1.
Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation On Intestinal Morphology Of Broiler Chicken
by Sultan Ali (2013-VA-774) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Quiad Zaman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zinc is a vital mineral for birds functioning elaborately in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and a part of many biochemical reactions. By using nanoparticles of zinc, the bioavailability of zinc increases due to increase surface area which improve intestinal architecture. Globally minute study has been documented on the supplementation of ZONPs in poultry and very rare is documented in Pakistan.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ZONP supplementation on histomorphometric parameters of small intestine and cecal tonsil in broiler. The study included 100 day-old broiler chicks which were randomly allocated into four groups (n= 25), each group having five replicates (n= 5). Group A was served as control group and was fed only basal diet (BD), Group B was supplemented with BD plus 80 mg/kg of ZnO, Group C was supplemented with BD plus 40mg/kg of ZONP and Group D was supplemented with BD plus 80mg/kg of ZONP for 35 days. Two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered on day 35, birds were excised and samples from small intestine were taken from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecal tonsil from ceaca. Paraffin embedding technique was used to process the samples which were stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin technique and combined Alcian blue- PAS. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software). The data was analyzed by using one way-ANOVA. Differences between the groups were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test and were considered significant at P < 0.05.
The intestinal parameters, villus height, width, surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa were measured. Acidic, mixed and total goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes were also counted in intestinal samples. In cecal tonsils length, width, area and total lymphatic nodules were measured.
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The results showed that in duodenum and ileum the villus height, width and surface area was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group C, while that of jejunum was greatest (P <0.05) in group D, the crypt depth of duodenum was deeper in group B. Total goblet cells count was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in group C and D in all three sections of small intestine also the acidic goblet cells of jejunum and ileum, while the mixed goblet cells count was highest (P< 0.05) in group C and D of duodenum and ileum. No significant difference were observed in IEL count between different groups. The length, width, area and total number of lymphatic nodule of cecal tonsils was higher (P < 0.05) in group C and D.
In conclusion supplementing ZONP at the dose of 40mg/kg in diet of broilers improved gut morphology and at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg improved the mucosal immune cells count. To know the actual mechanism of ZONP with relation to these findings further study is required to be documented. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2375-T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Phytase And Probiotic Supplementation On The Morphology Of Tibia Bone And Pectoralis Muscle In Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
by Asad Hannan (2014-VA-02) | Dr. Saima Masood) | Dr. Hafsa Zaned | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The uniform provision of protein to the growing human population demands development
of alternative resources for meat production. Among others, the quail farming presents graceful
enterprise because of its better meat quality with greater profit margin. The faster growth rate,
lower generation interval and greater resistance to disease is called the quail as righteous source
for meat stuff. The domesticated Japanese quail can lay up to 300 eggs a year. Quail is
acknowledged for its relatively low price, the typically convenient portions and no religious
restrictions over its consumption. Bone and muscle are the organs that provide the structural
support to birds and serve as a source of minerals and protein. Leg bone deformities and low
growth cause economic losses. Phytase and probiotics as a growth promoter in the feed have
beneficial effect on performance, bone and muscle health of Japanese quail. Two hundred day old
quail chicks were arranged and kept at experimental shed, ART center, UVAS, Lahore. The shed
was fumigated with KMnO4 and 10% Formalin before chick’s arrival. The birds were weighed
and randomly divided into four groups (I, II, III, IV) and each group contained 50 birds with five
replicates (n=10). The experimental design was a complete randomized design (CRD). Birds were
fed starter and finisher commercial corn-based basal diet (BD) supplemented with probiotic
(Bacillus cereus) and microbial phytase with ad-libitum access to fresh water for 28 days. Group-
I was served as control and fed only basal diet, Group-II was given BD + 0.01% microbial phytase.
Group-III was given BD + 0.1% probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Group IV was given BD + 0.01%
microbial phytase + 0.1% probiotic (Bacillus cereus). On day 28, two birds from each replicate
were slaughtered by cutting the carotid arteries with subsequent exsanguination. The left and right
tibia of each quail were detached as drumstick. The drumsticks were labelled and boiled in water
at 1000C for ten minutes and then drumsticks were cooled at room temperature. Flesh on
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36
drumsticks were removed and then for 24 hours, bones were air dried at room temperature.
Concerning with histology of a muscles, pectoralis muscle segments were fixed in neutral buffered
formalin (10%) soon after slaughtering. Tissues were dehydrated by transferring through a series
of alcohol with increasing concentrations, placed into xylene and samples were prepared and
processed through paraffin embedding technique. After this time period the paraffin blocks were
cut at 5 μm thickness and then stained by standard Haematoxylin and Eosin procedure. All slides
were examined under light microscope supplied with camera and connected with a computer. For
Histomorphometry, a commercial program was used. Different parameters which were studied
include body weight gain, weight and length of tibia bone, outside diameter, medullary canal
diameter, wall thickness, weight/length index, bone ash contents, pH and water holding capacity
of pectoralis muscles, fiber diameter, fiber cross sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross
sectional area, number of muscle fiber per unit area and number of muscle fascicle per unit area.
Results showed that body weight was increased in those groups supplemented with probiotic and
phytase. Weight and length of tibia bone, bone ash contents of Japanese quail supplemented with
probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Phytase and in combination had significant values than that of control
group. There was no significant difference among the groups regarding pH and water holding
capacity observed. Fiber diameter, fiber cross sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross
sectional area, number of muscle fiber per unit area and number of muscle fascicle per unit area of
pectoralis muscle of Japanese quail had significant differences than that of control group. It is
concluded that probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Phytase and their combination improve the body
weight, morphometric characters of bone and muscles in Japanese quail. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2463-T] (1).
3.
Effect of Citrullus Colocynthis on Histomorphometric Parameters of Pancreas, Liver and Kidney in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Waqas Ahmed (2014-VA-213) | Dr. Hafsa Zainab | Dr. Sahar Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: CD Corrupted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2464-T] (1).
4.
