1.
Seasonal Variation In Breeding Patterns Of Buffalo In Punjab
by Col. Ahmed Khan | Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Dr. Muhammed | Prof.Dr. Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Buffalo plays a pivotal role in the economy of poor and landless farmers. Seasonal calving trend of buffalo has caused shortage of milk during the Summer season when it is required more. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of season on reproductive and productive traits of buffaloes.
In this project Artificial Insemination data of 5 Districts of Central Punjab and breeding data of the Livestock Experimental Station, Rakh Dera Chahi, Lahore were used. Analysis of variance was applied to study the effect of season on Artificial Insemination and Farm data.
Data analysis indicated a significant effect of season on breeding, fertility and calving. Both Artificial Insemination and Farm data indicated high (P<0.05) breeding trend during Autumn and Winter season. Fertility were significantly (P<0.05) low during Autumn. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of calving season on the calving interval and milk production.
The conclusion revealed that the provision of ideal management, avoiding the extreme weather conditions, ensuring the availability of balanced adequate ration throughout the year and protection from other stresses of diseases etc., it may be possible to derive all the productive and reproductive traits from this versatile animal round the year without any significant effect of the various seasons.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0489,T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Fermacto Feeding On Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Commercial Laying Hens
by Sarwar, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar khan | Dr. Ahmed Raza | Prof.Dr. Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of three levels of Fermacto feeding on egg production, general metabolic state and health of the laying hens was observed by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred, 60 weeks old laying hens, were divided into four equal groups viz A through D each of 25 birds. The hens were already vaccinated. The group A was kept as a control and iii group B, C and D, the Fermacto feeding was done at a dose rate of 1gm, 2gm and 4gm per kg of feed respectively. The experiment period was 60 days. Egg production records, visceral organ: body oveight indices, gross pathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease were determined.
The statistical analysis of egg production record showed that from 1-15th day there was no significant difference among the experimental and control groups and from day 16-30th, there was highly significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. The highest mean egg production record was achieved I n the birds of group A. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 31-45th ,but there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 46-60th. The birds from the group B showed the highest mean egg production.
The organ: body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all experimental and control groups. The highest mean left kidney: body weight index was achieved in the birds of group D. Similarly the highest mean right kidney: body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and experimental groups and the highest liver: body weight index was achieved in birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some non-specific gross lesions such as little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic pathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds.
The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose level was significantly increased in experimental groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum cholesterol was also significantly higher in the treated groups than in control group. Concentration of serum total protein was highest in the C group. There was significant difference in the level of serum total protein of all the experimental and control groups. The serum uric acid concentration was significantly different between control and experimental groups. The uric acid concentration was highest in group A. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against ND on 1st, 15th , 30th, 45th and 60th day of the experiment showed that the highest GMHI in the birds of C group which reflected the stimulation of the immune system. So, it was concluded that Fermacto feeding had no deleterious effect on general metabolic state and immune system of laying hens.
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3.
Effect Of Replacement Of Maize With The Varying Levels Of Stabilized Extruded Rice Polishing On The Performance Of Broilers
by Aqif Mukhtar, Syed | Prof.Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr.Anjum Khalique | Dr.Muhammad.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: As the poultry industry flourished rapidly during the last thirty years, it has now become a major contributor in providing low cost protein of animal origin to our population. But unfortunately poultry industry is continuously suffering loses for the past few years mainly due the fact that the conventional feed stuffs are becoming costly day by day. The serious food shortage and increasing competition between human beings and poultry regarding the consumption of cereal grains demanded that cereals should be now spared for human consumption and exploration of non conventional feed sources should be carried out in order to keep the business of poultry industry running well.
Rice polishing is a by-product of rice milling so it is abundantly available in Pakistan because rice is the third largest crop produced in the country. Rice polishing compares well with the cereal grains in chemical composition. So it contains more fat and protein as compared to maize but high in fiber contents. Due to high fat contents rancidity of Rice polishing can pose some problems if it is fed after prolonged storage, specially in hot weather.
