1.
Elements in Livestock Management Techniques
by Hooke, Austin.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: India: Random Exports; 2013Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.03 Hooke 27658 1st 2013 Livestock] (1).
2.
Comparative Performance Of Cattle Calves Fattened On Different Levels Of Lucerne Hay Based Total Mixed Ration
by Rana Asif Iqbal (2002-VA-102) | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Mr. Hifz-Ul-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Feeding management trial of 90 days was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and production economics of cattle calves fattened on different levels of Lucerne hay based mixed ration. Twenty four (24) cattle calves approximately of two years age and same weight were selected from the available young stock and was randomly allocated to three groups i.e. A, B and C, Fattening rations comprising concentrate TMR, LHMR-15(15% hay) and LHMR-25(25% hay) for the calves belonging to group A, B and C was offered @1 % of the body weight on dry matter basis, respectively. Mean daily DMI was 20.62±0.17, 20.66±0.18 and 20.74±0.17 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest dry matter intake (20.74±0.17 kg) was recorded in calves on LHMR-25 diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and TMR. The data on body weight was recorded on weekly basis during the trial period of 12 weeks. Mean daily body weight gain was 0.82±0.042, 0.77±0.051and 0.70±0.046 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest (0.82±0.042 kg) daily weight gain was recorded in calves on TMR diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and LHMR-25 diet, respectively. Daily weight gain in calves showed an increasing trend on overall basis in all the treatments during different weeks. The calves on TMR diet comparatively reported higher gain during different weeks and between treatments. Statistically non-significant was observed in mean daily weight gain among different treatments and also during different weeks.The differences in body height, body length and heart girth measurements were statistically non-significant between treatments. Statistically body mass index was non-significant among the all treatments. Feed conversion ratio in calves was highest (9.16±2.231) on TMR diet followed by LHMR-15 (11.18±4.192) and LHMR-25(11.64±2.025), respectively. Statistically feed conversion ratio differences were non-significant between treatments and also during different weeks. The economics of calves fattening was calculated at the end of twelve weeks experiment by using costs of production and value of gain. Gross margin analyses showed statistically non-significant difference between treatments and also during different weeks.
Key words: cattle, fattening, lucerne hay, daily weight gain
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2307-T] (1).
3.
Handbook of Livestock Management Techniques
by Battaglia, Richard A.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Surjeet Publications; 1987Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089 Battaglia 12956 1st 1987 Livestock] (1).
4.
Livestock Production And Management
by Singh, S.K.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: New Delhi: Random Publications; 2015Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.082 Singh 50515 1st 2015 Livestock] (2).
5.
Productive And Physiological Performance Of Nili-Ravi Buffaloes Under Various Housing Management Practices During Summer
by Umair Younas (2002-VA-58) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Back ground: Among various factors that are affecting buffalo productivity, heat stress is challenge for the dairy farmers of Pakistan since the geographical location of Pakistan is sub-tropic as it is situated 23.6 degree above the line of equator between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and summer season prevail for long duration with high ambient temperature and relative humidity. Information on production potential of mature Nili-Ravi buffalo against hot-dry and hot-humid season and its adaptability to the sub-tropical conditions of central Punjab has not been documented before. In this regard, study is designed to understand the relationships of environmental stress with physiological, behavioral and production responses in Nili-Ravi buffaloes under different housing and cooling conditions.
Hypothesis: Developing and implementing housing and cooling systems to mitigate heat stress may decrease this effect but must be cost effective. To test these hypotheses, the proposed study was carried out at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI).
Methodology: Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the physiological, productive, serum biochemical and behavioral profile of mature Nili Ravi buffaloes under subtropical conditions, at BRI (Buffalo Research Institute), Pattoki. Experiments were conducted during proposed duration of March-April; May-June; July-August and September-October on various physiological and productive parameters. Lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes (n=20) were divided in to four groups with five animals in each group. Group A buffaloes were kept under roof shades
EXPERIMENT 4
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only (control). Group B was supplemented with yeast powder under roof shade; C group buffaloes were raised under ceiling fans and group D was treated with ceiling fans and showers.
During all summer periods, fans with showers (D) showed highest milk production followed by fans only (C), then control A and B have been similar for most of times. However, in early summer (March-April), the additional cost of supplement feed and cooling strategies was higher than revenue generated from increased milk. Cost per liter of milk produced was higher and thus marginal revenue was lower than expected. Whereas, shaded group A showed comparatively less milk production which was offset by low production cost as there were no additional costs of supplementing feed or cooling strategies.
