1.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Multistrain Probiotic (Protexin)Tm On Broiler Chickens Vaccinated Against Infectious Bursal Disese Virus
by Shamoon Nseem | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: A project was conducted to study the immunomodulatory effects of multistrain probiotic (ProtexinTM) on broiler chickens vaccinated against infectious bursal disease virus. ProtexinTM was offered in feed to the broiler chickens from day 1 to day 49 of age. The parameters used to evaluate the effects of ProtexinTM on broiler chicks were body weight gain, FOR, weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen and immune response to IBDV vaccination, overall mortality and post virulent IBD challenge mortality and morbidity. The results showed that the ProtexinTM treated groups had high live body weight gain than the ProtexinTM non treated groups. Similarly, the feed conversion ratio of ProtexinTM treated groups was lower than the ProtexinTM non treated groups. The results showed that the ProtexinTM had no significant effect on the bursal body weight ratio, spleenic body weight ratio and thymic body weight ratio. The mean ELISA antibody titers of probiotic treated groups were significantly higher than that of chicken receiving no probiotic. No post challenge morbidity and mortality was recorded in ProtexinTM treated groups but negligible overall morbidity and mortality was recorded in ProtexinTM groups as compared to untreated groups% Furthermore, birds fed on probiotic (ProtexinTM) resulted in maximum profit and were proved economical.
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2.
Comparative Productive Performance Of Japanese Quail Form Different Local And Imported Stock
by Zia-ur-Rehman | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram | Dr.Khalid Javed | Mr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: A total of 30 experimental breeding pairs, comprising each of 30 female and male quails were taken at the age of 6 weeks. Every pair was placed in individual breeding compartments in French made 5 tiers multidec having a dimension of (30x20x15 cm) battery cage. These 30 pairs were taken from five different stocks i.e., Sadat, Kaleem, Aabid, Zahid quail farms (local) and Major Saeed (imported hybrid stock from Washington State, USA.). The results of the present study regarding productive performance showed that, the mean male body weight differed significantly among different inbred and imported stocks. The male body weight (182±6.059) of imported stock was significantly (p ?0.01) higher than those of the other local inbred stocks. The mean female body weight showed significant differences among different inbred stocks. The female body weight (199.03±7.49) of imported stock was significantly (p ?0.01) higher than those of the other local inbred stocks. However results on egg production %, egg mass, feed intake of male and female birds, FCR (gm)/dozen egg and FCR gm/gm egg mass, were found to differ non-significantly among different local inbred and imported hybrid stocks.
Among egg quality characteristics, the results on mean shell thickness showed significant difference among different inbred and imported hybrid stocks. The shell thickness (0.195±0.004) of group L1 was significantly (p ?0.05) thicker than those of the others. However, the results on egg weight, Haugh unit and yolk index showed non-significant difference in local inbred and imported hybrid stocks.
The results on hatching traits showed non-significant difference among different groups regarding hatchability, fertility, dead germ and dead in shell percent.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0949,T] (1).
3.
Immune Response Of Buffaloes To Foot And Mouth Disease Virus Vaccine
by Munir Ahmad Tariq | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious infection of cloven-footed animals such as buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats and camels and FMD is characterized by high rise of temperature, salivation, smacking of mouth, vesicular lesion in the buccal cavity, inner flares, coronary band and interdigital spaces, memory glands etc. In Pakistan FMI) disease is caused by "0", "A" or "Asia-i" type of the virus of an Aphthovirus of Picornaviridae. The vaccinal serotypes of FMD virus were characterized as "A", "0" and "Asia-i" by virus neutralization test using imported mono-specific rabbit antiserum. Each of the serotypes multiplied rapidly on monolayer of Baby Hamster Kidney -21 (BHK-21) cells.
The BHK-2 I cells were propagated in carrel and roux flasks in MEM 199 containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Heat treated goat serum was equally effective as growth promoter for BHK-21 cell line. The cells rapidly multiplied and formed a monolayer within 72 hours at 37 °C. The cells were harvested using trypsin (0.025%) without affecting the cell viability that was observed by cytometeric as well as by colorimetric assays. The cells were stored in cryogenic containers and revived successfully on 12 months post storage.
The FMD virus isolate ("0", "A" and "Asia-i") grew well on the monolayer of BHK-21 cells and produced more than 106, and i04 units of the Tissue Culture Infective Dose-50 (TCID50) on 5th passage, respectively. Each of the virus serotypes was effectively inactivated using 0.12 % formaldehyde, or 0.004 M of Binary Etyhieneimine (BET).
