1.
Microbiological Quality Assessment Of Human And Veterinary Drugs
by Sadaf Riaz (2007-va-277) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The continued increase in population results in increasing demand for pharmaceutical products. According to Pakistan pharmaceutical manufacturers association, Pakistan has approx. 400 pharmaceutical industries including 25 multinational industries. The Pakistan pharmaceutical industry meets 70% of country’s demand of pharmaceutical drugs.
Medicines are chemical compound that are administrated to human or animal as an aid to diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease (Lecca, 1978).
Microbiological quality assessment is very important point of pharmaceutical manufacturing. The term quality in its wide sense means “Safety “. Microbial contamination means, presence of undesired micro-organisms or their metabolic products (Uba, 1990).
Pharmaceutical drugs are used in many ways in treatment of diseases (Mugoyela et al. 2010). Pharmaceuticals of different forms are susceptible to contamination by different microbes (Aulton, 2002). Contamination of medicines with micro-organisms can bring about changes in their physiochemical properties, results in product degradation before their expiry date (Shaikh et al. 2000). Microbial contamination rang from true pathogen like Clostridium tetani, to opportunistic pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Mwambete, 2009). Microbial infections not only due to physical presence of micro-organisms, but also their metabolites/toxins can be very harmful even in low quantities (Shukla et al. 2004). Medicines used in treatments cannot afford to have microbial contamination. Patients who take medicines have very weak immune system which makes them vulnerable to wide range of infections. Microbial contamination of drugs may contribute to secondary microbial infections in immunologically weak patients (Adeshina et al. 2009). Contaminated pharmaceuticals may lead to medication complicacy in patients.
Drugs can be divided into two types on the basis of microbiology; sterile pharmaceutical products and non-sterile pharmaceutical products (Clement et al. 2013). Sterile pharmaceutical products should not contain any viable micro-organisms and non-sterile pharmaceutical products may contain viable micro-organisms but it should be within official limit and all drugs should not have any pathogenic bacteria. Most of drugs can be contaminated during storage and handling (Takon and Antai, 2006). Antimicrobial agents are added to medicines to minimize microbial growth but should not be added to mask poor manufacturing process (Gad et al. 2011).
The level of microbial contamination in medicines depends on availability of nutrients, water, presence of other micro-organisms, osmotic pressure and oxygen etc. The factors determining the results of drug-borne infections may include the type and amount of microbes, patient’s immune system and route of administration (Baird, 2004).
In recent years manufacturing of drugs have improved. The occurrence of microbes in drugs has been well documented. There have been many reports of infections caused by contaminated drugs (Ibezim, 2002; Coker, 2005). But majority of cases of infections caused by medicines are not recognized and reported as such (Denyer and Baird, 2006). Previous studies have showed microbiological quality concern related to commercially available drugs (Denyer and Baird, 2006).
Contamination of drugs results in loss of faith of a consumer in pharmaceutical industry and sales would go down (Mugoyela and Mwambete, 2010).
Although pharmaceutical industries are one of the growing and expanding sector in Pakistan, but the quality of medicines varies as they are retail oriented. Unfortunate situation is present in sales of drugs. A number of unlicensed drugs stores selling poorly manufactured drugs
2
Hence the microbiological quality of pharmaceuticals, assessment of number and type of bacteria and fungi within drugs, is essential to ensure consumer safety (Urmi et al. 2014; Tamalli et al. 2013)
This study to relate to national need and reflects its importance. New international trend focus on the quality of pharmaceutical products, unfortunately few studies has been carried out in this prospective which is not proven to be sufficient in predicting the quality of drugs. This has compelled me to do research on this topic in order to assess the level of such microbial contaminants in pharmaceuticals given to patients in Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2275-T] (1).
2.
