand comparison between means was done by using Duncan’s multiple range test. Results showed that post-extension motility and DNA integrity did not differ significantly between extender A and E. While post-thaw motility, plasmolemma intactness, acrosomal integrity, and viable sperm count was found to be higher in extender E compared to extender A. Similarly, CASA evaluation factors like progressive sperm cells motility, straight line velocity, straightness, linearity index, and the percentile of rapidly moving spermatozoa were also significantly different among extender E and A. While curvilinear velocity, and amplitude of lateral head displacement was higher in extender B that contained 5% QEY. So it was concluded that substitution of 20% CEY with 20% QEY in cryodiluents resulted in an improved post-thaw motility, viable sperm count, plasmolemma intactness, and sperm kinematics. Furthermore, it was seen that reduction in the concentration of QEY from 20% to 5% resulted in decreased sperm motility characteristics.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2686-T] (1).
26.
Palm Kernel Cake Feeding: Effect On Production And Reproduction Performance Of Crossbred Lactating Dairy Cows
by Muhammad Atif siddiq (2009-VA-401) | Dr. Ali Husnain | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. M. Afzal Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Palm Kernel Cake Feeding: Effect On Production And Reproduction Performance Of Crossbred Lactating Dairy Cows Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2745-T] (1).
27.
Effect Of Season (Breeding Vs. Low Breeding) And Breeding Method (Natural Vs. Ai) On Fertility, Embryonic And Fetal Losses In Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffalo Either Bred Naturally Or Artificially
by Arslan Qayyum (2015-VA-1076) | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Abdul Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Husaan Saleem.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Buffalo reproductive efficiency is challenging due to seasonal anestrus, lowered fertility and higher embryonic losses. Basic information on reproductive norms is generally lacking in buffalo. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of method of breeding and season on pregnancy rate, and cumulative embryonic and fetal losses in Nili-Ravi buffalo. Buffalo (n = 130) ranging from 4-8 years of age, having 350-550 kg body weight and 60-200 days post-partum were enrolled in this study. Estrus detection was performed twice a day by an apronized teaser buffalo bull for one hour each. A 2X2 factorial design was used to address method of breeding and season. Buffalo (n = 130) exhibiting estrus along with the presence of a large sized (>12 mm) follicle were randomly assigned to be bred either in peak breeding season (PBS; n = 80) or low breeding season (LBS; n = 50). Within each season buffalo were divided to receive either natural service (NS; n = 65) or artificial insemination (AI; n = 65). For natural service, buffalo, in estrus, was allowed to remain with the bull until mating. Artificial insemination was achieved, using frozen thawed semen of bull of known fertility, 24 hours after the onset of standing estrus. PBS comprised of September to December and LBS were from May to July. Serial ultrasonography was done on Day 30, 45, 60 and 90 after breeding (Day 0) to monitor pregnancy rate, embryonic mortality and fetal losses. Results revealed that the pregnancy rate when determined on Day 30 after breeding was higher in NS as compared to AI group (63% vs 43%; P < 0.05) during PBS while it did not differ (48% vs 32%; P > 0.05) in LBS. The cumulative embryonic and fetal losses between Day 31- 90, were significantly lower in PBS than LBS (33% vs 60%; P < 0.05), ignoring breeding method. In conclusion, pregnancy rates are better with natural service in peak breeding season and cumulative embryonic fetal losses were
SUMMARY
higher in low breeding season in Nili-Ravi buffalo. It is implied that this base line information can help in devising strategies to improve reproduction in buffal Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2784-T] (1).
28.