The inactivated virus suspension was admixed with either oil base, lanolin or aluminium hydroxide gel and homogenized to get stable vaccine preparation. The adjuvant containing vaccines induced detectable level anti-FMDV-VN antibodies titer in buffalo calves on 19 days post-priming. Oil and gel based FMD vaccines induced detectable geometic mean titer (GMT) of the anti-FMDV-CFT antibodies (2-3 and 7-8) on 19 days post vaccination, respectively. The oil and gel based vaccines induced 1: 64 and 1:80 GMT titer of the anti-FMDV-CFT antibodies on 128 and 64 days post-vaccination, respectively and the titer declined there after as 1: 9 and 1: 3.3 on 258 days post vaccination. From this study it can be concluded that oil based vaccine induces the antibody response in buffalo latter than that of gel adsorbed vaccine. Higher titers of the antibodies are retained for comparably longer period of time by oil based vaccines. Moreover, age of buffaloes, animal species and vaccine storage at 4 C exhibited undetectable effects on the antibody response to the vaccine.
The study has indicated that vaccination programs against field infection of FMD in all the domestic cloven footed animal species could be effective way of immunoprophylaxis.
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4.
Comparative Growth Performance Of Different Broilers Strains
by Syed Ansar Hussain Shah Naqvi | Dr.Farina Malik | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram | Prof.Dr.Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: This present study was performed to investigate the comparative growth performance of different broiler strains. The experimental birds from four different strains viz Arbor acre (AA), Hubbard (RB), Hybro (FlY), and Starbro (ST) were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups each having 14 birds to evaluate the best performing strain under the local environmental condition. All the chicks in each replicate were weighed and placed in individual litter floor pens with the provision of separate feeding and drinking equipment. Ad. Libitum feed and water was offered to the birds in each replicate with the provision of 24hours light. Commercial broiler starter feed was provided from 0-4 weeks and finisher from 5-6 weeks of age.
Room temperature and humidity percentage was recorded daily. Body weight, feed intake were recorded weekly. FCR was also calculated on weekly basis. And mortality was recorded as and when occurred.
At the end of the experiment two birds' one male and one female from each replicate were randomly selected to study slaughter parameters such as live weight, dressed weight and different organs weight (shank length, head weight, liver weight, gizzard weight, heart weight, intestine weight, intestine length, ceacal weight).
The daily temperature range was 24 C to 40 C and the humidity percentage was from 20 to 90 % throughout the experimental period. The overall data showed no significant difference (P<0.05) in weight gain, feed consumption and FCR values of four different broiler strains. However, consistently higher weight gain and feed consumption was observed in birds of strains AA. Where as comparable FCR values were
observed in birds of strains AA, RB and HY. However birds in strains SB showed lowest (P>0.05) weight gain and highest FCR.
Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in live weight of male and female birds. Highest (P<0.05) live weight and dressed weight was observed in birds of SB strain. The highest dressing percentage was observed in birds of AA and HY strains.
The significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in head weight of female birds from different broiler strains, the head weight of the birds from HB was significantly (P< 0.05) higher compared to lower weight of AA. The significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in shank length of female of the group AA birds. There was no significance difference (P> 0.05) in the liver weight, gizzard weight, intestinal weight, intestinal length, and ceacal weight of birds from different broiler strains.
The trial indicated that all the broiler strains such as Arbor acre (AA), Hubbard (RB), Hybro (HY), and Starbro (SB) can be reared profitably and uniformly under our local environmental temperature. It is also evident from the data that each strain has its own peculiar characteristics. AA, I-lB. and MY showed better growth performance, whereas maximum mortality was observed in the birds of SB thus indicating poor resistance to the diseases.
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5.
Comparative Hatching Traits Of Different Broiler Strains
by Muhammad Usman Khan | Dr.Farinea Malik Khattak | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram | Prof.Dr.Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Poultry industry of Pakistan contributes a large segment to the national economy with an investment of more than 70 billions of rupees and has become the second largest industry after textile in Pakistan. The present project is designed to study the comparative hatching traits of different broiler strains. There are many commercial poultry companies that rear parent stocks consisting of different broiler parent strains of Hubbard, Hybro, Starbro, Arbor Acres. This sector is presently showing an annual growth rate of about 10-15 percent per annum and playing a vital role in narrowing down the gap between supply and requirement of animal protein foods. The present project is designed to study the comparative hatching traits of different broiler strains Hubbard, Hybro, Starbro, Arbor Acres.
