1.
Detoxification Effects Of Aflatoxin Contamination In The Poultry Feed By Using Different Chemical Techniques
by Awan, Naeem Nazir | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Aflatoxins, the toxic fungi metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are potent natural contaminants of feed stuffs. Aflatoxin effects all species of animals and poultry resulting, depressed growth, production and immunity against diseases.
The importance of aflatoxin in the poultry industry lies in economics loss due to the effect of reduced adsorption, utilization and metabolism of fat and protein, by decreasing bone strength, lameness, lethargy and weakness of wings ataxia, refulled or curled feather, reduced amino acid and vitamin (riboflavin) absorption, impaired immunity resulting in increased susceptibility towards infectious diseases, poor feed conversion ratio, less weight gain and feed consumption and moderate to high mortality. In addition to these effects there may be reduced ability to produce antibodies in response to vaccination. Such immune related problems are extremely difficult to diagnose. An investigation was undertaken to study the comparative value of various adsorbents to minimize the effect of aflatoxin on the performance of broiler chicks.
Six experimental rations viz, A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for the said purpose. Ration A served as negative control, Ration B, served as positive control having 100 ppb level of AFB 1. Ration C, AFB 1 @ 100 ppb and Sodium Bentonite @ 2% of the ration. Ration D, AFB 1 100 ppb and Myco-fix plus 1.0 kg/ton of feed. Ration E, AFB 1 @ 100 ppb and Myco-fix plus 2.50 kg/ton of feed. Ration F, AFB 1 @ 100 ppb and Myco-ad @ 2.0 kg/ton of feed (Commercial Adsorbents).
Two hundred and forty, day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups having forty birds in each and which were further sub-divided into four replicates comprising of ten birds in each.
The body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. The drooping feather percentage, leg deformities percentage, mortality percentage, postmortem lesions, bursal body weight ratio and dressing percentage were recorded at the end of experiment. However, the antibody titre for Newcastle disease vaccine was analyzed at 2lth, 28th, 35th, and 42nd day of the experiment. The experiment lasts for six weeks.
The results indicated highly significant differences (P < 0.05) of weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio among all the groups, there was also significant differences (P<0.05) was observed among the values of dropping feather and dressing percentage, however there was no difference in leg deformities of different control and experimental groups. There was highest percentages of mortality and postmortem lesion in the experimental group F (Myco-ad) and positive control group B, (AFB 1, @100 ppb), than the groups, A, C, D and E. There was significant difference in the geometric mean titres among the groups while there was no difference in bursal body weight ration among the groups (P <0.05).
From the data of present study it can be concluded that group A (Negative control) showed the best performance among the experimental groups in all above mentioned parameters: In experimental group C (Sodium bentonite) gave a better affect on the performance of birds, rather than other groups placed on the commercial adsorbents (Myco-fix plus and Myco-ad).
The commercial adsorbent Myco-ad @ 2.0 kg/ton of feed had highly drastic effect on the health status and growing abilities of the birds. However, the use of Myco-fix plus (Commercial adsorbent) had some beneficial effect on experimental birds.
It is recommended that more research work should be conducted to investigate more suitable measures to minimize the effect of aflatoxin Bi, before final conclusion are drawn.
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2.
Effects Of Phytase On The Performance Of Broilers Fed On Sorghum Based Diets
by Manzoor Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In Pakistan, sorghum (jawar) occupies 4th place with a production of 218.6 thousand tons (Economic survey of Pakistan 2000-200 1) after wheat, maize and rice. Its use is limited in poultry feed because it contains antinutritional factor i.e. tannin, phytic acid (68% of Total phosphorus). The low tannin sorghum varieties can replace maize up to 50%, and sorghum high in tannin can replace maize up to 25% in poultry diet.
While considering different nutrients for broiler feed formulation minerals are also very important. Among minerals phosphorus plays an important role for poultry production. Balancing the phosphorus in compound feed is difficult task because less than one third of the phosphorus in the feedstuffs of plant origin is biologically available to monogastric animals (NRC, 1994). The organic phosphorus exists in the bran of grain, consisting mainly of phytic phosphorus,
Phytase is an enzyme that liberates P from vegetable materials, destroys the antinutritional properties of phytate. Phytase was one of the first enzyme to be described in the literature. As early as 1907 the release of phosphorus from an organic phosphorus containing substrate was described by Suzuki and others (Maga 1982). The enzyme "phytase" is now known to cause the release of phosphate from phytic acid by catalyzing a series of hydrolysis reactions.