Antibiotic Resistance Profiling Of Enterococcus Faecium Recovered From Retail Chicken Meat From Lahore City
by Amina Habib (2010-VA-313) | Dr. Ali Ahmad Shiekh | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Enterococcus faecium is gram positive bacteria which are normal intestinal flora of warm blooded animals and humans beings. It is responsible for various types of diseases such as neonatal meningitis, endocarditis, urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal or pelvic wounds. Retail chicken could be a source of Enterococcus faecium. Irrational use of antibiotics in chicken rearing can lead to emergence of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecium. The chicken meat gets contaminated at the time of slaughtering and resistant bacteria may transfer to human beings through food chain.
In present study prevalence of E. faecium recovered from retail chicken meat samples collected from various areas of Lahore city was estimated. A total 43 chicken sample (leg or wing) were processed for isolation of E. faecium. Identification of E. faecium was made using standard culturing and biochemical reactions. Out of 43 samples, 30 samples (69%) were found positive for Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics resistance profiling showed that the isolates were resistant to following antibiotics mentioned as below: Ampicillin (100%) >Tetracycline (73%) > Erythromycin (53%) > Ciprofloxacin (46%) > Chloramphenicol (40%) > Rifampicin and Vancomycin (36%) > Teicoplanin (33%) > Doxycycline (20%) > Fosfomycin (0%). From the study it is concluded that retail chicken is the carrier of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecium and could transfer resistance to humans. Efforts should be made to use antibiotics wisely and hygienic practices should be followed during slaughtering and processing of chicken meat to avoid bacterial spread from animal source to human beings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2489-T] (1).
3.
Optimization Of Multiplex Pcr For Simultaneous Detection Of Bacterial And Viral Water Borne Pathogens
by Faiza Naz (2010-VA-288) | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Waterborne illness is a serious issue throughout the world. Bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., E. coli spp. and from Viruses mostly Rotaviruses are involved in various waterborne outbreaks due to usage of contaminated water because of poor sanitation system mixing of waste material and fecal material with water, which can be transferred to human body by consuming such contaminated water Detection of these bacteria and virus from various foods by conventional method is not easy. Conventional methods are time consuming laborious and expensive. Now multiplex PCR is widely used for rapid detection of waterborne pathogens. The method is more sensitive and specific and can detect more than one pathogen in one single reaction mixture. This experimental design is developed to optimize the multiplex PCR reaction for detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli spp. and Rota virus.
ATCC culture of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli spp., revived using standard culturing technique and multiplex PCR is optimized to amplify four different microbial genes simultaneously. A total 100 samples obtained from 10 towns, of Lahore. The samples were processed for multiplex PCR for detection of E. coli spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Rota virus directly from water samples.
With the amplification of 4 bacterial and viral genes simultaneously multiplex PCR was optimized. Water samples were obtained, to check the strength of planned experiment in the field. The samples were processed for and multiplex PCR for direct detection of Salmonella spp. and E. coli spp. directly from water samples.
Similarly multiplex PCR was optimized with 3μl DNA template of each microbe , 56oC annealing temperature , 20pmol of every primer and 25μl of multiplex master mix.
Multiplex PCR is more sensitive and specific. It is also time redeemable technique because conventional culturing method requires several days for the detection of waterborne pathogens but this technique wants expertise.
This study was helpful to establish an optimized Multiplex PCR for the rapid and simultaneous detection of waterborne pathogens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2612-T] (1).
4.
Study On The Diversity And Antibiotic Resistance Profile Of Uropathogenic Bacteria In Human And Dogs
by Umbreen Aslam Khan (2009-VA-222) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Annually more than 150 million people globally face the problem of Urinary tract infection (UTI) and treatment cost goes up to 6 billion dollars. UTI is more common in women as compared to men. The infection is caused by the invasion of pathogens in the urinary tract and produces the inflammatory response of urothelium. In Pakistan, urinary tract infections are increasing with antibiotics resistant among the uropathogens day by day. Duration of treatment is also getting increased which subsequently increased the medication cost. This situation is possibly due to emergence of antibiotic resistant uropathogenic bacteria. Like humans, in dogs same situation is prevailing. The study therefore was designed for isolation identification and antibiotic resistance assessment of UTI causing bacteria.