Morphometry Of Udder, Teat And Milk Vein In Nili Ravi Buffalo (Bubalis Bubalis) And It’s Relationship With Milk Yield.
by Mirza Muhammad Usman (2003-VA-138) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: SUMMARY
Morphological and physiological properties of mammary system are affecting the milk production in dairy animals and the quality and quantity of milk produced by them is dependent on its health particularly the health of its udder. Nili Ravi (Bubalis bubalis) buffalo is a native breed of Pakistan found in irrigated plains of Punjab and is also referred to as black gold because of its vital role in national economics. About two third of the total milk produced nationally comes from the buffalo milk and these animals also contribute to production of meat and draught power. Like for other dairy animals, morphometry of the udder is considered an important tool in the selection of our local buffaloes but the scientific reports regarding the difference of udder morphometric parameters in high and low yielding animals are still lacking. Keeping in mind the importance of this local breed and its huge contributions in fulfilling the daily milk needs of Pakistan, present study was designed to document the differences in the morphometric parameters of udder in two groups of Nili Ravi Buffaloes.
Forty healthy Nili Ravi buffalos having a minimum BCS of 2.5, and in second or above lactation were selected. The animals were housed in a semi closed housing system. Buffalos free from udder pathologies were selected and were hand-milked. These were then equally divided into two groups according to their average daily milk production MP 1 group (4–6.9 liters per day), MP 2 group (7–9.9 liters per day). The morphometry of the udder, teat and milk vein was recorded twice, two hours before and two hours after milking. Teat length, udder depth and udder horizontal circumference were measured with the help of measuring tape. External teat diameter and milk vein diameter were measured with the help of vernier caliper. The external teat diameter and the internal diameter of the milk vein were measured with the help of
Summary
24
ultrasound. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows version 13.3 and presented as mean ± SE. Normal distribution of the data was checked by Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Statistical differences within the group were analyzed by paired T test. The significance of the parameters among the groups i.e., MP 1 & MP 2 made on the basis of low and high milk yield respectively was studied by Independent T test. All the differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results revealed that ejection of milk did not affect the length of teats within the group for both MP 1 and MP 2 groups except in case of right fore-teats of MP 2 group (showing an increase after milking). When the similar parameter was compared between the groups we could not observe the effects of milking on TL. External teat diameter showed a decrease after milk ejection in both the groups except in right hind teat of the low producing group and teats of left sides in high producing animals. However we could not observe the difference of this external teat diameter between two groups of Buffaloes based on milk production. Teat cistern diameter (TCD) did not differ before and after milking, when compared between the high and low yielding Buffalos and within the group of high yielding animals. The TCD within MP 1 group showed variable results for left and right fore- teats. Depth of the udder and udder horizontal circumference did not show any significant difference before and after milking within as well as between the two groups. Milk vein diameter was greater in both the groups before milking, however, the diameter of the milk vein remained unchanged when compared between the high and low yielding animals. Diameter of the milk vein measured with the help of ultrasound remained statistically same between and within the two groups of buffaloes.
In conclusion, this study showed that most of the morphometric parameters of the udder including teat length, external teat diameter, teat cistern diameter, udder depth and diameter of
the milk vein were not different between the groups of Nili Ravi buffalo selected on the basis of difference in their milk production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2467-T] (1).
5.
Season-Based Anatomical, Histological And Functional Modulations In Testes Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Bulls In Sahiwal And Bahawalpur Divisions
by Sajid Hameed (2012-VA-651) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Younis | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Morphometric/histomorphometric analysis on testes of any species is necessary to assess qualitative changes in testicular components and spermatogenic functions. Testicular biometry, histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are generally affected by the climatic variations. In Pakistan, breeding bulls are kept at different semen productions units located in different climatic zones without any consideration of the climatic conditions and scientific justifications. In this breed until now, few reports are available on the seasonal variations in testicular biometry and semen characteristics. Seasonal influence on histomorphometry and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa has not been studied before in this breed. Furthermore, all these parameters have not yet been studied in different climatic zones simultaneously to investigate the comparative climatic effect on the bull performance which may form the basis for keeping Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls under best climatic zone for optimal performance.
Keeping in view the above facts and gaps, the present study was conducted with objectives; to study the climate-led modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions (two different climatic zones of Punjab) and to study the modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa due to seasonal variations within each climatic zone in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. The study was carried out in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions simultaneously for the period of one year divided into seasons (autumn, spring, dry summer, humid summer and winter). The study was accomplished in a set of two experiments. In Experiment-I, testicular biometry and
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histomorphometry was studied in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls in both the divisions. For testicular biometry, 14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years, were used. Body Weight and orchidometric parameters viz. Scrotal Circumference, Testicular Length, Testicular Width and Paired Testicular Volume were recorded fortnightly. Whereas, for histomorphometry of testes, 200 healthy adult Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls (n=20 during each season from each division), aged 5-8 years, slaughtered at abattoirs, were used. For this purpose, cube pieces of testicular parenchyma (about 1cm3) were collected, processed for paraffin sectioning techniques, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Diameter of Seminiferous Tubules and Seminiferous Epithelial Height were measured using software (PixelPro). In Experiment-II, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa were studied. For this purpose, semen was collected fortnightly from Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls used in experiment-I, viz. {14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years}. Semen characteristics; Semen Volume, Color, pH, Mass Motility, Percentage of Individual Motile Spermatozoa and Concentration of Spermatozoa were studied. Dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa from semen samples of all breeding bulls were studied using Eosin-Nigrosin stain. The six dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa viz. Head Length, Head Breadth, Head Shape, Mid-Piece Length, Tail Length and Total Sperm Length were studied on software (PixelPro).