Extrusion cooking is a new technique which stabilizes the high fat diets and make them fit for use in the animal rations. For this reason full fat rice polishing was subjected to Extrusion Cooking which was done at National Feed Mill.
Present Experiment was conducted to replace maize with extruded rice polishing and to see the effects on the performance of broiler chicks. Six starter and six finisher rations were prepared and designated as A, B, C, D, E and F . All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter ration and finisher ration A. were kept as a control containing 35 % Maize and 0% extruded Rice polishing, which was replaced by extruded rice polishing in ration B, C, D, E and F. on protein equivalent basis at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35% level In this way a complete 100% replacement of maize with extruded Rice polishing was made One hundred and eighty day old chicks were randomly divided into eighteen experimental units of 10 chicks each. Each experimental unit was placed individually. The starter rations were fed up to 28th day of age while the Finisher rations from 29th to 42nd day of age.
Results of the present study indicated that the weight gain up to 25% extruded rice polishing level was promisingly good. Maximum weight gain was recorded in Ration B (15% extruded rice polishing). Second best results were noted in the control ration but the performance of the chicks fed on 20% extruded rice polishing was almost equal to that of control ration. It was noted that the weight gain started to decrease gradually as the level was raised up to 35% of the total with each increasing increment.
Best feed utilization was observed in the chicks fed on ration B, whereas poor utilization of feed was noted in higher levels of extruded rice polishing in the diet having more feed consumption compared to weight gain.
Better performance up to 25% level indicated that Extrusion improved the nutritional quality of rice polishing by stabilizing it and inactivating Lipases. The extrusion also made starch more available for the birds and reduced the anti-nutritional elements of rice polishing. This is evident from the fact that the level of rice polishing effected the health of the chicks.
It was therefore concluded from the present study that extrusion is an excellent technique for converting low quality feed stuffs into feeds with higher nutritional quality. Specially extrusion of low priced feed ingredients such as rice polishing and it replacement with a costly feed ingredient such as wheat or maize holds good economic prospects for feed millers. As extrusion is done on a very limited scale therefore after the present study it was strongly recommended that the use of extruded feed stuffs should be promoted in poultry ration
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4.
Concentration Of Serum Electrolytes In Buffaloes In The Late Pregnancy Parturition & Postparturition Periods
by Shahzad Hussain | Dr.Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr.Muhammad | Prof.Dr Rashid ahmad ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This study was executed on 30 pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Serum was harvested for the estimation of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and iron in the late pregnancy (at 8t5 and 9th month of gestation), at parturition and in the postpartum periods (at 1st and 2" month postpartum). The mean values of Ca were 9.30, 7.95, 6.90, 8.43 and 7.33 mg/dl and of Mg were 2.38, 2.18,.2.81, 2.61 and 2.50 mgldl of serum in the above mentioned 5 stages, respectively. The mean concentration of P was 6.98, 4,15, 3,177, 4,76 and 5.38 mg/dl, respectively. The mean concentrations of Na were 147.14, 145.71, 146.50, 141.37 and 137.69 mmol/1 and of K were 4.90, 4.53, 4.31, 4.53 and 4.38 (mmol/1) of serum, respectively. The mean value of Fe was 269,36, 225.58, 212.82, 260.77 and 282.31 pg/dl of serum, respectively. The concentrations of Ca and P were significantly (P< 0.05) lower at the time of parturition. The value of Mg was significantly (P<zO.05) higher at the time of parturition. The concentrations of Na and K did not show much variation. The values of Fe also decreased significantly (P<0.0S) near parturition (at month of gestation) and at parturition. No puerperal disorder was observed in any of the experimental animals. Hence, the data of normal electrolyte values near parturition, at parturition and following parturition was obtained.
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5.
Effect Of Replacing Dietary Levels Of Soybean Meal With Canola Meal In Japanese Quail
by Sajid Hameed | Prof.Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Javed Ahmad Qureshi | Masood.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Canola is the seed of "Brassica nayus or Brassica compestris species". The oil component of seed contain less than 2% erucic acid while solid component of seed contain less than 30jimol/grams of air dry oil free solid. The protein content in canola meal are 36% while energy is about 2000 Kcal/kg. The amino acid profile of canola meal is comparable with other vegetable proteins. The present study was conducted to study the effect of replacing soybean meal with canola meal in rations fed to Japanese quails.
