1.
Evaluation Of Antiviral And Cytotoxic Activity Of Medicinal Plants Extracts Against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
by Waqas Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The antiviral activity of plants Glyceriza glabra Linn. (roots), Phyllanthus emblicus Linn. (Fruit), Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Leaves), and Moringa oleifera Lam. (Leaves) were evaluated against Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in this study. Ethanolic extraction of these plants was carried out by using Soxhlet apparatus and extracts was dried by using rotary evaporator. Four dilutions of each extracts viz 100, 50, 25 and 12.5?g/ml were made in distilled water. Vero cells were infected by mild strain of IBDV. Dilutions of these extracts were applied in triplicate manner on Vero cells that are confluent in 96 well cell culture plates. Positive control and negative control for antiviral assay were media plus cells and virus plus media respectively in antiviral assay. A cell culture plate was incubated for four days. After this incubation, viability of cells was determined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay. The cytotoxic activity of mentioned plant extracts was carried out by treating the cells with mentioned dilutions used in antiviral assay and incubating the 96 well cell culture plate for 4 days. Viability of cells was determined by MTT colorimetric assay. Positive and negative control for cytotoxic evaluation was cells plus media and cells plus media plus DMSO (10 %) respectively. Endpoint of this assay was measured in terms of cell survival percentage. Results were compared for qualitative variables using Chi-square technique and quantitative variables by linear regression analysis. 100 ug/ml and 50 ug/ml concentrations of Moringa oleifera Lam. showed cell survival percentages of 80% and 75% respectively and all four test dilutions of same plant showed no cytotoxicity for Vero cells. Two concentrations of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. 25ug/ml and 12.5ug/ml showed prominent cell survival of 75% and 80% respectively and other two concentrations 100ug/ml and 50ug/ml were found cytotoxic. Only 100ug/ml of Phyllanthus emblicus Linn. has shown cytotoxicity and 50ug/ml and 25ug/ml shown prominent antiviral activity. All concentrations of Eugenia jambolana Lam. were found non cytotoxic and 100ug/ml showed some antiviral potential against Infectious Bursal Disease virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1319,T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Timing Of Artificial Insemination In Relation To Ovulation On Pregnancy Rate In Sahiwal Cows
by Waqas Ahmad (2007-VA-99) | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Manzoor Ahmad | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Sahiwal cow is the best milch breed among all Bos indicus throughout the Subcontinent. It is famous for heat resistance, tick tolerance, high milk production. It is also exported to different countries for its peculiar properties. These cows have low fertility when inseminated with frozen semen. Very little fragmented experimental data is available on reproduction of Sahiwal breed, which might be major reason of bad performance from reproduction aspect. The same rule of insemination as we know in Holstein (Bos taurus) when applied on our local animals did not yield similar results. The designed experiment was to determine appropriate time of insemination to improve reproductive efficiency in Sahiwal cows.
This experiment was conducted at Livestock Experimental Station Jahangirabad, District Khanewal Punjab. Eighty five (n=85) adult, multiparous, lactating Sahiwal cows having BCS ≥ 2.5 and weight 325–450 kg, more than 60 days post-partum with normal reproductive tract were selected for this study. Estrous detection was carried out twice daily with teaser bull for 30-45 minutes. Standing heat was considered when cow did not move away for 4-6 seconds with teaser bull being mounted on her. Cows were assigned randomly into four groups (0 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h) with respect to standing heat. Frozen semen from bull whose fertility is known to us having post thaw motility of 40% at least was used for insemination.
Ultrasound was used as tool for precise assessment of reproductive status of experimental animals. At the start of each replicate, both ovaries and uterus of all the adult Sahiwal cows were scanned with B-Mode Ultrasound console for presence or absence of fetus and CL or any structural abnormality, with help of 7.5MHz Trans-rectal probe. Pregnancy was diagnosed 35 day post AI. Results were analyzed by using statistical software (SPSS). Pregnancy per AI was compared amongst
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
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different insemination groups by using binary logistic regression test. Pregnancy was assessed retrospectively by plotting scatter graph using ovulation as our reference point.
The timing of ovulation was 20.64 hours from onset of standing heat. Mean size of ovulatory follicle at 0, 12, and 24 hour after standing heat was 13.52 mm, 14.52 mm and 15.39 mm respectively. The ovulation rate was 97%. Highest pregnancy per AI 57% (13/23) was observed in 0 h group, followed by 36% (8/22) in 12 h, followed by 25% (5/20) on 24 h group. Lowest pregnancy per AI 10% (2/20) was seen in group inseminated 36 hour after onset of standing heat (36 h). While retrospectively highest pregnancy per AI 67% (10/15) was observed in -18 h group, followed by 29% (6/21) in -6 h group and 32% (7/22) in +6 h group, while no pregnancy were observed 0% (0/12) in +18 h group. The overall pregnancy per AI was 33% (28/85) in Sahiwal cows. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2468-T] (1).