Body weight, scrotal circumference, average testicular length, average testicular width and paired testicular volume were 706.05±3.03kg, 34.62±0.22cm, 13.45±0.07cm, 6.29±0.03cm and 640.65±11.51cm3respectively in Sahiwal division and 690.99±3.96kg, 32.93±0.19cm, 13.04±0.07cm, 6.08±0.03cm, 561.95±9.43cm3 respectively in Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal
Summary
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division, body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and winter, whereas in Bahawalpur division non-significant differences in body weight were observed among all the seasons with highest body weight in winter and lowest in humid summer. Overall mean body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division, highest scrotal circumference was found in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer with non-significant differences among the seasons. Similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. It was recorded to be higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Pattern of seasonal variations in average testicular length was similar to that of scrotal circumference in both the divisions. Overall average testicular length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. Average testicular width was highest (P>0.05) in autumn in both divisions. Overall average testicular width was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division. In both divisions, paired testicular volume was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer. Overall paired testicular volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. There was found a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation between body weight and various testicular biometrical parameters in both the divisions. All the testicular biometrical parameters were also significantly positively (P<0.01) correlated with each other in both the divisions. Values of seminiferous tubule diameter and seminiferous epithelial height were 248.52±1.07μmand 70.03±0.46μm, respectively in Sahiwal division and 225.85±1.01μm and 66.03±0.42μm, respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both divisions diameter of seminiferous tubules was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Lowest values were observed in dry summer in Sahiwal division, while it was lowest in humid summer in Bahawalpur division.
Summary
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Seminiferous tubule diameter was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Seasonal and climatic influence on the seminiferous epithelial height was almost similar to the seminiferous tubule diameter in both the divisions. Seminiferous tubule diameter showed a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation with seminiferous epithelial height in both the divisions.
Ejaculatory volume, semen color score, pH, mass motility score, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration were4.63±0.11mL, 1.06±0.06, 6.48±0.04, 2.06±0.06, 66.02±0.76% and 1023.27±30.90 million/mL respectively in Sahiwal and 2.60±0.09mL, 0.88±0.08, 6.67±0.04, 1.86±0.09, 49.72±2.70% and 854.27±28.53 million/mL respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both the divisions non-significant difference (P>0.05) in ejaculatory volume was recorded in all the seasons with maximum volume in spring in Sahiwal division but in humid summer in Bahawalpur division. Ejaculatory volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) semen color score was observed in autumn, whereas it was non-significantly higher in autumn in Bahawalpur division. Overall, it was found non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division during all the seasons. In Sahiwal division the significantly lowest (P<0.05) pH was observed in autumn. Significantly highest (P<0.05) pH was observed in winter. In Bahawalpur division pH was also lowest in autumn and highest in winter but the differences were non-significant. Overall pH was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division mass motility score was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn with lowest score in winter. In Bahawalpur division the non-significant effect of the season on mass motility was observed. It was non-significantly higher in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division
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significantly lowest (P<0.05) individual sperm motility was observed in winter and it was highest (P<0.05) in spring. In Bahawalpur division non-significant differences were observed among the seasons with maximum individual sperm motility in dry summer and minimum winter. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) sperm concentration was found in autumn with lowest value in winter. In Bahawalpur division there was non-significant influence of season. Overall sperm concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In both divisions ejaculatory volume showed non-significant correlation with all other semen parameters. Semen pH showed significantly negative correlation (P<0.01) with mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. Mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration showed significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
Sperm head length, head breadth, head shape, mid-piece length, tail length and total sperm length were 7.60±0.01μm, 4.80±0.02μm, 1.59±0.01, 11.54±0.02μm, 43.62±0.42μm and 62.75±0.42μm respectively in Sahiwal division and 7.58±0.01μm, 4.74±0.02μm, 1.60±0.01, 11.64±0.02μm, 39.88±0.51μm and 59.10±0.50μm respectively in Bahawalpur division. Season had non-significant effect (P>0.05) on the sperm head length in both the divisions. It was also non-significantly longer (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In both divisions significantly higher (P<0.05) value of sperm head breadth was found in autumn. Sperm head breadth was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Sperm head shape value was significantly lower (P<0.05)in autumn than other seasons in Sahiwal division and almost similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. Overall it was non-significantly lower in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In both divisions the mid-piece length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in
Summary
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winter than spring and lowest in the spring. Overall mid-piece was significantly shorter (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In Sahiwal division sperm tail was significantly longest (P<0.05) in autumn. In Bahawalpur division it was significantly longer (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Overall the sperm tail was significantly longer (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. The pattern of seasonal and climatic influence on total sperm length was almost similar to that of sperm tail length. Similar correlation results were observed in both the divisions. Head shape and mid-piece length had significant negative correlation (P<0.01) with other parameters. Head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length had significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters were negatively correlated with ejaculatory volume and pH, while positively correlated with semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length (with some exceptions in Sahiwal division) and the positive correlation with head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length in both the divisions, non-significantly in Sahiwal, whereas significantly(P<0.01) in Bahawalpur division. In overall, semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was positive with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length. In contrary, pH had positive correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was negative with other sperm parameters in both the divisions. In conclusion, the milder seasons are favorable for optimal performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls and climate of Sahiwal division is more favorable than that of Bahawalpur division.
Summary
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In conclusion, testicular biometric / histomorphometric parameter values are better in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Likewise, superior quality semen is produced in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Autumn and spring seasons and climate of Sahiwal division have additive effect on sperm dimensions, except mid-piece length. Orchidometric parameters are positively correlated with semen quality. Diameter of seminiferous tubules is positively correlated with seminiferous epithelial height. Superior quality semen has a positive correlation with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length.
From the results of present study, it has been concluded that testicular biometry, histomorphometry, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are influenced by the seasonal and climatic variation i.e. overall bull performance is influence by these variations. Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls perform better in autumn and spring than other seasons and in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. Therefore, it is clear that the seasonal and climatic conditions of the region / location should be considered for the establishment of new semen production units for the optimal performance of the Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls. Future studies are recommended on comparative fertility rates using the semen collected and cryopreserved from the bulls kept in different climatic zones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2480-T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nano-Particles On Histological Features Of Pancreas, Liver And Kidney In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Nihar Ali (2014-VA-538) | Dr.Hafsa Zaneb | Dr.Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder, is considered one of the top five causes of death globally, affecting as many as 150 million people worldwide. In diabetic subjects, use of zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnONPs) leads to reduction in blood glucose level and higher expression of insulin receptors. However, the structural changes introduced by them in pancreas, liver and kidney of diabetic rats are largely undocumented. The current study, therefore, was designed to report the modifications effectuated in the histomorphometry of the above- mentioned organs of diabetic rats through oral use of ZnONPs.