Two hundred and sixteen day old quail chicks were randomly divided into six groups of 36 quails each. Then each group was further sub-divided into three replicates of 12 quails each. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations A, B, C, 13, E and F containing 0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of canola meal respectively were fed for 42 days. Weekly weight gain and daily feed consumption was recorded.
Maximum weight gain (165 grams), feed efficiency (2.42), (2.47) and dressing percentage (68.6%) was observed in quail fed on ration A and C containing 0 and 15% canola meal respectively. Minimum weight gain (142 grams), poor feed efficiency (2.67 grams) and lowest dressing percentage (56.4 grams) were observed in chicks fed on ration F containing 30% canola meal. Moreover, weight of thyroid gland was not affected by the inclusion levels of canola meal in the diet.
From present study it was concluded that canola meal could be successfully incorporated in quails rations upto 15% without any effect on the performance of quails. The study also indicated that rations containing canola meal were comparatively cheaper and cost per kg of live weight was decreased and net profit per quail was increased.
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6.
Serological Surey Of Brucellosis In Man & Various Age Groups Of Cattle And Buffaloes
by Abbas Chaudhry, M | Dr.Irshad Ahmad Ch | Dr.Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Prof.Dr Akram | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle, buffaloes and various personnel employed at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadar Nagar, District Okara, was surveyed. Four hundred and seventy blood samples of different age groups of various groups of cattle, buffaloes and man were analyzed for the seroprevalence of Brucellosis. The various serological tests used for this investigation included the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT). The higher incidence of the disease was observed in cattle than buffaloes. The seroprevalence of disease in man was found to be related with the prevalence of Brucellosis in animals.
The overall prevalence of Brucellosis in clinically healthy buffaloes and cattle was found to be 7.64% and 10.0% respectively, by SAT and 11.17% and 14.11% respectively by RBPT.
A prevalence of 36.67% by RBPT and 26.67% and 23.33% by SAT in clinically sick buffaloes and cattle was recorded.
The serum samples from workers subjected to RBPT and SAT revealed prevalence of 15.71% and 11.43%, respectively. The incidence of Brucellosis in adult buffaloes and cattle above 2-10 years of age was 11% and 13%, respectively by SAT. Whereas in young buffaloes and cattle under 2 years of age, it was found to be 2.86% and 5.71%, respectively by SAT. The RBPT indicated 15% and 5.7 1% incidence of the disease in adult and young buffaloes, respectively.
Similarly prevalence of 19% and 7.14% in adult and young cattle, respectively was found to be demonstrated by RBPT. rpIe SAT and RBPT established a greater incidence of brucellosis in female animals than male cows 10.67% and buffaloes 8.67% by SAT.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0673,T] (1).
7.
Production Of Aflatoxin On Rice And Its Detoxification By Yeast Sludge (Sacchromyces Cerevisiae) In Dairy
by Muhammad Amjad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The study was conducted to produce aflatoxin on rice and see its detoxification effects by yeast sludge in dairy cattle feed. For this purpose twelve animals of sahiwal breed were selected. They were divided into three groups; A (control) B (500ppb aflatoxin) and C (500 ppb aflatoxin and 1% yeast sludge). The animals were fed for fourteen days and the milk samples were collected after alternate days for aflatoxin M1 estimation and milk components. Feed intake was recorded on alternate days. The milk production was recorded daily. The means of aflatoxin M1 residues showed significant results which were 2.870 0.76, 15.515 2.634 and 12.747 1.0214 respectively (P<0.05). The means of feed intake of groups A, B and C also showed significant differences which were 170.14 1.98, 163.37 2.27 and 177.00 1.99 respectively (P<0.05). The means of milk production however showed non-significant results which were 7.583 1.321, 7.104 0.797 and 8.375 0.478 respectively (P>0.05).for groups A, B and C. The means of milk components for groups A, B and C showed non-significant differences which were 4.0964 .0.431, 4.0607 0.4302 and 4.2964 0.3473 respectively for fat; 8.8964 .0492, 8.5821 0.1527 and 8.7429 .0.2119 respectively for solids not fat and 12.943 0.479, 12.646 0.461 and 13.036 0.553 respectively for total solids. The results of the above study show that yeast sludge is capable to detoxify aflatoxin and it also improve the feed intake of animals but doesn't have any effect on the milk production and milk composition of the animals.
