000			04494nam a22001937a 4500
005			20170726104740.0
008			170726b 2016 xxu||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d
041			_aeng
082			_a2757
100			_aZeeshan Umer(2014-VA-915) _934220
110			_cMs. Isban Hameed _934221
245			_a Detection Of Aflatoxin B1, Heavy Metals And Minerals From Corn Silage And Mineral Mixture (Wanda) Of Cows And Buffalos Pollution, A Case Study Of Lahore
260			_c2016
300			_a60p.,
502			_aCorn (Zea mays L), belongs to the family Poaceae is most widely distributed crop throughout the world. Corn is third important cereal in Pakistan after wheat and rice. It is an important crop cultivated over an area of 1 million hectares with a production of about 3.3 million tons in Pakistan. Corn is used as food, feed and fuels in Pakistan. Silage is produced from corn crop that is used for feed purposes on a wide scale in Pakistan. The major issue which influences the corn silage is naturally occurring aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFB2) with AFB1 the most important, toxic and carcinogenic. Aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFB2) are toxins produced by Aspergillus flavis and Aspergillus parasiticus infecting the agricultural crops. Corn silage is largely contaminated by aflatoxins in Pakistan due to seasonal variations, improper management of grains, improper storage of corn silage, infiltration of rain in silage and contaminated soils. These are dangerous fungal metabolites that impair child development, suppress the immune system, cause cancer and in severe acute exposure death occurs, so it is necessary to estimate its toxicity in public health perspective. For this purpose present study was conducted to determine the level of aflatoxins in Corn silage and mix wanda samples. Determination of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb) and crystalline earth metals (Na, Ca, K) was also performed in the same samples. Samples were collected from different areas of Gujrat city and its sorroundings i.e. Chakchodo, kunjah, G.T road Gujrat, Bhakoki village, jalal pur jattan (JPJ), Maroof village JPJ, Nawa pind, wazirabaad, Mallu khokhar bhimber road Gujrat, Kharian, Sadiqabad village Lalamusa, Kot jameel near Wazirabad, Kathala G.T road Gujrat, Shadman colony Gujrat, Karrianwala, Shah Jahangir road Gujrat, Purani sabzi mandi Gujrat, Bakra mandi Gujrat, Gujjar pur Gujrat, Jamal pur syedan Gujrat, Summary 54 Village Sookklan Gujrat, University road Gujrat, Bismillah chowk, JPJ, Ghala mandi railway road Gujrat, Boly wala pull jpj road Gujrat, Village pindi hasny di Gujrat, Main bazaar Waziraabad, Ghala mandi Waziraabad, UVAS Lahore. The samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to check the presence of aflatoxins (B1, B2), Atomic absorption spectrophotometer to determine the heavy metals and flame photometer to check the crystalline earth metals. Analyses of heavy metals and crystalline earth metals were performed in the Departmental Laboratory of Environmental sciences, UVAS, Lahore. These analyses of aflatoxins were performed in the Food and biotechnology research centre PCSIR, Lahore. Experimental results showed that 14 out of 40 samples were contaminated with two types of aflatoxins. In other words, 35% samples were found contaminated with aflatoxnis. Aflatoxin B1 was the major aflatoxin found in many samples but aflatoxins B2 was also identified. Total of 40 samples were collected for determination of aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin B2, heavy metals and crystalline earth metals. Corn silage samples were categorized into two categories, one was collected from dairy farms and other from supplier. Mix wanda samples were also categorized into two categories, one collected from different shops and other from dairy form of Gujrat city. In 17 samples of corn silage collected from dairy farms, 4 (23%) were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and only one (33%) out of 3 samples collected from suppliers was contaminated with aflatoxin B1. None of the sample of corn silage was contaminated with aflatoxin B2. In 11 samples of wanda collected from dairy farms, 5 (45%) were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 and 4 (44%) out of 9 samples collected from shops were contaminated with aflatoxin B1. Overall 2 (10%) samples of wanda were contaminated with aflatoxin B2. AFB1 was present more frequently in wanda samples.
650			_aEnvironmental Sciences _92631
700			_aDr. Saif-ur- Rahman Kashif _934222
942			_cTH
999			_c13167 _d13166