Keeping in view the above facts an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase on the performance of broiler fed on sorghum- based diets.
Two hundred broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Poultry Breeders and divided in to five groups. These groups were further subdivided in four replicates, having ten chicks in each. The chicks were kept in starter batteries for the first four weeks and then shifted to grower batteries till the end of experiment (six week). Five starter and five finisher rations (sorghum based) A, B, C, D, and E were prepared. "A" was control having 0.45 and 0.35% AP in starter and finisher rations respectively. While B, C, D and E supplemented with phytase enzyme (600 FTU/kg of feed) having 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.25% AP in starter and 0.30, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15% AP in finisher rations respectively. Light, feed and fresh clean water was provided round the clock.
The parameters studied were weight gain, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality, phosphorus availability and economic. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that the weight gain of chicks fed on rations B and C were comparable to ration A (control). The chicks fed on rations D & E significantly (P<O.05) showed poor perfonnance as compared to those fed on rations A, B and C. Significantly (P<O.05) more feed was consumed by chicks fed on ration B as compared to those fed on D and E. However, nonsignificant difference was observed between feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B and C. Non-significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on different experimental rations (Starter & Finisher). However, the feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on ration "C" was comparable to the chicks fed on ration "A"(Control). The dressing percentage of the chicks showed improvement with supplementation of phytase enzyme but the difference were non-significant between chicks fed on different experimental rations. Phytase supplementation significantly (P<O.05) improved the availability of P in chicks fed on rations B, C, D, & E as compare to those fed on ration A (control). The total cost incurred on one kg live weight for chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs. 31.98, 30.58, 31.86, 33.18 and 33.76, respectively. While net profits per one-kg live weights were Rs. 16.02, 17.41, 16.14, 14.82 and 14.24 respectively. Maximum profit was observed in birds fed on ration "B" supplemented with phytase enzyme. Overall it was found that by using phytase enzyme in broiler ration more profit could be earned.
RECOMMENDATION
1. By the use of phytase in poultry feed phosphorus availability could be increased.
2. Use of phytase enzyme is economical.
3. By the use of phytase enzyme 0.1% available phosphorus can be decreased in the broiler ration.
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3.
Effect Of Yuca Saponin On Urease Activity And Development Of Ascites In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Sajid Nazir | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effect of commercially available "Norponin 200 Liquid" on urcase activity and development of ascites in broilers. The active ingredient in the product is saponins. Norponin 200 Liquid was mixed in water and offered to broiler chickens. Two commercial broiler rations were prepared. One was broiler starter ration containing 28 10 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 20 % crude protein. Second was broiler finisher ration with 2900 K cal/kg metabolizable energy and 18.50 % crude protein. Chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D, respectively. Bach group offered different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid. Group A acted as control group. There was no mixing of Norponin 200 Liquid in it. Group B was offered 2.5 ml Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group C was offered 5.0 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid/100 liter of drinking water. Group D was offered 7.5 ml of Norponin 200 Liquid) 100 ml of drinking water. Feed and water was offered ad libitum to the chicks. A total of 240 day-old-broiler hubbred chicks were purchased from a local commercial hatchery and were randomly divided into 4 groups having 60 birds in each group. Each group was further subdivided into 6 replicates comprising 10 birds each. Initial body weight was recorded on day first just after the arrival of chicks in brooding room. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. Urease activity, mortality percentage and economic study of medicine used were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in 6 weeks. The results of feed consumption indicated that birds fed on same starter and Finisher rations but with different concentrations of Norponin 200 Liquid to different groups i.e. A, B, C and D in drinking water from 0-6 Weeks of age were 3847, 3813, 3831 and 3827 grams, respectively. Rcs.ults showed that birds of group A consumed more feed as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of birds in different groups i.e. A, B, C and D from 0-6 weeks were 1741, 1809, 1857 and 1895 grams, respectively. Results showed that birds in group D gained maximum weight i.e. 1895 grams per bird. The feed conversion ratio from 0-6 weeks of age were 2.20, 2.10, 2.05 and 2.01, respectively. Results showed that better feed conversion ratio was observed in group D, which as offered maximum concentration of Norponin 200 Liquid in drinking water i.e. 7.50 ml/l00 liter of drinking water. Mortality due to ascites was observed only in groups A and B, respectively. In group A, it was 8 % and in group B it was 5 %, respectively.