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8.
Biocoversion Of Rice Bran With Arachnoitusspp And Candidu Utilis To Protein Biomass And Its Evaluation
by Hussain Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Rice bran was subjected to proximate analysis to know its nutritive potential. Arachniotus spp and Candida utilis were used as fermentating agents to carry out solid state fermentation of 5 g rice bran after determining the optimum conditions such as incubation period (3 days), water: substrate (1:2 w/v), ionic concentrations. (MgSO4.7H20, 0.05 %; CaCl2, 0.075 % KlIPO4, 0.250 %) carbon to nitrogen ratio(12:1), molasses (1 nil), yeast sludge (0.6 ml) and corn steep liquor (2.0 ml) for i1racli,,iuiu spp while for Candida utilis molasses (2 ml ) and urea (0.25 g) for maximum production of biomass protein. The biomass (fungal and yeast) protein produced under these conditions on large scale in Koji fermenter. It contains crude protein. 30. 13 %: true protein, 23.74 %; ash, 14.71 % and RNA content 3.383 %.1t was observed that on large scale biornass production, there was more need of optimization of conditions like agitation, pH and supply of oxygen.
The fermented biomass protein vas also analyzed for amino acid profile. To evaluate biologically the quality of protein of the biomass a feeding trial was conducted using day old broiler chicks. These chicks were fed rations in which 5 % (B). 10 0/) (C). 15 % (D), and 20 % (E) Soya bean were replaced with biomass protein from a basal diet (A) for 42 days.
The quality of biomass protein was evaluated in terms of feed conversion ratio. weight gain, feed consumption and protein efficiency ratio. It was observed that the difference between the values of feed conversion ratio, and Protein efficiency ratio total weight gain and total feed consumption were statistically significant. It was that group A had better FCR of 2.24, group C had more teed consumption 4131 g / chick, group C had more weight gain which was 1764.5 g / chick while group A had better PER which was 2.30.
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9.
Effect Of Virginiamycin And Zinc Bacitracin On New Castle Disease Virus Vaccinated Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Sohail Azhar | Prof.Dr. Muhamamd Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effects of Virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccinated broilers. Two hundred broilers were divided into four groups comprising fifty in each. These groups were treated with Virginiamycin (Stafac-500), Zincbacitracin (Albac) and Cyclophosphamide at the dose rate of 20ppm/50kg, 25 gm/50kg and 0.3ml/bird, respectively. Effect of the treatments on weight gain, lymphoid organs and humoral immune response was evaluated. The virginiamycin treated group had higher body weight than the Zinc bacitracin and Cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control groups. Both virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin treatments did not adversely affect the weights of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver of the birds. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life induced the bursal atrophy and slight depression in splenic weight gain. As compared to Cyclophosphamide treated and non-medicated control groups, the sera of virginiamycin / Zinc bacitracin treated groups had higher anti-NDV antibody titres at 42 days of age. The post-challenge sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed virginiamycin and Zinc bacitracin also had higher antibody titre as compared to NDV vaccinated Cyclophosphamide treated birds. The NDV vaccinated birds fed on virginiamycin / Zinc bacitracin medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations did not have any significant post-challenge mortality.
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10.
Chemical And Nutritional Evaluation Of Different Treaments Of Rice Polishing For Use In Layer Rations
by Mohammad Mohsin Sehole | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Pakistan is occupying the eminent status in the countries: inhabiting the huge bulk of population with ëonsiderable growth rate. This situation is causing an extreme strain on food resources. With ever increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feeds, which are also used for human consumption, makes it imperative to look for alternative.