The study included 25 Wistar rats, housed in stainless steel cages in the animal shed. The rats were kept in environmentally controlled room with temperature of 24 ± 5 ºC, under a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle and provided free access to water and food. The rats were divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan in four groups, leaving one group as negative control. The treatment of ZnONPs was mixed in the feed of three diabetic groups at 15mg/kg, 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg respectively doses for 15 days. At the termination of the trial, pancreas, liver and kidney were dissected out, fixed and processed for histomorphometry. Diameter and density of pancreatic islets of Langerhans, number and diameter of alpha, beta cells, renal cortex width, glomerular diameter, proximal and distal convoluted tubules diameter, wall to lumen thickness ratio of proximal and distal convoluted tubules, Bowman’s capsule basement membrane thickness, central vein diameter of liver, width of hepatocyte cords and Kupffer cells count was studied.
The morphometric results showed that size of pancreatic islets of Langerhans, diameter and number of beta cells per islet was lower (p<0.05) in positive control group and ZnONPs treated groups G1, G2, and G3 than in negative control group. There was no significant difference of islet size, diameter and number of beta cells between G1, G2, G3 groups and positive control group. Histomorphometric evaluation of alpha cells showed that alpha cells count and diameter remained the same in all groups. Pancreatic islet density was similar among all groups.
Glomerular diameter in control positive group was similar (p>0.05) to control negative group. Glomerular diameter increased (p>0.05) in ZnONPs treated groups (G1, G2, G3) as compared to both control groups. The cortex width decreased (p<0.05) in positive control group as compared to negative control, increased (p>0.05) in ZnONPs treated groups (G1, G2, G3) as compared to both control groups. The cortex width decreased (p<0.05) in positive control group as compared to negative control group Following treatment with ZnONPs, thickness increased (p<0.05) in G2 and G3 groups compared to positive control group but was similar to that of negative control group. Proximal convoluted tubule diameter increased (p<0.05) in ZnONPs treated groups as compared to both control groups. The distal convoluted tubules diameter increased in G1, G2 and G3 groups as compared to control groups. Wall to lumen ratio of distal tubules showed no significant difference among groups. Bowman’s capsule basement membrane thickness significantly increased in the positive control group and G1, G2 and G3 groups as compared to negative control group.
Central vein diameter of liver increased (p<0.05) in positive control group as compared to negative control group, while it was found similar between G1, G2 and G3 groups and positive control group. The hepatocyte cords width increased in positive control group as compared to negative control group. In G1, G2, and G3 groups, the hepatocyte cords width was smaller (p<0.05) than in control positive group. The number of Kupffer cells significantly increased in positive control group as compared to negative control group. The Kupffer cell count was lower (p<0.05) in G1, G2 and G3 groups than the positive control group. Microscopy of liver sections, stained with PAS staining, showed minimum glycogen deposition in hepatocytes of positive control group and treated groups as compared to negative control group.
In conclusion, histomorphometric evaluation showed that ZnONPs did not improve tissue micro-architecture of pancreas and kidney, rather deterioration of the parenchyma was observed. However, use of ZnONPs ameliorated the liver histology to some extent.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2706-T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Probiotic And Phytase On Histomorphometry Of Small Intestine And Cecal Tonsils In Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
by Saman Alam (2014-VA-495) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zainab | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The morphology of small intestine is known to be altered by its nutritional condition. Intestinal bacteria play a significant role in the nutritional and protective functions of the host. The immunodefence mechanism of the cecal tonsil regulates the proliferation of microflora in the caecum. Probiotic and phytase as a growth promoter in the feed have a beneficial effect on histomorphometry of small intestine and cecal tonsils in Japanese quail.
Bacillus cereus and bacterial phytase may show positive effect on histomorphometric characteristics of small intestine and cecal tonsils in Japanese quail.
200-day old quail chicks were separated into four groups (n=5) with five replicates (n=10). Group-I was kept as control and fed with basal diet, Group-II was fed with BD + 0.1% Bacillus cereus. Group-III was fed with BD+ 0.01% bacterial phytase, Group IV was given BD+ 0.01% phytase + 0.1% probiotic. On 28th day, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. The small intestine segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), cecal tonsils were removed. Specimens of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecal tonsils were washed with normal saline and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Small intestine segments and cecal tonsils were processed by H & E stain. Goblet cell was stained & count with Alcian blue-periodic Acid-Schiff. Slides were observed under light microscope provided with camera and linked with a computer for Histomorphometry.
Data thus collected was analyzed by ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means was further compared using Post Hoc test at P<0.05.
Weight of liver was significantly increased in probiotic group in comparison to control group. The combination of probiotic and phytase supplemented group showed increase in liver weight.
Summary
40
Weight of spleen was not affected with supplementation of probiotic and phytase individually and in combination. The weight of small intestine showed positive effect in combination group as compared to control and other treatment groups. The length of small intestine was increased in probiotic group as compared to other treatment groups and control. No significant result was observed in all experimental groups as compared to control group. In duodenum villus height and villus height: crypt depth and muscularis externa was increased in probiotic group in comparison to other experimental groups and control group. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased in duodenum in combination group as compared to treatment groups and control. No significant increase in villus width, muscularis mucosae and villus surface area in duodenum. In jejunum villus height and muscularis externa was increased in probiotic group in comparison to other treatment groups and control group. No significant differences were observed in villus width, crypt depth, surface area and muscularis mucosa in between the groups. In ilium villus height, muscularis mucosa thickness and muscularis externa thickness was enhanced in probiotic group as compared to other treated groups. In phytase supplemented group the villus width and intra epithelial lymphocytes were increased as compared to control and other treated groups. In cecal tonsils height and width of lymphatic nodules was enhanced in combination group in comparison to control and other treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of probiotic and phytase may be useful in enhancing intestinal microarchitecture and immunomodulatory effect in Japanese quail. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2704-T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Bacillus Subtilis And Sodium Butyrate On The Morphometry Of The Small Intestine And Immune System In Healthy And Salmonella-Challenged Broiler Chickens
by Arbab Sikandar (2005-VA-154) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. muhammad Younus | Dr. Sima Masood | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Supplementation ofBacillus subtilis and microencapsulated sodium butyrate in the feed is being practiced as a substitute for antibiotics growth promoters. An expansive range of encouraging health-related properties exhibited by B. subtilis and SB has been published, but their exact effect on gut and immune system is not completely understood. Consequently, the evaluation of B. subtilis andSB as feed supplements is desired. To achieve this goal, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of B. subtilis and SB on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organs microarchitecture in healthy and Salmonella-challenged broiler chickens.