A total of 600 eggs comprising 150 each of the 4 broiler breeder strains viz. Hubbard, Hybro, Starbro and Arbor acres were purchased from local companies maintaining parent breeder flocks. These eggs were divided into three replicates having 50 eggs of each. All the eggs were examined on the basis of their size, shape and shell texture for the selection of settable eggs in each replicate. All eggs were weighed and coded and 3 eggs from each replicate were taken for measuring the egg quality characteristics before setting in the setter part of the incubator for the first 18 days. On day 19 all eggs were transferred to the hatcher room. Prior to shift eggs to the hatcher, all eggs were candled to check the fertility. Chicks were collected after 21 days from hatcher. The parameter such as, egg Weight, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen Weight, albumen height, yolk colour, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk weight, yolk index, meat spot, blood spot, hatchability percentage, chick weight, infertility percentage, dead in germ percentage, dead in shell percentage were studied.
The result of present study showed that, the mean egg weight indicated significant differences among different broiler strains. The maximum mean egg weight was recorded in Hubbard strain (68.5 gm ± 4.7).The mean shell weight showed significant difference among different broiler strains. The mean shell thickness showed non-significant difference among different broiler strains. The mean yolk colour, yolk diameter, yolk weight showed significant difference (p<O.O5) among four different broiler strains. The mean yolk height and yolk index showed non-significant difference (P>0.05) among different strains. The mean albumen weight and albumin height indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among four different broiler strains. The meat spot percentage showed that the significantly increased (P<0.05) number of meat spots were observed in eggs obtained from Hubbard strain (1.33 ±4.6) compared to all of other strains. The blood spot percentage significantly (P<0.05) higher number were recorded in starbro strain (1.98 ± 0.56) as compared to all other strains. The hatchability percentage of Hubbard strain (71.63 ± 5.71) was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to Arbor Acre strain (39.71± 4.91) and Hybro strain (33.57+ 6.22) and the hatchability percentage of Hubbard strain (71.63 ± 5.71) and Starbro strain (68.30± 7.21) were with in same ranges. The mean chick weight indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among different broiler strains. The significantly highest (P<0.05) chick weight was recorded in Hubbard strain (45.17±4.6) as compared to all other strains. The infertility percentage of Hybro strain (1.77±0.20) and Arbor Acre strain (3 9.33±5.42) were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to infertility percentage of Hubbard strain (14.66±6.67) and Starbro strain (24.50 ±4.26).The dead in shell and dead in germ percentage showed significant difference (P<0.05) among four different broiler strains
Based on the finding of this study it may be concluded that the egg quality characteristics like egg weight, shell weight, yolk colour, yolk weight, yolk diameter, albumin weight, albumin height, meat and blood spot percentage have significant differences among different broiler strains. The shell thickness, yolk index, yolk height non-significant difference among four different broiler strains. The Hubbard strain had maximum egg weight, yolk weight, yolk height, albumen height, in comparison to all other three strains. The results with regard to Hatchability traits like chick weight, hatchability percentage, infertility percentage, dead in germ percentage, dead in shell percentage have significant difference among different broiler strains. The Hubbard strain had maximum hatchability percentage and chick weight in comparison to all other three strains. On the basis of this study it may concluded that Hubbard strain have better results as compared to Arbor Acre, Hybro, Starbro strains.
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6.