In all other periods of mid-summer (hot-dry: May-June and hot-humid: July-August) and late summer (July-August), higher milk production was noticed in group D followed by group C despite additional costs of cooling strategies. Lower cost/ liter of milk were noticed as well as high marginal revenue. During these periods, fans were noticed as more effective strategy to alleviate thermal load compare to supplemental feed as cost per liter was high and marginal revenue was less in group B. Looks like feed additive may only be applicable in early summer compare to fans group but shaded group A had best performance in terms of cost per liter and revenue. Group D was found best followed by C in terms of lower cost per liter and high marginal revenue in mid and late summer.
Statistical Analysis: The recorded data was subjected to statistical analysis by using analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) under completely randomized design (CRD). The difference of means among treatment groups were determined by using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT;
SUMMARY
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Steel et al., 1997) for the interpretation of results and portraying conclusions with the help of statistical software (Statistical packages for social sciences; SPSS).
Conclusion: However, it is noted that during March and April control group buffaloes performed better economically but they had lower production and higher physiological responses. Improved performance and health of animals under fans with or without showers did not produce enough marginal income to pay for the additional costs. Shaded group A showed comparatively less milk production which was offset by low production cost as there were no additional costs of supplementing feed or cooling strategies. Therefore, small scale farmers may use shade only for their buffaloes during early summer only but progressive farmers better go for shower and fans strategy since early summer as this approach works best throughout other periods of summer season. Since, the group D was found best followed by C in terms of lower cost per liter and high marginal revenue therefore, fans with showers would be a quite useful technique for progressive farmers and also necessary from animal’s health point of view. Also, small scale farmers may use fans to avoid drastic decrease in milk production and take maximum achievable measures according to their affordability during mid and later summer.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2490-T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Bovine Somatotropin On Productive Performance In Nili Ravi Buffaloes During Mid Lactation
by Muhammad Imran (2006-VA-16) | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Muhammad Saad Ullah | Dr. Amjad Riaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Agriculture being the backbone of economy contributes 21% of GDP in which major share 55.5 % is of Livestock sectorin the agriculture value added and 11.9 percent of National GDP.Total milk production in Pakistan is 52 million tons per year. Buffalo is playing a leading role in the national economy by producing more milk.Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68%(Anonymous,2012). Nili Ravi is the best performing animal producing more milk than other buffalo breeds in the world (2500 liters per lactation) but daily average milk production per animal is 7-8 liters. Increasing population in the World as well as Pakistan has resulted in higher demand of milk and milk by products. Animalresearchers are trying to devise different ways through which they can fulfill the increasing demand of milk and meat. Milk and meat production enhancement through different biotechnologies are thought to be important for the developing countries. Synthetic Bovine Somatotropin Hormone (bST) is one of biotechnological product which can help to increasethe production of animals.
The current study was conducted atLivestock Experiment Station Bhunikey, Pattoki to determine the effect ofbSTon DMI, body weight, milk production, milk composition, body condition score and production efficiencyin lactatingNili-Ravi buffaloes.Fifty Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were selected from the herd at LES Bhunikey, Pattoki. The buffaloes were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) with 25 in each group.All the buffaloes offered silage ad libitum, water access round the clock and supplemented with concentrate @ 1 kg for 2 liter of milk production. Group A was administered with 500mg bST at 14 days interval for 5 months and group B was as control.
Dry matter intake was recorded on weekly basis and milk production measured twice a day (morning and evening). Body weight of buffaloes measured on monthly basis. Milk samples were collected after every 2 weeks for fat, lactose, proteins, solid-not-fats and total solids contents using milk analyzer in the Farm and Health Laboratory, Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. Body condition score of buffaloes on 5-point scale recorded before bST administration during adjustment period then during bST treatment in middle of experiment and finally when withdraw of bST administration.
Data obtained was statistically analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) using proc GLM procedure of SAS. Treatment was considered as fixed effect and start milk was used as covariate to avoid any bias.