Effect Of Resynchronization With Ovsynch Or Cidr On Cumulative Pregnancy And Embryonic Losses In Cidr-Gnrh Synchronized Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Usman Arshad (2010-VA-235) | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Main Abdul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad Hussan Saleem.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of resynchronization with either GnRH or P4 on Day 23 (controlled internal drug release device containing progesterone; CIDR) on pregnancy rate, cumulative pregnancy, and embryonic and fetal losses in CIDR-GnRH synchronized Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Buffaloes (n = 181) of mixed parity, lactating, 181 ± 73 days postpartum, a body condition score (BCS) of 3.2 ± 0.5 (scale of 1-5), and 450-600 kg weight were subjected to synchronization and resynchronization. All buffaloes received CIDR on Day -9.5. In addition, GnRH was injected 36 h after CIDR removal, and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was performed 18 h later (Day 0). On Day 23, buffaloes were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: 1) CON (n = 63), 2) P4 (n = 55), and 3) GnRH (n = 63) for resynchronization (2nd AI). Pregnancy rate and embryonic and fetal losses were monitored by serial ultrasonography on Days 30, 45, 60, and 90 after synchronization (1st AI), respectively. The pregnancy retention rate in GnRH-treated buffaloes remained significantly and consistently higher (P < 0.05) than in the CON group at Days 30, 45, 60, and 90 after 1st FTAI. Based on the pregnancy diagnosis, on Day 30 post 1st AI, buffaloes in the CON, P4, and GnRH groups received: 1) Artificial insemination on detected estrus (AIDE; n = 37), 2) CIDR-GnRH protocol (CIDR; n = 27), and 3) Ovsynch protocol (OVS; n = 23), respectively. The pregnancy rate in resynchronized buffaloes did not differ (P > 0.05) between the OVS and CIDR groups, whereas the cumulative pregnancy rate in GnRH + OVS buffaloes (81%) after the 1st and 2nd FTAI when determined on Day 64 was higher (P < 0.05) than that in CON + AIDE (59%) buffaloes. The embryonic losses were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in GnRH-treated (18%) buffaloes than in CON (42%) buffaloes on Day 45 post 1st AI. Fetal losses were fewer and did not differ (P > 0.05) due to treatments on Day 60 or 90 post- 1st AI. In conclusion, 1) the
Summary
28
pregnancy rate and cumulative pregnancy rate in GnRH + OVS buffaloes were higher than in CON + AIDE buffaloes when determined on Day 64 after synchronization and resynchronization and 2) embryonic and fetal losses were lower in GnRH-treated buffaloes than in CON buffaloes when determined from Day 31 - 90. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2787-T] (1).
29.
Effect Of Β-Carotene And Tocopherol On Pregnancy Rate In Cidr Synchronized Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Bilal Munawar (2015-VA-16) | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Buffalo is of unique importance in livestock and dairy industry of Pakistan due to its high milk production and shares 65% of total milk production. Reproduction is important to get good production and profit in dairy sector. Reproduction in buffalo is compromised due to its small size ovaries, poor ovarian reserves and less pronounced estrus intensity, resulting as low fertility. Synchronization techniques including CIDR based protocols are well established in cows and getting popularity in buffaloes but with low results, comparatively. Therefore, some modifications are required based on physiology of estrus cycle in buffalo. This was hypothesized that additional injection of Dalmavital in CIDR base protocol will enhance the pregnancy rates and embryonic liability by minimizing the oxidative stress. Therefore, present study is conducted to evaluate the effect Dalmavital on estrus response, Estrus intensity, Pregnancy rates and embryonic losses in CIDR synchronized Nili-Ravi buffalo. For this, buffaloes were scanned ultrasonically for the reproductive tract evaluation. Reproductively sound buffaloes were selected and randomly allocated to one of the two treatment group. 86 buffaloes with normal reproductive tract were assigned in two groups 1; CIDR group (n = 43) and 2; CIDR+D (n = 43). AI was performed twice at 48 and 60 hours after CIDR removal. Estrus response (ER) did not differ significantly (P >0.05) in groups, CIDR and CIDR-D but estrus intensity (EI) was statistically significant (P<0.05) in treatment group. Pregnancy rates were also non-significant (P>0.05) in treatment and control group but improved comparatively in CIDR-D group (63% in CIDR-D group and 56% in CIDR group). Embryonic and fetal losses were also non-significant (P>0.05) between the control and treatment group. Results were also compared in cyclic and non-cyclic, Milking and dry, BCS and parity. Results were non-significant in milking and dry, BCS and Parity. Pregnancy rates were found different significantly (P<0.05) in cyclic and non-cyclic animals, when treatment
Summary
27
is ignored. From the present study it can be concluded that Dalmavital may have good effect on estrus intensity in CIDR synchronized Nili-Ravi buffalo.