Effect Of Various Stress Factors On The Immune Response(Ph.D)
by Muhammad Yasser Mustafa Butt | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Pakistan has vast population of dogs belonging to different breeds. Most of the dogs have no pedigree record which is a great threat to conservation of different breeds. No study on DNA fingerprinting of dogs has been conducted in Pakistan. DNA fingerprinting of dogs is necessary to overcome the problems like forensic cases, sale & purchase, individual identity in case of fertilization by more than one male and ownership disputes. Microsatellite markers have been proved as an efficient and powerful tool for parentage testing and breed characterization of dogs. In this study, a panel of microsatellite markers, having high polymorphism information content (PlC) values, was developed. Blood samples were taken from cephalic vein of two breeds of dogs (German shepherd and Labrador retriever). DNA was extracted by Inorganic method. Primers of microsatellite markers were optimized for successful amplification conditions in the Bio-Rad thermocycler. Multiplex PCR was performed, for amplification of these microsatellite markers on 46 samples belonging to 20 families. Genotyping analysis was performed for the PCR products of microsatellite markers on non denaturing polyacrylamide gel. These results were analyzed statistically software "POPGENE 3.3 and POWER STAT". Allele frequency, heterozygosity, homozygosity, polymorphism information content (PlC), power of discrimination and power of exclusion of all microsatellite markers were calculated. Average power of discrimination among non parents, average hetrozygosity, average observed homozygosity and average polymorphism information content (PlC) value for all alleles was 0.809, 0.6345, 0.29 13 and 0.724 respectively. Moreover combined power of exclusion reached a significant value of 0.9998. Almost all of the microsatellite markers showed significant variations in both German shepherd and Labrador retriever breeds. Microsatellite "REN41D2Ob" showed maximum variation i.e. 17 alleles and microsatellite"REN49F22b" showed the least variation among all microsatellite markers i.e. 4 alleles. Genotyping results of microsatellite markers were clearly different for two different breeds showing a distinct genetic distance between German shepherd and Labrador retriever breeds.
Results of this study lead to development of a panel of microsatellite markers which can be used for parentage analysis and breed characterization of dogs. This was a preliminary study on dogs in Pakistan. This facility can be provided on commercial basis to pet owners and kennel clubs. Moreover this study can become the basis for further research investigations in canines in Pakistan.
To evaluate effects of various stress factors on immune response and growth performance of broiler chicks, a total of five experiments using 2000 broiler chicks were conducted. In each experiment, chicks were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D and E), and each group consisted of 80 day-old-chicks. In each experiment, the chicks were exposed to stress factors, such as temperature, stocking density, feed deprivation, water restriction and light. Each chick in groups A, B, C, and E was vaccinated against IBV, NDV, IBDV and HPSV, but chicks in group D were kept as unvaccinated controls. Blood samples from each group were collected on 36 day of age, at 18 hrs for determining TLC, DLC and H/L ratio. The antibody titers of chicks in different groups were analyzed using HI test at days 36th and 56. The cellular response was analyzed by injecting PHA-P in the wattles of bird during post stress period. The effects of each stress on lymphoid organs were determined. The potential to resist virulent NDV challenge and effect of stress factors on body weight gains and FCR of chicks was also determined.
In experiment 1, conducted to determine the effect of various temperature ranges on broiler chicks, it was observed that the heat stressed (HS) birds showed non-signilicant dilYerence in TLC values. The HS effect on lymphoid organs indicated that the mean weight of thymus of chicks in group B (0.29±0.02) and C (0.59±0.13) was significantly (P<0.05). lower than those in groups A (4.11±3.26), D (4.50±0.77) and E (4.35±0.21). The mean bursa weight of heat stressed chicks in goups A (0.94±0.59) and B (0.20±0.01) were significantly (P0.05) lower as compared to non- heat stressed chicks in groups D (1.42±0.22) and E (1.33±0.18). The mean spleen weight of groups A (1.21±0.13) and B (1.30±0.11) was significantly (P0.05) lower than groups D (L93±0.16) and E (1.52±0.10) indicating the adverse effect of increased temperature. The FCR valueswere significantly (P0.05) different among groups in 6th1 week and effect of Vitamin C was found significantly (P<0.05) improved than Vitamin E and glucose treatment. At 36 day of age the HI titer was recorded significantly (P<0.05) lower in group A (GMT 61) than B (GMT 144) and C (GMT 109) groups while group E (GMT 186) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher HI titer. At the age day 56 (06 days post challenge) the HI antibody titers in all groups registered a rise except in group D. All the chicks in group D died indicating clinical signs of Newcastle disease. The post challenge GM HI titers recorded in groups A, B, C and E at the age of 56 days was 79, 156, 122 and 216, respectively. There was nonsignificant (P>0.05) differences in wattle thickness (cm) among groups A (1.51+0.06), B (1.77±0.26), C (1.2±0.25) and D (1.52±0.22) but increased in group E (1.83+0.08). The mortality was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups A (14) and D (40) on challenge with NDV virulent virus.