Milk production, DMI and mastitis incidence significantly increased in lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes with bST administration. Body condition score decreased significantly but body weight change was non significant in bST treated buffaloes.
bST treatment increased milk production in lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes.However, the mastitis incidence and antibiotic treatment increased in bST treated animals. Antibiotic residues in milk are major cause of antibiotic resistance in humans which is a huge challenge to humanity in 21st century. So bST treatment is not a viable approach for enhancing milk production.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2571-T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Feeding Different Levels Of Rhodes Grass Hay On Growth Performance, Body Condition Score, Digestibility And Blood Metabolites In Growing Lohi Lambs
by Syed Ghulam Abbas Bukhari (2014-VA-521) | Mr. Imran Mohsin | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great importance in economy of our country, livestock contribute 55.1% share in our agriculture GDP and about 12% of total GDP of Pakistan. Livestock includes all that animals which are reared at domestic level and produce beneficial products for human beings. As large ruminants has great role in milk production and a large population present in our country .Mean while small ruminants has also an important role in livestock sector. Deficiency of sufficient feed throughout the year is a common issue in Pakistan both for large and small ruminants. Poor quality and shortage of feedstuffs, as well as underfeeding are considered to be the major problems for the efficiency of animals. Tropical grasses have generally a lesser amount of crude protein contents. Therefore, maximum levels of production could not be achieved only from such feedstuffs that barely meet even the maintenance requirement of farm animals. Adding concentrates to poor-quality tropical hay is useful to improve intake and digestibility of grasses. The trial was conducted including, different levels of Rhodes grass hay supplementation, in TMR form. There were 3 treatments (Ctrl, Rh15 and Rh30), in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). First group was offered Rhodes grass hay and concentrate separately. Whereas Rh15 and Rh30 group was fed Rhodes grass hay in TMR form. Feed offered and refusal recorded at daily basis.
Supplementation of different levels of Rhodes grass hay did not affect the DMI in all the treatments. Body weight gain increased significantly in Rh15 group as compared to others. Body condition score and body measurements increased in Rh15 diet when compared to others. Blood urea nitrogen increased in the ctrl group than Rh15 and Rh30 group. Blood glucose level was not changed in all the treatments. Protein digestibility was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30. The data thus collected was be analyzed through one way ANOVA procedure of SAS using Fisher’s LSD test.
The experiment helped us to determine the inclusion level of Rhodes grass hay in our local animals. As Rhodes grass is a perennial grass so its efficiency helped us during the period of shortage.
Conclusion:
Results in the present study showed that animals performed better on TMR feeding than conventional feeding. Body condition score, Body measurements and body weight gain was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30 groups.
Suggestions and recommendations:
In future chemical treatments of Rhodes grass hay may improve nutritive value of Rhodes grass hay. Further research required to evaluate the fiber digestibility of Rhodes grass hay in small ruminants.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2565-T] (1).
8.
Study Of Factors Affecting Quality Of Silage As A Component Of Total Mixed Ration On Growth And Production Performance In Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Rafi-Uddin (2004-VA-152) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Silage production is at initial stages to be a part of animal agriculture in Pakistan. The lack of research on silage making and its benefits for livestock production under local conditions is an important factor for slow propagation of silage in our country. Under such scenario a multi-step study was conducted. At first, the effect of proper maturity stage for harvesting different fodders was investigated, and then the effects of silo type and silage additives were assessed on silage quality. In last part of the study the feeding trials were conducted on growing calves and lactating buffalo to evaluate the effect of silage feeding on growth and milk production respectively.
In all the three fodders i.e. oats, maize and sorghum, the full bloom stage for harvesting produced the best results regarding silage quality and fermentation characteristics. Although the trench silo produced best results regarding fermentation characteristics and silage quality, the expected operational cost and dry matter losses during face management for trench silo would make it harder for farmers to adopt. Under such circumstances, for long term use the bunkers would be a good choice for silage making with comparable silage quality as that of trench silo. Silage inoculants certainly improved the silage quality and it is highly recommended to use such additives for silage making and these additives are not that costly. Buffalo calves raised on fresh corn fodder and three different silages showed similar daily weight gain. Further growth trials on buffalo calves with varying levels of concentrate feeding along with silage are suggested to investigate silage feeding in calves. Corn silage fed lactating buffaloes had lower dry matter intake and total milk yield, but higher total solids as compared to fresh fodder feeding. The future studies of silage feeding compared to different inclusion levels of fresh and dry roughage sources would add further to explore the economic implications of silage feeding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2590-T] (1).
9.
Handbook of Livestock Management / 4th ed.
by Battaglia, Richard A.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Prentice Hall, Pearson; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089 Battaglia 31963 4th 2007 Livestock] (4).
10.