3.
Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Survey Of Food Poisoning In District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
by Farman Ali (2014-VA-1115) | Dr. Azmat Ullah Khan | Dr. Waqas Ahmad | Dr. Khezar Hayat.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Food safety is an important public health concern. Food poisoning and foodborne diseases effect on socio-economic status of the developing countries like Pakistan. The word “Food Poisoning” used as synonymous for foodborne diseases or foodborne illness, characterized by short incubation period, acute illness and clinical symptoms are mainly gastro-intestinal disturbance. It is difficult to estimate food poisoning and foodborne diseases in Pakistan because Pakistan is included in underdeveloped low economic countries. Lack of public awareness, poor infection control strategy, weak monitoring and surveillance system are the major problems in Pakistan.
Inadequate knowledge, attitude and unhygienic practices are associated with food poisoning. Food related diseases depend on consumer knowledge, attitude and practice. Knowledge, attitude and practices of general population were analyzed in district Swat. Data were collected conveniently form 1000 respondents, both genders of age 18 and above were administrated face to face interview, questionnaire was used as a tool to collect primary data from general population in various tehsils of the study area. Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS window version 22.0 was used to analyze the data. Significant level was set at 95 percent confidence interval. Chi Square test was used to compare different variables. The results showed that different demographic characteristics and experience of food poisoning was associated with food safety knowledge, related attitude and practices that lead to food poisoning. Food poisoning prevalence was higher in rural area and male respondents were significantly more suffered compare with female. The study showed that residents in the study area have necessary knowledge about food poisoning. The attitudes of the respondents influenced by their knowledge but half of the respondents have negative attitude related to drinking raw milk and eggs. The
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average practices of the majority respondents were according to the food safety principles however certain behaviors such as hand washing practice while not using soap before preparing and eating food and eating together with hands from the same plate are persistent. There was less association between knowledge and occurrence of food poisoning but the effect was not statistically significant. Certain attitudes and practices are statically associated with food poisoning. The data were limited by the biases of self-reported practices. Observational study is suggested to explore more authentic information about food safety status in the study area.
Majority of food poisoning is related to hand washing practices. Proper hand washing practices prevent the spread of transmittable diseases in most effective way. It is thus advised there is a need to improve hand washing practice. Washing fruits and vegetables reduce microbial load and pesticides effect. It is thus advised consumer must thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables. Water without any treatment, as boiling is normally associated with pathogens that can cause food poisoning. We should improve water quality with boiling or chlorination. Consumption of expired product is not safe for human consumption; it is suggested that buyer must check product expiry date before buying. The study suggested that a critical action should be taken to provide food hygiene training to the general population by informing them with the basic principle of food safety at domestic level.
The local people’s awareness and perception related to food poisoning and food safety practices was observed. The results of the proposed study provided a baseline data on food safety status in district Swat as well as data helped to estimate the burden of food poisoning in the study area by identifying which factor influence more on food safety and cause food poisoning and foodborne illness. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2694-T] (1).
4.
Comparison Of Response Of Oral Versus Injectible Vitamin D In Children Having Rickets
by Rabia Mazari (2014-VA-909) | Dr. Waqas Ahmad | Dr. Huma Imran | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Bilal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Nutritional rickets is a common problem in Pakistan as highlighted in different studies. Nutritional rickets is a childhood bone disorder in which bones become soften and deformity occurs. The main cause of this rickets is lack of vitamin D. In Pakistan, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among children has been reported as 40%.
Methodology consist of division of 2 groups (oral, injectable).A specific amount of doses (200,000 i.u) was given to both groups for about 3 months. All children were followed up for two more visits on thirty and ninety day. In the follow-up visits the children were subjected to clinical, biochemical and radiological examination and their findings were recorded.
Anthropometric measurements included wide wrist frontal bossing, and head circumference etc. Biochemical findings included different test for serum calcium level, serum phosphorous level, serum alkaline phosphatase and 25 dehydroxyvitamin D. Radiological examination was consisting of X-Ray reports of wrist and knee.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used. Means were compared for significance
through LSD. Level of significance was defined as ≤ 0.05.Cohort software version Costat 6.303 was used for all statistical analysis.
There were no undesirable side effects observed in either group of children and both oral and injectable forms of treatment were well-tolerated. The injectable route was little bit highly efficient than oral one as expected. But this difference in efficiency is not that much significant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2742-T] (1).