In experiment 2, conducted to determine the effect of various levels of stocking densities on broiler chicks, it was observed that stressed birds had showed non-signilicant (P>0.05) difference in TLC values. The effect on lymphoid organs found that the mean thymLls weight (grn) of chicks in groups A (0.37±0.04) and B (0.74±0.17) were significantly (P<0.05) lower than groups C (1.50±0.35), D (4.43±0.72) and E (4.40±0.23). The mean bursa weight (gm) of groups A (0.33+0.03) and B (0.57+0. 1 7) were significantly (P0.05) lower than those of groups D (1.76±0.05) and 13(1.33±0.08) indicating that less space effect the bursa development in the chicks. The mean spleen weight (gm) of groups A (1.18±0.07) and B (1.52±0.20) was significantly (P<0.05) lower than group D (2.37±0.28). The FCR values were sign ilicantly (P<0.05) different among groups in 6thi week and there was non-signiflcant (P>0.05) difference among groups with treatment of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and glucose. At 36th day of age the I-Il titer was recorded significantly (P<0.05) lower in group A (GMT 67) than groups B (GMT 9.6) and C (GMT 102). The chicks in group D (GMT 07) showed negligible HI titer while group E (GMT 185) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher HI titer. At the age day 56 (06 days post challenge) the 1-Il antibody titers in all groups registered a rise except in group D. All the chicks in group D died indicating clinical signs of Newcastle disease indicating that the titers in the birds were not enough to resist the virulent challenge. The postNDV-challenge GM HI titers recorded in groups A, B, C and Eat the age of 56 days were 86, 121, 132 and 210. There wa non-significant (P0.05) differences in wattle thickness (cm) in groups A (1.44±0.07) and C (1.43±0.10) while group E (1.64±0.31) showed significantly (P0.05) increased wattle thickness. The mortality was found significantly (P0.05) higher in groups A (25) and D (40) on challenge with NDV virulent virus. This indicated that less floor space decreased the immune response of the birds which leads to the infection/death.
In experiment 3, effect of feed deprivation at different time intervals on broiler chicks was studied, it was observed that feed deprivation stressed birds had showed non-significant (P>0.05) differences in blood cells population. The effect of feed deprivation on the mean thymus weight (gm) of chicks in group C (0.96±0.29) was adversely affected as the chicks in this group had significantly (P<0.05) lower weight than groups B, 1) and E. The bursa mean weight (gm) of groups A (0.48±0.11) and C (0.52±0.06) was significantly (P0.05) lower than those of groups D (1.40±0.18) and E (1.28±0.11) indicating, that 24 hrs and morning off-feed effect the bursa development in the chicks. The mean splen weight(gm) of groups A (I. 19±0.07) and C (1.21±0.06) vcre significantly (P0.05) lower than groups D and E indicating adverse effect ol24hrs and day off feed on chicks lead to infection. The FCR values were significantly (P0.05) different among groups in 6hhl week and there was significant (P<0.05) differences among groups with treatment of glucose than Vitamin C and Vitamin E treated. groups. At 36th day of age, the HI titer was recorded significantly (P<0.05) lower in group B (GMT 15) than C (GMT 74) and group D (GMT 07) showed negligible HI titer while group E (GMT 140) showed significantly (P<0.05) higher HI titer. At the age day 56 (06 days post challenge) the HI antibody titers in all groups registered a rise except in group D. All the chicks in group D died indicating clinical signs of Newcastle disease. The post challenge GM HI titers recorded in groups A, B, C and Eat the age of 56 days were 68, 54, 115 and 165. There was non-significant (P0.05) difference in wattle thickness (cm) among groups while group E (I .78±0.06) showed significantly (P<0.05) increased wattle thickness. The mortality was Found significantly (P<0.05) higher in Groups C (12) and D (40) on challenge with NDV virulent virus. This indicated that 24 hrs off feed decreased the immune response of the birds which leads to the infection.