Urease activity was also observed in all four groups and it was recorded that maximum urease activity was observed in group A (acted as control) and minimum urcase activity was observed in group D (offered maximum concentration of Yucca sapoin)
CONCLUSION:- It was concluded that Norponin 200 Liquid offered at 7.50 ml/100
liter of drinking water gives comparatively bctter results than 2.5 ml! 100 liter, 5.0 ml! 100 liter of drinking water and control groups.
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4.
Effect Of Replacement Of Fed Aditive Antibiotic With Different Levels Of Lactic Acid On Broiler Performance
by Nadira Khalid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Shakil | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The research study was conducted to find out the effect of replacement of feed additive antibiotic Le. flavomycin with different levels of lactic acid, on broiler performance.
The parameters were growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency mortality and economics. For this Two hundred day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups of forty chicks each.
Two experimental rations (starter and finisher) were prepared and fed to the experimental chicks upto 42 days of age. Lactic acid 1%, 2% and 3% was supplemented in the rations for group B, C and D respectively. Flavomycin was supplemented in feed for group E and group A was a control group. The data thus collected was analyzed statistically.
The results revealed that the ration with 1% lactic acid supplementation resulted in more feed consumption, good FCR and did not prove economical. 2% lactic acid supplementation did not prove beneficial in any aspect, whereas the addition of 3% concentration of lactic acid in feed resulted in more feed consumption, good weight gain but again it was not economical. The feed supplemented with flavomycin also consumed more feed, provided good weight gain and proved to be the only economical supplementation. In terms of feed intake, the control groups served to be the best with minimum feed intake by the birds.
Based on this research, we can conclude that adding organic acids to broiler chicken feed, improves production results, although the positive effect of organic acids is less than that achieved by growth promoting antibiotics. 1-lowever, the use of lactic acid is not economical as compared to feed additive antibiotic, being a natural product of bacterial/fungal fermentation. So the use of lactic acid in broiler ration could be of economical importance, if lactic acid is produced at a low cost.
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5.
Effect Of Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment Of Defatted Rice Polishing And Its Use In Broiler Diets
by Muhammad Yahya khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries; inhabiting the huge bulk of population with considerable growth rate. This situation is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost offeed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds which are also used for human consumption makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption.
Agro industrial by-products or wastes which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Defatted rice polishing is one. of the ingredients may serve the desired purpose.
Defatted rice polishing/bran is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is derived from the outer layer of rice caryopsis during milling and has comparable nutritional profIle as compared to other cereal grains. Its potential as feed ingredient cannot be absolutely exploited due to the presence of certain antinutritional factors. Such as trypsin inhibitor, crude fiber and hemeaglutinin etc. However, various treatments implementation could be resulted in the elimination of antinutritional factors and yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry.
Present study was conducted to observe the impact of defatted rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to H202 treatment.
Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared arid designated as A, B, C, D, E and F. All rations were is caloric and is nitrogenous. Starter and finisher ration A contained 15% H202 treated defatted rice polishing. Rations B and C contained 20 and 25% H202 treated defatted rice polishing while rations D, E and F contained 15, 20 and 25% defatted rice polishing respectively. Two hundred and forty day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into twenty four experimental units of 10 chicks each under six groups A, B, C, D, E and F. Starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicates that there was no significant difference in weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and dressing percentage birds feed fed different experimental rations.
It was concluded from the present study that defatted rice polishing can safely be used up to 25% level without subjecting it to treatment. Inclusion of defatted rice polishing up to 25% level had no adverse effect on the performance of broiler chicks.