Effect Of Pre-Weaning Diets And Varying Levels Of Concentrate During Post-Weaning Period On The Performacne Of Female Nili-Ravi Buffalo Calves Up To One Year Of Age
by Zeeshan Muhammad Iqbal (2002-VA-55) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Nili-Ravi buffalo is a well-known buffalo breed in subcontinent Indo-Pakistan region and famous for its high milk production ability. Currently, buffalo calves and growing heifers are fed on deprived quality and quantity roughages with poor nutritive values resulting in reduced growth rate, reproduction with delayed attainment of puberty and high mortality. These constraints can be overcome through nutritional management of buffaloes. There is a need for the development of standards for adequate, cost effective provision of colostrum, whole milk/milk replacer and calf starter ration to neonatal calves up to weaning, establishment of nutrient requirements for growing buffalo heifer with aim of more average daily gain to reduce age at puberty and nutrients requirements for lactating buffalo according to their status and stage of milk production.
The current study comprises of two experiments and was conducted at Livestock Experiment Station, Bhunikey, Pattoki, District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan. The first experiment was performed with an aim to check the growth performance of female buffalo calves on whole milk & milk replacer and find out the cost effective and growth rate friendly alternate source of liquid diet. The duration of this experiment was 120 days. Thirty six female calves were selected and randomly divided into three (n=12) different treatments A (whole milk), B (50% whole milk & 50% milk replacer) and C (milk replacer). All the calves were given colostrum for first three days, then whole milk up to 15 days of age and transferred into three treatments. In addition to this all the calves were provided calf starter and fresh water ad-libitum. The calves were given
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liquid diet @ 10% of their body weight for first two months and then gradually decline of 1% on weekly basis for the subsequent two months. Green fodder was started on three month of age. The average daily total dry matter intake was remained same for all the three treatments but the average daily gain was higher in treatment A (457.38±110.13a) compare to treatment C (362.22±107.83b) but it was same for treatment A&B and B&C, respectively. The mean FCR value was also better for treatment A (3.49±0.56b) compare to treatment C (4.30±1.24a) and it was same for treatment A&B and treatment B&C, respectively. The mean cost/kg gain was higher in treatment A (422.72±70.66a) compare to treatment C (352.97±97.49b) and it was same for treatment A&B and B&C, respectively. Animals had performed well on mix liquid (50 % whole milk: 50% milk replacer) diet and it was more cost effective than other two treatments.
The aim in second experiment was to set the standard and cost effective level of concentrate ration for growing female buffalo heifer calves. For second experiment thirty (30) calves were selected from first experiment and were randomly dived into three treatments A, B and C. Treatment A was fed on concentrate ration according to 0.5 % of their body weight, treatment B 1.0 % and treatment C 1.5 % of their body weight. In addition to this all the calves were given ad-libitum green fodder and fresh clean water. All the calves were fed on similar concentrate ration having CP: 17 % and ME: 2.6 Mcal/kg. The duration of this experiment was 8 months. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in mean dry matter intake, protein intake, energy intake and protein per kg gain across all the three treatments and were higher (P<0.05) for treatment C then treatment B and lower (P<0.05) in treatment A, respectively. The average daily gain was remained same (P>0.05) for all the three treatments (497.32±17.92, 503.63±19.09 and 532.77±20.67). The higher feed efficiency was observed in treatment A (0.135±.004a) while it was same for treatment B & C (0.113±.003b & 0.108±.004b), respectively. The average body
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condition & score, body mass index and blood constituents (RBCs, WBCs, heamoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, platelets count, lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes) were unaffected (P>0.05) by different concentrate levels. Concentrate levels had significantly affected some of serum components (total protein and urea) but some components (glucose & cholesterol) were unaffected by dietary treatments. The values of mean serum total protein and serum urea were found lower in treatment A (6.12±0.17b & 42.34±1.59b) compare to treatment B (6.65±0.23a & 50.08±2.05a) and C (6.79±0.23a & 51.41±2.29a), respectively. The higher values of serum total protein and cholesterol in treatment B & C may be attributed to higher concentrate level in these two treatments. Concentrate levels had significantly (P<0.05) affected some of the digestibility parameters (DM %, CP% and NDF%) while other parameters (organic matter, fat, ash, ADF and urine pH) were remained same (P>0.05) on varying concentrate level diet. The mean body measurements (height at wither, body length and heart girth) were also not affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. There was significant difference across all the three treatments in total average daily dry matter intake cost and cost per kg gain. These were lower in treatment A compared to other two treatments B & C. It was observed that mean dry matter, protein and energy intake was lower in treatment A (0.5% of body weight) and weight gain was remained same on all the three dietary treatments. The mean feed efficiency was greater and mean cost per/kg gain was lower in treatment A. So, treatment A was remained more cost effective than other two treatments.