In experiment 4, studied the effect of water restriction at different time intervals on broiler chicks, it was observed that water restricted birds had nonsignificant (P0.05) differences in blood cells population except lymphocytes percentage was found higher in groups A (43.7±2.47), C (43.7±1.16) and D (53 .3±1 .30) than group B (39.1±1.06). The effect of water restriction on the mean thymus weight (gm) of chicks in group C (0.60±0.07) was adversely effected as the chicks in this group had significantly (PO.O5) lower weight than group D (4.09±0.70) indicating that increased in the period of water restriction in chicks adversely affected the mean thymus weight and chicks reared on ad-flbituni water had higher mean thymus weight. The mean bursa weight (gui) of group C (0.07±0.02) was significantly (P<0.05) lower as compared to group D (1.37±0.88) indicating that water restriction of 24 hr had affected the bursa development in the chicks. The mean spleen weight (gm) of group C (2.64±1.49) was significantly (P0.05) higher than groups A, B and E. The FCR values were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups in 6th week and there was non-significant (P0.05) difference among groups with treatment of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and glucose treated groups. At 36th day of age the HI titer was recorded significantly (P<0.05) lower in group D (GMT 09) than A (GMT 54) and group E (GMT 109) showed significantly (P0.05) higher HI titer. At the age day 56 (06 days post challenge) the HI antibody titers in all groups registered a rise except in group D. All the chicks in group D died indicating clinical signs of Newcastle disease. The post challenge GM HI titers recorded in groups A, B, C and E at the age of 56 clay was 78, 63, 48 and 134. There was non-significant (P0.05) difference in wattle thickness (cm) among groups B and E and group A (1.28±0.08) showed significantly (P0.05) lower wattle thickness. The mortality was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups B (14) and C (21) on challenge with NDV virulent virus. This indicated that 18 and 24 hrs water restriction decreased the immune response of the birds.
In experiment 5, effect of light stress at various time intervals on broiler chicks was studied. It was observed that light stressed birds had showed non-significant (P>0.05) difference on blood cells population except lymphocytes percentage was found higher in groups D (6 1.4±1.16) than group C. The effect on lymphoid organs studied and the mean thymus weight (gin) old chicks in group B (I .90±0.53) was adversely effected as the chicks in this group had significantly (P0.05) lower mean thymus weight than groups D (4.64±0.74) and E (4.34±0.25) indicating that increase in the period of oil-light in chicks adversely effected the mean thymus weight and chicks reared on 24hr light had higher mean thymus weight. The bursa mean weight (gm) 01' group 13(0.43±0.05) was significantly (P0.05) lower as compared to group D (1.59±0.17). The spleen mean weight (gun) of group D (1.88±0.15) was significantly (P<O.05) higher than group B (1.18±0.08). The FCR values were significantly (P().O5) different among groups in 6th week and there was non significant (P0.O5) difference among groups with treatment of Vitamin C, Vitamin E and glucose. At 36° day of age the HI titer was recorded significantly (P<0.05 lower in group C (GMJ 83) and group D (GMT 06) showed negligible HI titer while group E (GMT 128) showed significantly (P0.05) higher HI titer. At the age day 56 (06 days post challenge) in HI antibody titers in all groups registered a rise except in group D. All the chicks in group D died indicating clinical signs of Newcastle disease. The post challenge GM HI titers recorded in groups A, B, C and B at the age of 56 days was 122, 116. 108 and 133. There was non-significant (P>0.05) difference in wattle thickness (cm) among groups while group B (1.53±0.15) showed significantly (P<0.05) increased wattle thickness. The mortality was found significantly (PO.05) higher in groups A (18) and D (40) on challenge with NDV virulent virus. This indicated that 24 hr off-light decreased the immune response of the birds.
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7.
Bioavailability Of Minerals In Different Vegetable Protein Sources Commonly Used In Broiler Ration
by Zaib Mahel | Dr.Farina Malik | Prof.Dr.Muhammad AKram | Prof.Dr.Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was designed to investigate the relative bioavailability of minerals in different vegetable protein sources commonly used in broiler ration. The study was conducted in the Poultry Experimental Shed, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. For this purpose 200 day old broiler chicks were purchased and were randomly distributed into five equal treatment groups A, B, C, D & E containing soyabean based control diet, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, canola meal and guar meal respectively. Each treatment had 4 replicates having 10 chicks each. Birds were placed on floor for first 10 days then were shifted to cages on day with in same treatment and replicate groups and were fed on experimental feed. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly and FCR and weight gain was also calculated accordingly.
The experiment was terminated at day 21, all birds were weighed and feed consumption was recorded to calculate weight gain and FCR. Two birds per replicate were randomly selected and 5m1 blood was taken from wing vein prior to slaughtering. After slaughter, organ weights, left tibia bone were taken. Blood samples, left tibia bone ash, and excreta samples were collected for analysis of macro (Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na) and microminerals (Mn, Cu, and Fe) analysis.
Data when statistically analyzed showed that there was a significant differences (P<0.05) between body weights, Birds fed canola and guar meal showed the highest (P<0.05) body weight compared to control birds. Feed consumption & FCR values
showed a non significant difference (P<O.05). Organ weight revealed non significant difference in liver & heart weights (P<O.05), however significantly (P<O.05) highest weights were observed for birds fed diet containing guar meal.