Agro-industrial by-products or wastes, which are cheaper, not utilized for human consumption and are readily available merit consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of the ingredients may scrve the desired purpose.
Rice, polishing is extensively used as an ingredient in animal diets. It represents excellent potential feedstuff for poultry if it is properly processed and stabilized. In spite of all its nutritional merits its utilization has a problem of rancidity & oxidation due to high oil content (12--l3%) & anti-nutritive factor lipase present in the rice. The rice polishing also contains anti- nutritive factors such as phytate, trypsin inhibitor, lectins and high fiber content. These factors can be removed by chemical or physical treatments.
This project is designed to study the eflbct ol' diflerent 1t'eatment on nutritive values of rice polishing and their biological availability for laying hens. Twelve iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous rations at 10, 20, & 30% level of differently treated rice polishing were prepared.
One hundred and eight White -Leghorn layers were used for the biological trial. These were randomly divided in 4 major groups T1-T4. Each group comprised of 27 layers. Each group was further divided into 3 sub-groups having 9 layers, which were divided into 3 replicates of 3 layers each. The three sub-groups of each group were fed on ration containing 10, 20 & 30% level of rice polishing respectively. These experimental units were randomly allotted to the twelve experimental diets in such a way that there were three bird's units on each diet. The experimental diets were offered to birds throughout the experimental period of 56 days and feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight, egg shell thickness and cost per dozen was recorded.
The results of present study indicates that there was significant difference in, feed conversion ratio, daily egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight of layer birds fed different treatments of rice polishing. The results of present study also indicate that there was significant difference in feed conversion ratio, daily egg production, egg weight and egg shell weight of layers fed on different experimental rations.
It was concluded form the present study that extrusion treatment of rice polishing gave best results out of the four treatments (untreated, autoclaved, extrusion cooked and de-oiled rice polishing. Extrusion cooked rise polishing can safely be included in layer rations without any advrse effect on performance. It was also concluded that among rations, ration 1 (containing 30% extrusion cooked rice polishing) gave best results out of twelve rations (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I J, K and L), it also had no adverse effect on performance of layer chicks
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11.
Efficacy Of Livergen And Icterene Aginst Experimentally Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rabbits
by Ahmed Sardar Mirza | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof.Dr.
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The study was conducted on 35 male rabbits weighing from 1-1.5 kg. The study was carried out on the basis of elevation and decline in the levels of Alanine Transminase (ALT/SGPT), Aspartate Transminase (AST/SGOT) by inducing experimental hepatic injury by paracetamol and then treating it with hepatoprortective agents like, Livergen, Icterene and Jetepar. The rabbits were divided into the seven group i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F and G. All animals except animals of group A which is a control group were administered with hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol 2.5g/kg at day zero, while group C, D and E received hepatoprotective dose of Livergen syrup 1ml, 2ml and 3ml/kg respectively at day 2 for five consecutive days in addition to the toxic dose of paracetamol at day zero. The animals of group F received hepatoprotective dose of Icterene tablets 140mg/kg at day 2 for 5 consecutive days in addition to paracetamol toxic dose at day zero. The animals of group G received hepatoprotective dose of Jetepar syrup 1ml/kg at day 2 for five consecutive days in addition to the hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol 2.5g/kg at day zero. The blood samples were collected at day 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Concludingly, the drug Jetapar was found to be best effective. While Livergen and Icteren showed equal effective results at normal dose but significantly less than Jetepar. However, Livergen at dose 2ml/kg and 3ml/kg showed equal but almost similar results to Jetepar at last day.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0915,T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Storage On Rancidity And Metabolizable Energy Of Rice Polishing In Cockerels
by Daulat rehman khan | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Effect of storage on the Rancidity and Metabolizable Energy of Rice Polishing was determined for the period from zero through sixteenth week of storage of rice polishing with and without the addition of antioxidant under normal conditions. A total of fifteen single comb white leg horn cockerels of uniform age and weight were procured and raised in metabolic cages which were used to conduct five trials at 0 and after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of storage of rice polishing. Five force feeding trial were conducted, first trial was conducted by using fresh rice polishing considering 0 week of storage followed by four more force feeding trial after storage of 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of rice polishing using the same birds. The birds were fasted first for the period of 21h followed by force feeding of 20g of rice polishing with antioxidant to one an without antioxidant to an other group, a control/ fasting group was also kept to measure endogenous losses. After the period of 48h feces collection was performed for the determination of Apparent and True Metabolizable energy values. Along with the biological trials, laboratory assay of the rice polishing stored with and without antioxidant was conducted to measure the extent of rancidity in terms of Thiobarbituric Acid Value (Thiobarbituric Acid No.) with the help of spectrophotometer at 531 nm. The data obtained was analyzed by using complete randomized design which revealed that, increasing storage periods increased the TBA no. (P<0.05) in both the groups, while the AME and TME showed non significant (P>0.05) change before and after a specified storage periods. It was concluded that there is no effect of rancidity and storage on the nutritive value, AME and TME of Rice Polishing in poultry but TBA No. increases with the passage of storage time.