In the first experiment the research was targeted to investigate the effects of B. subtilis on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organ microarchitecture in broilers. A total of 120 d-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups, each group with three replicates containing 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed a corn-soy-based basal diet (BD, control) or BD supplemented with 10% zinc bacitracin (ZnB), and 0.05g/kg or 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis, respectively. On d 21 and 35, six birds from each group were killed to collect blood and visceral organs (thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver and small intestine). Parameters evaluated included growth performance, immune responses, relative organ weights, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal morphometry, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) count and goblet cell histochemistry in mucosa. Results showed that the group fed 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis had superior (P<0.05) mean body weight and weight gain, and lower FCR compared to the non-supplemented or ZnB-fed groups.The BS-0.1 group revealed higher antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) virus and the supplemented groups against sheep RBCs (SRBCs) on d 35. Cell-mediated immune response post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection was attained (P<0.05) by birds in the BS-0.1 group at 24h, and by both the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups at 48 and 72h compared to the ZnB and control groups. The BS-0.1 group gained higher (P<0.05) relative bursal weight on d 21 compared to the other groups. Compared to the control group, the liver, spleen and thymus weighed more (P<0.05) in the experimental groups on d 35. The histomorphological study revealed increased (P<0.05) thymus cortical width, and cortex/medulla ratio in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. The area of the bursal follicles and germinal centers of the spleen also improved (P<0.05) in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. Compared to the ZnB and control, higher (P<0.05) villus height, villus surface area and villus crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum were recorded on d 21, and higher (P<0.05) villus heightof the duodenum and ileum was noted on d 35 in the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. The number of goblet cells having acid mucin was significantly higher in the ileal mucosae of the BS-0.1 group chickens compared to the ZnB and control. In conclusion, B. subtilis type probiotics effectuated better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broilers.
The second experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, immune status, organ weights and the microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and the small intestine compared to the effects brought about by an antibiotic. The cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against NDV and sheep RBCs on d 35 was higher (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to those in the ZnB and control groups. Higher (P < 0.05) weight gain, and lower (P < 0.05) FCR were attained by the supplemented groups compared to the control. The thymus and spleen weighed more (P < 0.05) in the SB-1 group and bursa registered more (P < 0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to the control. On d 21, areas of the thymus medulla and the spleen germinal centers were larger (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. The VH and VSA increased (P < 0.05) in the duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d 21, and in SB-1 on d 35 compared to the ZnB and control groups. The villus to crypt ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in the duodenum in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. On d 35, VH in all segments and VSA in the duodenum and jejunum increased (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. Statistically, IEL count was not significant among supplemented groups. On d 21, the number of goblet cells containing acidic mucin increased (P < 0.05) in all the segments of the small intestines in the SB-1 group compared to the control group and on d 35 in the ileum compared to the other groups. In conclusion sodium butyrate elicited better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated the morphology of lymphoid organs and the gut mucosa in broiler chickens.
The third experiment was focused to assess the effect of B. subtilis and SB on gut development, growth performance and immune system in broilers challenged with S. Gallinarum. Better growth performance was reported in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group due to better feed efficiency. The B. subtilis-supplemented group exhibited higher (P < 0.05) cellular immunity and antibody titer against NDV compared to the PC-S and NC-S groups. Furthermore, B. subtilis¬- and SB-supplemented groups reflected higher (P < 0.05) relative thymus and bursa weights, and improved microarchitecture of the lymphoid organs compared to the NC-S group. On d 21, villus surface area in the jejunum and ileum increased (P < 0.05) in sodium butyrate-treated birds. The crypt depth of the jejunum decreased (P < 0.05) in B. subtilis and sodium butyrate groups compared to NC-S and PC-S groups. On d 35, the villus height, villus surface area and VH:CD ratio of the duodenum increased (P < 0.05) in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group. The FCR, Salmonella population in ceca and mortality were higher (P < 0.05) in the NC-S group. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of the B. subtilis probiotic and SB alleviated stress associated with SalmonellaGallinarum infection and improved performance, immune function, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal development in infected broilers. Further analyses are needed to reveal the mechanism(s) by which B. subtilis and sodium butyrate produce such effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2790-T] (1).
9.
Influence Of Chicory Root Powder And Zinc Sulfate On Growth Performance, Relative Visceral Weights, And Histomorphology Of Muscles And Bones In Broilers.
by Amber zafar(2015-VA-1054) | Dr.Saima ashraf | Dr. Saima ashraf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Several feed additives are under investigation for improving the health and performance of broilers in this post-antibiotic era. Phytogenic feed additives like, chicory root powder (CRP)and minerals e.g. ZnSO4 has been extensively studied for this purpose in poultry. Literature indicated their positive influence on performance, mineralization of bone and muscle morphology in broiler. However, little is known regarding their utility in combination particularly with respect to their effect on performance. Therefore, present study was designed to report the individual and combined effects of CRP and ZnSO4 on performance, relative weights of viscera, histomorphometry of bones and muscles in broilers.