Amount of available Ca in plasma was significantly higher (P<O.05) when guar meal was fed as compared to P arid Mg which showed non significant (P<O.05) differences between treatments and the amount of available minerals Ca, P, Mg, K, and Fe in bone ash were also non significant (P<O.05) among birds fed control, rapeseed, sunflower, canola, and guar meal. The amount of available macrominerals (Ca, P, and Mg) in feed showed a significant difference (P<O.05) when birds were fed sunflower meal, control and guar meal. However, Na, and K levels of feed were non significant (P<O.05). The amount of available macrominerals (Ca, K and Na) in excreta significantly showed (P<O.05) difference when sunflower and guar meal were fed while P and Mg showed non significant (P>O.05) difference among all treatment groups, whereas microminerals like Cu, Mn and Fe showed a significant difference (P<O.05) when birds were fed a soya based control diet.
The overall bioavailability of macro minerals (Ca, P, Mg, K and Na) and microminerals (Cu and Fe) showed significant (P<O.05) among treatments groups. However Mn showed non significant (P<O.05) difference with highest bioavailability of guar meal. The results showed that among protein source supplements, soybean, sunflower, canola and guar meal showed higher digestibility and minerals content as compared to rapeseed meal.
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8.
Post Peak Productive Performance Of Local & Imported Quail Parent Stocks Reared Under Different Lighting Regimes
by Muhammad Karim Khan | Dr.Abdul Waheed Sahota | Prof.Dr.Khalid | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was designed to explore the photoperiodic effect of intermittent lighting on various economic traits as well as egg quality traits initiating from post peak egg production in quails. This study was conducted at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, Ferozpur Road Lahore with both local and imported quails maintained under different continuous and intermittent lighting regimes. The experimental quails were subjected to 05 different lighting regimes viz., A (16L: 8D), B (8L: 6D: 2L: 8D), C (8L: 7D: IL: 8D), D (8L :7.5D: 0.5L: 8D) and E (8L: 16D) from 23 -34 weeks of age. The group E (8L: 16D) served as a negative control and group A (16L: 8D) was a positive control, while, the three intermittent lighting regimes used as experimental treatments were named as B, C and D. From 15th to 221I1 week the quails were maintained on a long day lighting schedule of (16L: 8D) in order to create uniformity among birds. The effect of these above mentioned lighting schedules on early productive performance of this flock of quails was examined in another study. In this trial the same act of treatments was used to investigate its lighting effect on post peak production (from 23 to 34 weeks). The experiment was conducted on 240 adult quails (23 weeks old) under factorial arrangements of 5 lighting regimes x 4 purebred strains x 3 replicates having 4 quails (1 male: 3 female) each. The experimental quails were maintained in a 5 tier quail battery (each tier had 6 decks). The study was conducted under the same manage mental conditions. The weekly data on body weight, egg production, FCR (for egg production and egg weight), egg quality traits (egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, haugh unit and yolk index were recorded. The data thus collected were statistically analysed using analysis of variance technique and comparison of means was made using DMR test.
The results of the present study show that mean body weight under light regimes A, B, C, D and E was recorded as 268.81 (+5.09), 280.70 (+12.3), 267.96 (+2.99), 274.10 (+12.3) and 271.20 (+10.3)gm, respectively. A significant (p<0.Ol) effect of light treatments on body weight was observed. The highest body weight (280.70+12.3gm) was recorded under treatment B (8L: 6D: 2L: 8D)which was found to be significantly better than recorded under other treatments, however, A and C and D and E differed non- significantly from each other. Breed differences in body weight were observed to be significant (p<0.Ol). Significantly (p<O.O5) higher body weight was observed in strain M. Body weight between M and K and S and Z strains varied non-significantly. Light and breed interaction was found to be significant (p<O.Ol). The results on feed intake followed almost a similar pattern indicating significant (p<O.Ol) effect of light treatments, breeds and light into breed interaction. However, feed intake under light treatment A (16L: 8D) was more, which varied non-significantly with light treatment D (8L: 7'/2D: '/2L: 8D). The highest feed consumption (p<O.O5) in strain M, which also ranked best in body weight. A non-significant difference in feed intake of M and Z and S and K strains was observed.