However, by using defatted rice polishing up to 25% level ration becomes expensive due to addition of oil.
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6.
Comparative Efficacy Of Salinomycin Sodium And Neem Fruit (Adadirachta Indica) As Feed Additive Anticoccidials
by Murtaza Ali tipu | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the anticoccidial efficacy of ionophorus anticoccidial, salinomycin and a herb, neem fruit (Azadirachta indica). A total of 240 day old broiler chicks were purchased and raised for 42 days in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F comprising of 40 birds each. Group A was given feed additive anticoccidial Kokcisan (salinomycin 12 %). In group B, C and D, ground neem fruit (Azadirachta indica) was used in the feed. But the dose of neem was different. Group B had 1 kg/ton neem fruit; group C had 2 kg/ton while group D had 3 kg/ton of feedneem fruit. Group E was infected unmedicated control while group F was uninfected unmedicated control. All the groups except that of group F were given challenge dose of infection on day 22m1. The oocyst count was done on 5th, 6th and 7th day infection. The feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly. Record of mortality was maintained and postmortem of dead birds were also performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way Analysis of Variance and least significant Difference (LSD) test, to detect the differences between treatments and means.
It was concluded that Azadirachta indica (neem fruit) 3 kg/ton of feed had excellent activity in terms of oocyst count and reduction in mortality as compared to other groups and especially to Kokcisan (salinomycin sodium 12 %). While Kokcisan (salinomycin Na 12 %) was better in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency over Azadirachta indica 3 kg/ton of feed but this difference was statistically non significant others dosages of neem were also effective.
The results of this study will help to the feed millers in choosing best and economical feed additive anticoccidial.
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7.
Effect Of Suplementation Of Different Levels Of Vitamins On The Production Performance Of Broilers
by Mateen Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhamad | prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Vitamin means vital amines. They are organic regulators of metabolism that are required in the daily diet of bird for normal growth and maintenance of the body. They are mediators of synthetic and degenerative processes and exercise catalytic functions in the body because many of them function as co-enzymes. The present study was conducted in 200 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks to knew the effect of supplementation of different levels of vitamins in broiler starter and broiler finisher ration. The supplemented ration tested were ration A (NRC), ration B (NRC+l0%) ration C (NRC+20%), and ration D (NRC+30%). The experiment had a completely randomized design.
The chicks were randomly divided into 4 major groups comprising 50 chicks each. Each major group was further sub-divided into 5 replicates containing 10 chicks each. The supplemental rations were prepared according to NRC (Nutrient Requirement of domestic animals, 1994) requirement and with the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% vitamin. The four treatments were allotted to different groups of birds at random. The chicks were housed in a room compartment provided with battery cages-Experimental room temperature was 95F(35C) in the first week and then it was reduced SF each week. The birds were offered experimental rations and fresh clean water at ad libitum. The overall results showed that weight gain, FCR, weight gain per unit protein intake, liver and gizzard showed significant difference among the treatments. However feed consumption, protein intake and heart weight showed non-significant difference. The incidence of deficiency diseases was observed to be 8, 2, 0 and 0 percent fed on ration A, B, C and D respectively. However there was no mortality in any group. Net profit gain was higher for ration "D".
These results might be on account that supplementation improved the digestibility of dietary organic matter, protein fed and nitrogen free extract, thereby resulting in better utilization of these nutrients that ended to better performance. So in conclusion dietary vitamin inadequacy suppressed broiler performance and impaired the cellular mediated immunity. The recommendations for vitamin requirements and vitamins supplementation practices vary considerably throughout the world. So the updates of vitamin requirements extensively used in NRC journals are not always based on recent experiments. There is therefore a danger, that requirements stated for some vitamins might not reflect the need of modern poultry.
CONCLUSION
1. Experimental diet consistently showed better performance so vitamins in control diet are not optimal.
2. Normal needs of the birds and the recommended levels of the vitamins vary considerably.
3. The Official recommendations of the NRC cover only the lowerst possible needs so we will have to add substantional safety margins in the ration.
4. Improved performance in this experiment enable us to consider that further research is required to discover more efficient modalities of vitamin supplementation.
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