150 d-old broilerwerekept in environmentally controlled experimental sheds in, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, UVAS, Lahore. Ethical committee approved the whole procedure and proper techniques and protocols were used to handle the birds. The birds were randomly divided into six groups with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Broilerswere raised according to standard management protocol for 35 days. Group-CONT (control) received corn-based basal diet (BD), Group-2C (BD+2%CRP), Group-4C (BD+4%CRP), Group-Zn60 (ZnSO4 60mg/kg of diet), Group-2C+Zn60 (2%CRP+ZnSO4 60g/kg), Group-4C+Zn60 (4%CRP+ZnSO4 60m/kg).
During the trial, feed intake and mortality of the birds was measured on daily basis whereas body weights were taken on weekly basis. Weekly feed conversion efficiency was calculatedby dividing the feed intake by body weight. Footpads of the birds were observed for any dermatitis or inflammation. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Skin and viscera of birds were removedmanually. The carcass and the relative weight of visceral organswere measured. The left and right tibia of each bird was detached as drumstick. Right tibial bone was boiled for ten minutes and then cooled down at room temperature. Afterwards flesh on the drumsticks was removed andbone were allowed to air dry at room temperature. Samples of breast (Pectoralis major) and thigh (Biceps femoris) were collected for determination of pH, WHC and histomorphometery. For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Hematoxylin& Eosin. Histomorphometrywas done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that at the end of the experimentgroup 4C+Zn60 had lesser (p<0.05) FI as compared to the other groups. All supplemented groups had increased (p<0.05) BW compared to that of CONT group. Moreover, a lower (p<0.05) FCR was observed in the 4C and 4C+Zn60 groups during 5th week. All the groups scored zero when observed for the footpad lesions and there was no difference in carcass weights of broilers in all the groups. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) weight of gizzard and thymus than that of the CONT group except group Zn60. Group 2C showed increased (p<0.05) weight of proventriculus compared to all of the groups. The relative weight of small intestine was increased in group 2C and 2C+Zn60. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) right tibial bone weight and length than that of the CONT group.Diaphyseal diameter, medullary canal diameter and thickness of bony wall were increased (p<0.05)in all supplemented groups except the Zn60 group. W/L index were higher (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups of CRP and ZnSO4 as compared to the CONT group. Cartilage thickness were also increased (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups as compared to the CONT group.The results revealed thatthe group 2Cand 4C showed increased (p<0.05) pH of breast and thigh muscles and increased(p<0.05) water-holding capacity and better meat quality as compared to the other groups. Histological analysis of pectoralis majormuscles revealed increased (p<0.05)muscle fascicle and fiber diameter and cross sectional area in all supplemented groups when compared to the CONT group.Results of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorismuscles showed increased(p<0.05) diameter as compared to the CONT group. There was no significant difference in cross section area of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorisof broilers.
Conclusion
Dietary supplementation of 2% and 4% CRP individually and in combination with 60mg ZnSO4 improved the performance, relative weight of gizzard, proventriculus, thymus and small intestine,meat quality and bone strength of the broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2779-T] (1).
10.
Influence Of Chicory Root Powder And Zinc Sulfate On Growth Performance, Relative Visceral Weights, And Histomorphology Of Muscles And Bones In Broilers.
by Amber zafar(2015-VA-1054) | Dr.Saima ashraf | Dr. Saima ashraf | Dr.Hafsa zaneb | Dr.Habib ur rehman.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Several feed additives are under investigation for improving the health and performance of broilers in this post-antibiotic era. Phytogenic feed additives like, chicory root powder (CRP)and minerals e.g. ZnSO4 has been extensively studied for this purpose in poultry. Literature indicated their positive influence on performance, mineralization of bone and muscle morphology in broiler. However, little is known regarding their utility in combination particularly with respect to their effect on performance. Therefore, present study was designed to report the individual and combined effects of CRP and ZnSO4 on performance, relative weights of viscera, histomorphometry of bones and muscles in broilers.
150 d-old broilerwerekept in environmentally controlled experimental sheds in, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, UVAS, Lahore. Ethical committee approved the whole procedure and proper techniques and protocols were used to handle the birds. The birds were randomly divided into six groups with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Broilerswere raised according to standard management protocol for 35 days. Group-CONT (control) received corn-based basal diet (BD), Group-2C (BD+2%CRP), Group-4C (BD+4%CRP), Group-Zn60 (ZnSO4 60mg/kg of diet), Group-2C+Zn60 (2%CRP+ZnSO4 60g/kg), Group-4C+Zn60 (4%CRP+ZnSO4 60m/kg).
During the trial, feed intake and mortality of the birds was measured on daily basis whereas body weights were taken on weekly basis. Weekly feed conversion efficiency was calculatedby dividing the feed intake by body weight. Footpads of the birds were observed for any dermatitis or inflammation. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Skin and viscera of birds were removedmanually. The carcass and the relative weight of visceral organswere measured. The left and right tibia of each bird was detached as drumstick. Right tibial bone was boiled for ten minutes and then cooled down at room temperature. Afterwards flesh on the drumsticks was removed andbone were allowed to air dry at room temperature. Samples of breast (Pectoralis major) and thigh (Biceps femoris) were collected for determination of pH, WHC and histomorphometery. For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Hematoxylin& Eosin. Histomorphometrywas done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that at the end of the experimentgroup 4C+Zn60 had lesser (p<0.05) FI as compared to the other groups. All supplemented groups had increased (p<0.05) BW compared to that of CONT group. Moreover, a lower (p<0.05) FCR was observed in the 4C and 4C+Zn60 groups during 5th week. All the groups scored zero when observed for the footpad lesions and there was no difference in carcass weights of broilers in all the groups. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) weight of gizzard and thymus than that of the CONT group except group Zn60. Group 2C showed increased (p<0.05) weight of proventriculus compared to all of the groups. The relative weight of small intestine was increased in group 2C and 2C+Zn60. All supplemented groups showed increased (p<0.05) right tibial bone weight and length than that of the CONT group.Diaphyseal diameter, medullary canal diameter and thickness of bony wall were increased (p<0.05)in all supplemented groups except the Zn60 group. W/L index were higher (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups of CRP and ZnSO4 as compared to the CONT group. Cartilage thickness were also increased (p<0.05) in all supplemented groups as compared to the CONT group.The results revealed thatthe group 2Cand 4C showed increased (p<0.05) pH of breast and thigh muscles and increased(p<0.05) water-holding capacity and better meat quality as compared to the other groups. Histological analysis of pectoralis majormuscles revealed increased (p<0.05)muscle fascicle and fiber diameter and cross sectional area in all supplemented groups when compared to the CONT group.Results of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorismuscles showed increased(p<0.05) diameter as compared to the CONT group. There was no significant difference in cross section area of muscle fascicles and fibers of the bicepsfemorisof broilers.