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13.
Comparative Nutritional Evaluation Of Conola And Rapessed Meal And The Effect Of Their Inclusion Levels On Broiler Performance
by Muhammad Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: High feed cost was a big limitation for development of poultry industry. Feed millers were using low cost feed ingredients to combat this problem. Canola is the seed of Brassica napas or Brassica compestris species. The oil component of canola contain 2% eruic acid and have a low level of glucosinolates content 30 mole/g in meal portion. Rapeseed meal is one of the key products of the oil industry. The protein content and metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal and canola meal was 35.5%, 36.5 and 1800 K cal/kg, 2000 Kcal/kg respectively. The amino acid profile of canola and rapeseed meal is comparable with other vegetable protein sources. The project was designed to study the nutritional value of canola and rapeseed meal and effect of their inclusion level on broiler performance. Seven rations were formulated contains 0, 10, 20, 30% of canola and rapeseed meal and designated as A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Two experimental trials were started at the same time but these were conducted separately. In experiment no. 1 which was a general performance trial. A total of 210 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 21 experimental units having 10 chicks of each. The experimental ration were offered to birds with respect to relevant experimental unit for the duration of 6 weeks. During experimental period feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chicks were recorded. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) among different levels of canola meal and rapeseed meal with respect to study parameters. In experiment no. 2 which was a metabolic trial. A total of 21 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7 experimental units having 3 chicks of each. The experimental rations were offered to birds for first 18 days. After 18 days each bird of every replicate from each treatment was shifted to metabolic cages. These birds were offered feed in cages for three days. From day 21 to 22 the feaces to these birds were collected for the estimation of dry matter and gross energy. At the 23rd day the birds were shifted back to their shed. After wards all the experimental units were treated accordingly till the duration of 6 weeks. There was a non-significant difference (P>0.05) among the AME calculated of the canola meal and rapeseed meal based diet.
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14.
Effect Of Light Restriction On Performance Of Baroilers Fed Conventional And Non Conventional and Non Conventional Growth Promoters
by Shafique-ur-Rahman | Dr. Athar Mahmood | Prof.Dr | Dr. Farina Malik Khattak.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: This study was performed to investigate the effects of light restriction and non conventional growth promoters on growth performance of broilers. For this purpose one hundred and eighty broiler chicks were grown in an open sided house for a period 42 days. Chicks were randomly distributed into four groups (A, B, C and D) each containing five replicates with nine birds each. Groups A and B were reared under continuous light, groups C and D received restricted light of 20 hrs light and 4 hrs dark.. Groups A and C were fed with diet containing conventional growth promoter. Zinc bacitracin at dose rate of 0.5 grams per kilogram of feed was used as a conventional growth promoter. Groups B and D received non conventional growth promoters. Botanical growth promoter 1 (B.G.P 1) was used as non conventional growth promoter dose rate was 1 gram per kilogram of feed. Body weight gain and feed intake was recorded weekly. At the end of the experiment mortality, microbial count and economics of the project was calculated. Data revealed that birds in all groups had non significant (P>0.05) weight gain, feed intake and FCR when compared with each other. Microbial count was higher in groups fed with conventional growth promoters than non conventional growth promoters. Mortality in control group A was highest (8.8%) as compared to group B, C and D which was 4.4. 6.6 and 0% respectively. Rectal temperatures of all treated groups were similar (37oC) to those of control birds. This study clearly indicated that non conventional growth promoter can be used in place of conventional growth promoters and restricted lighting reduces mortality and electricity cost.
