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Formulation And In-Vitro Evaluation Of Polymers Blend Based Diclofenac Microparticles For Sustained Release Drug Delivery

by Mukarram Anees (2008-VA-537) | Muhammad Irfan Masood | Dr. Farzana Chowdhary | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diclofenac Sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with plasma half life (t1/2) of 1-2 hours. It is used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic in joint pain, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis for a long duration of time. Diclofenac Sodium conventional oral dosage forms have drawbacks of repeated administration (2-3 times/day) and GIT side effects. Diclofenac Sodium microparticles were prepared with ethyl cellulose and starch blend. Emulsification and solvent evaporation method was selected which was easy to perform. Starch was selected in view of its increased hydrophilicity, bio-compatibility and bio-degradability. Ethylcellulose was selected for reason of increased hydrophobicity, bio-compatibility and non-biodegradability. Three formulations were prepared with different proportions of polymers (ethyl cellulose and starch). Micromeritic studies, particle size, percentage loading efficiency and invitro release studies with application of kinetic models were evaluated. Formulation D3 gave the best results due to increased amount of ethyl cellulose and decreased amount of starch. Polymeric blend resulted in sustained release effect. FT-IR studies were conducted to check the possible drug-polymer interaction. There was no significant drug-polymer interaction was seen. Formulation D3 showed 51.25 % in-vitro drug release up to 8 hours and followed Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The ‘n’ value indicated that it followed Fickian diffusion. After characterization of Diclofenac Sodium microparticles, the findings elaborated that polymeric blend (synthetic and natural) can be used to achieve sustained release effect due to their distinct characteristics. However, a suitable combination of polymers (75:25 ratio of EC: Starch) is necessary to achieve desired effects. Diclofenac Sodium microparticles can be used to reduce side effects and increase the patient compliance. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2398-T] (1).

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Study Of Prescribing Trends And Evaluation Of Therapeutic Effectiveness Of Prescribed Medications For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Tertiary Care Hospital Of Lahore, Pakistan

by Bareera Rana (2008-VA-545) | Allah Bukhsh Awan | Muhammad Faisal Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder resulting from decrease in insulin secretion and insulin action or both. Presently, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.3% and 7.89% in world and in Pakistan, respectively. Pakistan is ranked 7th in diabetes mellitus prevalence making it a major problem in our health care system. The study was based on the prescribing trends and evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents in tertiary care hospital of Lahore. A concurrent observational study of 3 months duration was performed in diabetes management centre of a tertiary care hospital of Lahore under the supervision of an endocrinologist. Socio-demographic data and compliance levels were determined by questionnaire while hyperglycemic control was analyzed by continuous monitoring of HbA1c at the start and the end of the study. Data was finally analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 16. The study demonstrated that the most frequently prescribed oral hypoglycemic agent was metformin which is in accordance with the guidelines, however individualization of treatment is required keeping in view the patient factors respectively. Intensification of current treatment for patients with higher HbA1c values is needed. Data regarding therapeutic effectiveness of the hypoglycemic agents shows that the hypoglycemic agents were effective enough to lower HbA1c values to bring it to normal values but patient factors of non-compliance and not following life style modification patterns are not allowing the values to come up to the mark, that is, the decrease in HbA1c values according to guidelines within three months of the treatment. Presently it is the need of time to run educational awareness programs for awareness regarding diabetes among people to made them know about life style interventions. Moreover the prescribing trends and their relevance with glycemic control must also be documented. It will generate data for knowing which trend of prescribing is producing better results and whether the trends are meeting international standards or not. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2427-T] (1).

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