Nili-Ravi buffalo is known as black gold of Pakistan. They produce about 2500 liters of milk with 6.5% butter fat. Despite of benefits, this breed is highly influenced with low reproductive activity that include prolonged pubertal period, poor exhibition of estrus, inadequate ovarian activity, long calving interval, high embryonic mortality and low fertility rate with artificial insemination. These factors reduce buffalo’s reproduction which leads to great economic losses. Therefore, there is dire need to address these problems and to orchestrate novel approaches to enhance the reproductive efficiency of buffalo. In cows, during last six to decades, researchers have considerably devised certain strategies to synchronize estrus with the help of prostaglandins, progestagens and estrogens. The advent of these hormones or synchronization protocols helped significantly in improving reproductive management. Moreover, the use of fixed time artificial insemination protocols resulted in acceptable fertility. However, these tools provide inconsistent results to manage reproduction in buffalo. Therefore, unprecedented approaches are required to facilitate and improve the buffalo reproduction. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2803-T] (1).
30.
Relationship Among Physical Reproductive Charecters And Semen Quality Parameters At Different Age Groups Of Sahiwal Bulls
by Muhammad Asif (2015-VA-1077) | Dr. Aijaz Ali Channa | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The present study demonstrate the relationship among physical reproductive characters and
semen quality parameters at different age groups of Sahiwal bulls. The standard breeding
soundness evaluation criteria is not set for the screening of Sahiwal bulls. Artificial insemination
is a tool for rapid genetic improvement. Sahiwal bulls used as AI sire should be screened through
standard breeding soundness evaluation criteria. Therefore the present study has been designed to
determine objectives like: (1) to determine the relationship among physical reproductive characters
and semen quality parameters at different age groups of Sahiwal bulls (2) to compare the semen
quality parameters of pendulous with non-pendulous Sahiwal bulls. The study was carried out
during July-October 2016 at Semen Production Unit Qadirabad district Sahiwal. The Sahiwal bulls
(n=91) maintained at SPU as a regular semen donor bulls, having no reproductive disorder were
selected for this study. These bulls were divided into four different age groups G1 (24-48 months,
n=8), G2 (49-72 months, n=50), G3 (73-96 months, n=27) and G4 (97-108, n=6). The evaluation
of the bulls were done for BW, SC and DPS. Semen quality parameters (ejaculate volume, sperm
concentration, motility, percent live sperm and morphological abnormalities) were evaluated and
compare between different groups. Mean BW and SC increases (P˂ 0.05) with the age of bulls,
but DPS is not correlated with the age means it does not increases with the age. Ejaculate volume
(3.58±0.1, 3.92±.05, 3.97±.06, 4.24±0.15 ml), sperm concentaration (870.6±14.1, 897.4±6.5,
899.5± 8.0, 856.9±20.2 x 10x6 /ml) increases with age. However motility remain more or less
unchange with age . The percentage of live sperms were 75.06±0.3, 75.75±0.1, 75.96±0.1,
77.09±0.4 respectively and percentage of morphological abnormalities were
Summary
32
19.57±0.6,17.61±0.2,15.80±0.2,16.69±0.4 repectively. The morphological abnormalities were
higher in younger bulls as compered to older bulls. It can be concluded that the BW, SC, ejaculate
volume, sperm concentration (except in G4 due to small sample size) increases as that the age
increases, whereas the other semen quality parameters like individual motility, motility after
dilution and individual motility after freezing looks to be more or less independent of age. The
DPS is not correlated with the age, it may be a genetic character. In comparison of semen quality
between pendulous and non-pendulous bulls, the ejaculate volume and sperm concentration were
significantly higher in pendulous bulls instead of non-pendulous bulls (in G2 and G3) and nonsignificantly
higher (in G1 and G4). While comparing the other semen parameter like motility
percentage (individual, after dilution and after freezing) between pendulous and non-pendulous
bulls the results remain non-significant. The findings of this study direct us to focus more on nonpendulous
bulls instead of pendulous bulls, the reason behind that is the pendulous bull’s needs
extra managemental care as they are more prone to injuries and perpetual infections. These
findings could be used to set the selection criteria for Sahiwal bulls. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2922-T] (1).