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15.
Detection And Chemotherapy Of Balantidium Coli And Its Effect On Hemoglobin In Buffaloes Around Lahore
by Muhammad Atif Tarar | Prof.Dr.Khalid Pervez | Prof.Dr Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Balantidium coli infection has been reported in dog, water buffalo, crossbreed cattle, camel and chimpanzee. Balantidiosis manifests as diarrhea, dysentery, severe colic pain, tenesmus, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. The present project was designed to study the detection of Balantidium coli and efficacy of ampicillin, secnidazole and neem seeds against naturally balantidiosis infected buffaloes, around Lahore. In addition, the effect of balantidiosis on hemoglobin was also studied.
The present study was conducted on buffalo reared in and around Lahore. For the prevalence, two hundred buffaloes were examined coprologically around Lahore. Out of 200 buffaloes, 40 were found positive, so the prevalence of Balantidium coli in buffalo was 20%. Out of 40 animals, eighteen buffaloes having balantidiosis were selected for chemotherapeutic trials and six untreated infected were also selected and divided into four groups, having six buffaloes in each group viz. A, B, C and D.
The animals of group A were treated with ampicillin (inj. Penbritin), at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly for three days, according to the manufacturer instructions. Animals of group B were given secnidazole (Dysen forte), at a dose rate of 1 0mg/kg body weight orally for one day, according to the manufacturer instructions. Animals of group C were treated with Melia Azadarch (Neem), at a dose rate of 200mg/kg of body weight orally for one day. The animals in group D were serving as untreated infected control.
Faecal sample were collected and observed at day 0 (pre medication) and at day 3, 7 and 10 (post medication). The efficacy of drugs were analyzed on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and by reduction of cysts/trophozoites.
The data thus obtained was analyzed statistically. Efficacy of ampicillin (in Penbritin) was 16%, 16% and 33% on day 3, 7 and 10 respectively. Efficacy of secnidazole (Dysen forte) was 25%, 66% and 83% on day 3, 7 and 10 respectively. Efficacy of Melia Azadarch (Neem) was 16%, 33% and 50% on day 3, 7 and 10 respectively.
Statistical analysis of various groups in respect of therapeutic study showed that group A shows significant mean difference with group B and C, group B shows significant mean difference with group A and D, group C shows significant mean difference with group A and D and group D shows significant mean difference with group B and C.
From the results of present study, it has been observed that secnidazole (Dysen forte) was the drug of choice for the treatment of bovine balantidiosis, given at the rate of 10 mg/kg body weight orally. However neem seeds showed better efficacy than that of ampicillin.
For hematological studies, the blood was collected from each selected buffalo at day 0 (pre medication) and day 3, 7 and 10 (post medication). The hemoglobin analysis was done by Sahli's Method. The hemoglobin estimation was done on day 3, 7 apd 10 post-medication.
The mean values of Hb concentration of group A at day 0, 3, 7 and 10 post-medication were 9.9 ± 0.68, 9.9 ± 0.68, 9.9 ± 0.66 and 10.0 tO.66 measured in g/dI respectively. The mean values of Hb concentration of group B at day 0, 3, 7 and 10 post- medication were 9.4 ± 1.60, 9.4 ± 1.61, 9.5 ± 1.45 and 9.6 ± 1.51 measured in g/dl respectively. The mean values of Hb concentration of group C at day 0, 3, 7 and 10 post- medication were 8.2 ± 0.64, 8.2 ± 0.56, 8.3 ± 0.58 and 8.3 ± 0.53 measured in g/dl respectively. The mean values of Hb concentration at day 0, 3, 7 and 10 post-medication were 8.2 ± 0.80, 8.2 ± 0.80, 8.2 ± 0.82 and 8.2 ± 0.80 measured in g/dl respectively.