Conclusion
Dietary supplementation of 2% and 4% CRP individually and in combination with 60mg ZnSO4 improved the performance, relative weight of gizzard, proventriculus, thymus and small intestine,meat quality and bone strength of the broilers.
Availability: No items available
11.
Individual And Combined Effect Of Chicory Root Powder And Znso4 On Histology Of Intestine And Immune Organs In Broilers
by Mamoona Din (2015-VA-1085) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
Phytogenic feed additives are plant derivatives which act as natural growth promoters and play crucial role in development of poultry health and production. Mineral supplementation also alters the immune status and gastrointestinal health and thus improves the performance in broilers. Thus intestinal and immune morphology is known to be modulated by nutritional interventions. Chicory is such a natural herb which acts as a prebiotic and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is a trace mineral which possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties Chicory root powder (CRP) and ZnSO4 have previously been used as growth promoters; however their combined effect on histology of broilers has not yet been evaluated. The present study was designed to report the individual and combined effect of CRP and ZnSO4 on histomorphometry of intestine, immune organs and some blood parameters in broilers.
150 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups: CONT, 2C, 4C, Zn60, 2C+Zn60, 4C+Zn60) with five replicates (n=5). Group-I was served as control and fed only basal diet (CONT), Group-II (BD + 2% CRP), Group-III (BD+ 4% CRP), Group IV (BD+ 60mg/kg feed ZnSO4), Group-V (BD+2% CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4) and Group-VI (BD+4%CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4). Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35, two randomly selected birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood was collected in falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum and triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL were measured in serum. Three segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and caecum along with immune organs (cecal tonsils, thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricious) were excised and processed by paraffin embedding method and stained by H&E technique. Histological slides of intestine and immune organs were examined under light microscope (LABOMED® USA) for histomorphometric analysis. Data thus collected was analyzed by one-way ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means were compared using DMR test to measure significance at P<0.05.
The results revealed that the level of triglycerides, LDL, total cholesterol and VLDL decreased significantly in individual 2% CRP and combination group of 2%CRP+ZnSO4 while cholesterol and HDL remained non-significant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. The length and weight of small intestine increased in significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The length of caecum increased in all treatment groups while weight of caecum was insignificant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. In duodenum, CD and MM decreased, VL/CD and ME increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while results of VL, VW, VSA, LP, EP were insignificant. In jejunum, VL, VL/CD, VSA and EP increased, CD decreased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In ileum, VL/CD and EP increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The goblet cell count increased significantly in all intestinal segments in 2%CRP+ZnSO4 group.
In caecal tonsils number, area and length of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In thymus length of thymic lobules increased in 2% CRP and 4% CRP groups while width and area increased significantly in 4% CRP group. In spleen length and width of white pulp increased significantly in 2% CRP group. In bursa length, width and area of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while thickness of mucosal folds was not affected significantly in all treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of chicory root powder and ZnSO4 may be useful in enhancing intestinal and immune organs microarchitecture and some blood parameters in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2866-T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Β-Galacto-Oligosaccharides Supplementation On Gut Morphology, Mucosal Immune Complex And Growth Performance In Broilers Reared Under Thermal Stress
by Saima Ashraf (2008-VA-756) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry industry has undergone substantial expansion during last few decades. Tremendous development in the fields of genetics, nutrition and management has helped the producer to maximize the feed efficiency, and in turn, the economic gains. Nevertheless, with an increase in performance, sensitivity of the bird also increased tremendously particularly towards the thermal stressors. Therefore, the nutrition and health care of the poultry, particularly broiler, became more demanding. In order to promote the gut or general health of broiler during the heat or cold exposure, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) were routinely practiced. Their usefulness in the poultry practice was seldom questioned but the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and antibiotic residues in the meat prompted a serious public concern leading to ban on AGPs in animal diet by the European Commission in 2006. Exclusion of AGPs from the diet led to serious health problems in broiler and within two years of this ban the consumption of therapeutic antibiotic reached the same level as that of the AGPs before ban. Therefore, it was realized that simple ban on the AGPs will not resolve this issues unless new feeding and managemental strategies are devised to maintain or raise the performance of broiler. As an alternative to AGPs many agents have been experimentally evaluated in poultry and livestock like prebiotics, probiotics and organic acids. Use of prebiotics in poultry showed variable degree of success with considerable data suggesting their positive influence during stressful situations like crowding, poor management and temperature extremes etc. which are invariably a part and parcel of commercial broiler production. Keeping in view the importance of seeking AGP alternatives, current study was planned to evaluate the effects of novel β- galacto-oligosaccharides (β-GOS) on various histo-physiological parameters of thermally-stressed broiler.