Bacterial pathogens causing UTI in dogs and human are becoming more resistant to antibiotic use .To evaluate the diversity and antibiotic resistance of uropathogenic bacteria, a total of 80 urine samples were collected in sterile containers. A total of 15 urine samples were taken from each gender of human and dogs with UTIs and 5 from each gender of healthy human and dogs. Samples were cultured for isolation and confirmed by biochemical tests and their antibiotic resistance pattern was checked by Kirby baur disk diffusion test.
Samples that were taken from UTI males, E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus were isolated from 93%, 6.67%,20% and 53% of processed samples whereas from UTI females E.coli, Proteus Spp.,Klebsiella spp. and Staph aureus was isolated 100%,13%,33%and 40% of samples respectively.
Similarly 60 % Staph aureus was isolated from healthy males and females urine samples.
Summary
58
While Samples that were taken from UTI dogs E.coli, Proteus Spp.,klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus was isolated from 66.7%, 6.67%,33% and 26.6% of processed samples whereas Samples that were taken from bitches, E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus was isolated from 73%,13%,26.6% and 26.6% of samples respectively.
In case of healthy dogs and bitches urine smalpes 60% and 80% of Staph aureus was isolated
Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus from human (male and female) samples showed resistance to ceftriaxone, Levofloxecine, and mild type of resistance to Ofloxacin while sensitive to ciprofloxacin and sulfamethazole.
The antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus from dogs and bitches samples showed high resistance to Lincomycin and kanamycin, and lower resistance to norfloxacin and doxycyclin while sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxiclin.
Conclusion
It is concluded that UT infection mainly caused by Gram negative (Enterobacteracea) .Among the (Enterobacteracea) member only E.coli was most abundantly isolated from human and dogs UTI samples most effective antimicrobial agents were urixin, sulfamethazole and ciprofleoxacin against isolates of human origin. For dogs ciprofloxacin amoxiclin are best against gram negative and positive bacterial isolate. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2646-T] (1).
5.
Effects Of Storage Temperature On The Microbiological Quality Of Fish Meat
by Rida Haroon Durrani (2010-VA-307) | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh | Dr. Mati- ur- Rahman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Fish is an affluent resource of various significant nutritional constituents such as high- quality protein, vitamins, minerals and n-3 rich polyunsaturated fatty acids. Sea foods are categorized as one of the briskly perishable food items than other muscle foods, due to their high water activity (Aw), existence of self-degrading enzymes and neutral pH value which is the cause of quick production of unwanted whiff and flavors. Present research was designed to study the effect of storage temperature and associated spoilage of fish meat through various pathogens of bacterial nature. Samples were procured from two different managemental systems to observe the effect of storage place on bacterial load. Effect of variations in seasonal temperature were also observed on the bacterial load by collecting samples in three different seasons of the year i.e. winter, spring and summer season. Total viable count was performed along with the selective culturing of bacterial species capable of causing gastrointestinal disorders. Statistical analysis reveals that a significant difference (p< 0.05) exists between seasonal variations and patterns of bacterial types. With respect to storage up to 8 hours a significant difference (p< 0.05) is observed with the existing bacterial types. A significant difference (p< 0.05) lies between bacterial types and the source from which samples were procured. A significant difference (p< 0.05) was observed between sampling season and storage duration. While a non-significant difference (p> 0.05) was recorded between seasons and source from where samples were collected. With respect to storage time a significant difference (p< 0.05) was recorded with the sources of samples. While comparing the patterns of bacterial types in samples collected in different seasons of year a significant difference (p<
Summary
90
0.05) exists with respect to storage time. While a significant difference (p< 0.05) was observed
between growth patterns of bacterial types with respect to seasonal variations and source. With
respect to the storage time there lies a significant difference (p< 0.05) to the bacterial types
observed in samples procured from two different management systems. With respect to season
a significant difference (p< 0.05) was noticed with storage time and source of sample. While
significant difference (p< 0.05) was present between the bacterial types isolated during
different seasons of the year and subjecting them to different storage time and the source of
samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2672-T] (1).