Both experiments were planned by keeping in mind the problems of buffalo farmer. Rearing of calves with improved growth rate on least cost feeding regime is important in dairy farming. Milk replacer is an alternate source of whole milk. Most of the buffalo farmers don’t use milk replacer for rearing of calves because of slower growth rate. Mixing of milk replacer
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with whole milk in 50:50 ratio make the consistency of liquid diet near to whole milk. Feeding of whole milk with milk replacer along with calf starter reduces the cost without affecting growth rate. At this stage farmers should keep in mid the cleaning of feeding pans to avoid the risk of diarrhea.
In post weaning period calves’ rumen is fully develop and is completely shifted to solid diet. During this transition phase farmers don’t follow the nutritional requirements of calves, which slow down the growth rate and ultimately increase the age at puberty. As buffalo are efficient converter of low quality diet. If farmers offer concentrate ratio (16-18% CP) to buffalo heifers at the rate of 0.5% of body weight along with ad-libitum green fodder, growth rate can be improved cost effectively.
5.1. Conclusion:
The findings of first experiment shows that 50% whole milk & 50% milk replacer @ of 10 of body weight along with adlibitum calf starter ration help in early rumen development, improved growth rate and better FCR on economical basis. So, it is recommended that whole milk and milk replacer in 50:50 ratio is growth rate friendly and cost effective for rearing of female buffalo calves up to weaning. The results of second experiment shows that growth rate, body measurements and body condition & score remained the same on all the three dietary concentrate levels but the feed efficiency was improved on lower concentrate level. So, it is recommended that it is cost effective to raise buffalo growing heifers on small amount of concentrate ration (0.5% of body weight) along with ad-libitum green fodder. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2720-T] (1).
11.
Livestock Management
by Jackson.
Edition: 1st edMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: UK Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.619 5255 Jackson 1st 1949 Livestock Management] (1).
12.
Effect Of Drinking Water Quality On Growth Performance Of Post Weaned Holstein Friesian Calves
by Hina Tahir (2006-VA-119) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Dr. Saeed Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Information on production potential of Holstein Friesian calves raised under various
sources of drinking water with different levels of TDS as well as its adaptability has not been
documented yet in central Punjab. In this regard, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of
drinking water sources on physiological and production parameters in Holstein Friesian calves.
Holstein Friesian calves exposed to increasing level of TDS water conditions at dairy
farms may exhibit variation in water intake and reduce dry matter intake that might ultimately
lead to deviation in growth performance from normal range. In order to test this hypothesis, the
proposed study was carried out.
To evaluate the physiological and productive profile of Holstein Friesian calves subjected
to various sources of drinking water with different levels of TDS and minerals concentration
under subtropical conditions, the proposed experiment was conducted at Dairy Training and
Research Demonstration Farm Ravi Campus B Block, Pattoki, University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore. For this purpose, 18 Holstein Friesian calves of the similar age and
weight were randomly selected from the herd maintained at Dairy Training and Research
Demonstration Farm and were divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C with 6 Holstein Friesian
calves in each group. The calves from group A were provided turbine water for drinking
purpose.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
32
Similarly, calves from group B and C were subjected to normal tap water and processed water
from reverse osmosis unit, respectively. The availability of water was made possible for 24 hours
in front of animals. The water was provided under the shed to these calves. The water troughs
were kept neat and clean during whole of the experimental period. The calves were given free
approach to water trough. The water from three sources were supplied to study the comparative
performance of calves. The data on water intake and dry matter intake were observed daily.
Whereas, weight gain was calculated on fortnightly basis. Feed digestibility was done at end of
trial. Blood mineral profile sampling was done at start and end of trial, all serum samples were
analyzed by spectrometer. The data thus collected were analyzed using analysis of variance
(ANOVA) techniques through (SAS, 2004). Difference among treatment means will be tested
through least significance difference.
The results of experiment were helpful to determine the appropriate water quality (1632.0
TDS to 172 TDS) to enhance the growth of Holstein Friesian calves in central Punjab. This will
also provide useful guideline for safe use of drinking water in the areas having water quality
problems. Calves exposed to low TDS water showed higher water, feed intake and weight gain.
Feed digestibility and blood calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels were not affected with
increase in salinity of water while ALT values are slightly higher in high TDS water group.
It was concluded that provision of different sources of water with varying levels of TDS
(1632.0 to 172 ppm) had no significant affect on growth of post weaned calves. More research is
to be required to investigate the effect of water quality on growth at different stages of calves for
more prolonged duration. Similar studies are suggested for the indigenous animals for long
Summary
33
period of time. So that a comprehensive findings may be achieved in this regard. It is suggested
that livestock may be offered water of same quality which is consumed by human beings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2894-T] (1).