Summary
145
In experiment I, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic heat stress (35°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and heat-stressed (HSCT) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups i.e. HS+0.1%β-GOS, HS+0.2%β-GOS and HS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). The zootechnichal parameters included daily feed consumption (FC), body weight (BW) and feed efficiency (FE). Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group i.e. 2/replicate were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, relative weights of viscera (RWO) and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subjected to post hoc Duncan’s multiple range (DMR) test (P < 0.05). Exposure to the HS reduced (P < 0.05) all the zootechnichal parameters, RW of liver, bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), villus surface area (VSA), height (VH), width (VW), crypt depth (CD) and intraepithelial lymphocyte count (IELs) in small intestine compared to TNZ group. The serum cortisol and count of acidic mucin containing goblet cells (AGCs) increased (P < 0.05) in jejunum while they decreased (P < 0.05) in ileum of HSCT group compared with TNZ. Improvement (P< 0.05) in the FE of the 0.5% β-GOS supplemented heat-stressed birds was comparable to TNZ group. Furthermore, supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) serum T3 and T4 and 0.2% β-GOS reduced (P< 0.05) serum cortisol without achieving their pre-HS levels. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) histomorphometry
Summary
146
of small intestine including VH, CD and VSA compared to HSCT group. The 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) these parameters beyond TNZ. Intestinal IEL count improved (P< 0.05) with 0.1% β-GOS supplementation without achieving the pre-HS levels. Count of jejunal and ileal AGCs reduced (P< 0.05) with 0.2 and 0.5% β-GOS supplementation compared with HSCT. Neither HS nor supplementation affected the morphometry of the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils.
In experiment II, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic cold stress (15°C±2°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and cold-stressed (COLD) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups CS+0.1%β-GOS, CS+0.2%β-GOS and CS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS, respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against NDV and IBDV. The zootechnichal parameters included daily FC, BW and FE. Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group (2/replicate) were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, RWO and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and subjected to DMR test (P<0.05). Exposure to cold stress increased (P<0.05) the FC, serum T3 and cortisol and reduced (P<0.05) BW and performance compared with TNZ group. Moreover, COLD group was also presented with increased (P<0.05) RW of liver and heart, decreased (P<0.05) RW of ceca compared with TNZ group. The VSA of small intestine and IEL count in duodenum and jejunum reduced (P<0.05), whereas, AGCs count increased (P<0.05) due to the exposure to cold stress. The RWs of immune organs and their histomorphometry was not
Summary
147
affected during cold stress when compared with TNZ group. Dietary inclusion of 0.5% β-GOS achieved the pre-cold stress levels of FCR. Supplementation of 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS reversed (P< 0.05) the hormonal changes of cortisol and T3, respectively when compared with COLD group. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P<0.05) morphometric parameters in duodenum. The 0.5% β-GOS-induced-improvement (P<0.05) in these parameters was beyond the values observed for TNZ group. In ileum, 0.2% β-GOS supplementation resulted in most distinct (P<0.05) increase of VH, VW and VSA which was comparable to that observed for TNZ group. The jejunal morphometric parameters also improved (P<0.05) with the β-GOS supplementation, but the pre-cold stress values were not attained. The IEL count increased (P<0.05) in the duodenum and decreased (P<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum of all the β-GOS supplemented groups. The AGCs count increased (P<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum of 0.1% and 0.2% β-GOS-supplemented groups whereas the count of AGCs in ileum remained unaffected in all the β-GOS supplemented groups compared to the TNZ group. Morphometry of the bursa or cecal tonsils was not influenced by the supplementation of β-GOS.
In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS helped to improve the growth performance in thermally-stressed broilers owing to its positive influence on intestinal morphometry and the dynamics of cortisol and thyroid hormones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2850-T] (1).
13.
Effect of Sodium Butyrate and Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance and Micromophometery of Small Intestinal Mucosa in Broiler Chicken
by Sidra Maryam (2015-VA-1180) | Saima Masood | Hafsa Zainab | Habib ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2018Dissertation note: Organic acids are the natural product of microbial metabolism. Sodium butyrate is a sodium salt of butyric acid. It has the ability to inhibit the intestinal bacteria that compete for attachment sites to enterocytes and reduction of harmful bacteria resulting in upgrading the digestibility of nutrients. They compete with pathogenic bacteria by lowering the pH of intestine and make the environment suitable for growth of useful bacteria bifidobacteria and lactobacillus species. They also reduce the number of pathogenic bacterial count in intestine, make its environment favorable and increase the digestion and absorption of nutrient in the intestine. Xylanase is an exogenous enzyme and can digest non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) present in poultry feed. These NSPs not digested by poultry birds due to lack of endogenous enzyme in poultry GIT. So we use exogenous enzyme to increase digestibility of poultry birds. The SB and xylanase can be used as growth promoter, but their combine effects have not been studied as yet. The present study was designed to report the individual and combined effects of SB and xylanase on growth performance, histomorphometry of small intestine, caecal tonsils and bursa parameters in broilers. 150 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four different groups with each group having five replicates (n=6) each. Birds were fed commercial basal diet (BD) supplemented with xylanase along with sodium butyrate were given free access to water for 35 days. Group-I was control and fed basal diet, Group-II was given BD + 1 gram of sodium butyrate/kg of feed, Group-III was given BD + 0.01 gram of xylanase/kg of feed, Group IV was given BD + 1gram sodium butyrate + 0.01gram xylanase per kg of feed. Two birds from each replicated were slaughtered after selection at the end of trial. Three segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and along with immune organs (cecal tonsils, bursa of fabricious) were excised and processed by paraffin embedding method and stained by H&E technique. Histological slides of intestine and immune organs were examined under light microscope (LABOMED® USA) for histomorphometric analysis. Data thus collected was analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS. The results were considered to be significant at (P < 0.05). The growth performance of birds increases significantly in SB and enzyme supplemented group. The length and weight of small intestine, caecal tonsil and bursa increased significantly in SB and enzyme group. In all segment of intestine VH, VW, VH/CD, VSA and ME increased significantly in SB and Enzyme group, while results of VL, VW, VSA, LPT were nonsignificant. The goblet cell count increased significantly in all intestinal segments in SB+Enzyme group. In caecal tonsils, area, width and length of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in SB and enzyme group. In bursa of fabnricious the length along with the area and the number of lymphatic nodules were significantly increased in SB and enzyme groups. So it was concluded that dietary supplementation of SB and enzyme may be useful in enhancing growth performance, intestinal morphology, caecal tonsil and bursa microarchitecture in broiler. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2968-T] (1).