The mean egg production of quails under lighting regimes A (16L: 8D), B (8L: 6D: 2L: 8D), C (8L: 7D: 1L: 8D), D (8L: 7V2D: V2L: 8D) and E (8L: 16D) during the experimental period was recorded as 79.49, 74.65, 75.99, 76.33, 75.64 percent, respectively. The effect of lighting treatment was found to be significant (p<O.O5) on mean egg production. The birds in positive control group produced significantly (p<O.O5)
more eggs when compared with birds on experimental treatments. The results indicated that light treatments of quails during growing period significantly (p<O.Ol) influenced the feed conversion ratio (feed/dozen egg) of quails during post peak production with significant (p<O.Ol) breed and light into breed interaction. FCR of quails of negative control group E (8L: 16D) was significantly (p<O.O5) better than all other light treatments. The strain Z exhibited better (p<O.O5) FCR than the strains M and S, however a non-significant difference between Z and K strains was recorded. A similar trend for FCR (feed/kg eggs) was observed except that Z strain exhibited better FCR than other three strains. The results showed non-significant close bred strain as well as light into breed effect. Breeds differed significantly (p<O.O5) in egg weight and K strain had greater egg weight than the other strains. The results in respect of yolk index and yolk height showed a similar trend. The yolk index in K strain was found to be better (p<O.Ol) than other strains except M strain. The yolk height was observed to be significantly better (p<O.O5) in strain M when compared with S and K strains, however, a non-significant effect between close bred strain M and K was observed. The results showed that quails subjected to different lighting regimes during the experimental period significantly (p<O.Ol) influenced egg shell thickness. The birds on experimental regime B (8L: 6D:
2L: 8D) produced significantly (p<O.O5) thicker shells than other competitive treatments. Breed and light into breed effect was also found to be significant (p<O.O5). Strain Z had the greatest shell thickness than all other strains.
The results of the study in respect of other egg quality traits such as Haugh unit, egg shell weight, yolk diameter and albumen height showed non-significant effect ofdifferent lighting regimes applied during experimental period. The effect of breed and light into breed interaction was found to be non-significant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1109,T] (1).
9.
Efficacy Of Commercially Available Natural Enzyme Complex On Performance And Nutrient Availability In Broiler Rations
by Asim Munawar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr.Saima | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Poultry feed is mainly composed of cereals and vegetable proteins, which cannot be fully digested and utilized by poultry due to lack of endogenous enzymes. As feed costs 70% of total poultry operation, so there is need reconsider enzyme supplementation in such feeds. For this purpose, a total of 800 day old Hubbard broiler chicks will be randomly selected, weighed, and assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates per treatment. Feed was procured from a commercial feed mill, comprising of a control diet (2750 Kcal/kg energy with no Allzyme SSF), two negative control diets (Negative Control Diet-I and II having 2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having no Allzyme SSF) and two positive control diets (2700 Kcal/kg and 2675 Kcal/kg energy having Allzyme SSF @ 200gms/ton).
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group D, B, E and C, respectively, revealed that the weights of group B, C and E were significantly different from group A, whereas, the differences of group A and D were found non significant that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group B followed by group C, E, D and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) of group B and C with groups A, D, E, while the feed consumption of group B and C was found insignificantly different from each other. The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Next to this was group D, followed by group E, B and C. It is evident from the results that FCR of broilers in group D was very near to control group A, showing activity of enzyme complex in terms of performance.
The highest toe ash percentage (10.83%) was recorded in broilers of group D which was fed diet with 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium but added 200gm/ton enzyme complex, lowest toe ash percentage (9.98%) was recorded in group C which was fed with diet having 0.1% less available phosphorus and 0.1% calcium than control group A with no enzyme complex supplementation. The highest Ca content in plasma was observed in group A, whereas the lowest Ca plasma content was recorded in group B. Phosphorous content in plasma of group D was found to be highest among all the groups followed by E, A, B and C.
No bird had showed any kind of leg weakness/deformity. Critical analysis of the data indicated that birds of group D were reared at lowest feed cost and this diet was found most economical.
Cost of production of feed and per kg live weight can be decreased by use of enzyme complex in feed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1286,T] (1).
10.
Effect of Selenium-Supplemented Diets on Production Performance, Hatching, Egg Geometry And Quality Traits in Four Varieties of Indigenous Aseel
by Muhammad Tahir Khan (2006-VA-031) | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram | Dr. Imran Zahoor | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Corrupted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2218-T] (1).