Statistical analysis of various groups in respect of haematological studies showed that group A shows significant mean difference with group C and D. Group B shows significant mean difference with group C and D. Group C group shows significant mean difference with group A and B. Group D shows significant mean difference with group A and B.
It is concluded that at day 0 (pretreatment), the hemoglobin value was normal in group A and B and close to the normal range in group C and D. On day 10 (post treatment), Hb value was increased in groups A, B, C and no change in Hb value of group D. This is due to the treatment of balantidiosis which causes bloody diarrhea with severe haemorrhages.
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16.
Comparative Efficacy Of Y-U Antral Advancement Flappyloro Plasty And Inverted Pylorous Duodenal Plasty As A Relief to Pyloric Stenosis in Experimental Dogs
by Muhammad Imtiaz | Prof.Dr Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr.Asim Khalid | Prof.Dr Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was designed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Y-U Antral advancement flap pyloroplasty and inverted pyloi'us duodenal plasty as a solution to pyloric stenosis in dogs. Study was conducted on twelve healthy clogs with same age
and body weight. The dogs were divided into three groups i.e A, B and C' comprising of four animals each. The dogs in group A and B were subjected to Y-U Antral
advancement flap pyloroplasty and inverted pylorus duodenal plasty respectively whereas dogs in group C were kept as control. All the dogs were kept at surgery section department of C.M.S (Clinical Medicine and Surgery), UVAS Lahore throughout the experimental period for two months postoperatively. Prior to surgery, extreme cautions were observed to assure a successful attempt of this operation. The two techniques were evaluated on the basis of best effectiveness of the techniques as a relief to gastric outlet obstruction i.e. improvement in lurninal diameter post-operatively, development of adhesions, ease in surgery, healing at the operation site and least post operative complications. The evaluation of the procedures used were made on the basis of clinical observation, gastric emptying time, contrast radiography and post euthanasia assessment. The results of this study clearly indicated that the efficacy of Inverted pylorus cluodenal plasty was better than Y-U antral acivancenient flap pyloroplasty in tenns of convenience, short duration of operation, less post operative complications, increased the diameter of lumen and to provide better gastric drainage in short period of time. '[he technique can easily be used by an average practioner work in the field.
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17.
Compartive Study Of Different Injectable Anaesthetic Combinations In Equine
by Muhammad Fahad | Mr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The scope of anaesthesia is consistently increasing with the increase in number of operations with the increasing population of equine in veterinary practice. To fulfill the demands of the owners the veterinary surgeons are taking keen interest to get the advanced knowledge and latest information about the equipments and there uses in the veterinary practice to save the life of their patients. Hence the need of a satisfactory anesthetic combination for equine in field conditions is mandatory. In the present project three different drugs in different combinations were tried in fifteen animals of equine species to find out the best combination for the surgical interventions in the field conditions. The animals were divided into three groups of five animals each and designated as group A, B and C, and numbered 1-15. Group A was anaesthetized with acepromazine and ketamine, group B with xylazine and ketamine and group C with diazepam and ketamine combination. The efficacy of these combinations was measured on the basis of the nature of anesthesia induction, duration, depth, recovery and economics aspect. It was concluded that group C with diazepam and ketamine was the best combination and group B with xylazine and ketamine as the 2’ choice of anaesthetic combination in field conditions in equine. Group C was not recommended as it never produced the surgical depth of anaesthesia.
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18.
Effect Of Bovine Somatotropin On Meat Production Potential And Meat Quality In Growing Buffalo Calves
by Abdul Ahad | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of Bovine somatotropin on total weight gain, fortnightly weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition of buffalo calves. For this purpose, 16 male buffalo calves were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Animal Nutrition Center, Rakh Dera Chal. They were divided into four groups A, B, C and D with 4 animals in each group. The group A was given simple fodder ad libiti urn and the group B was given simple fodder ad libitiurn and was injected with recommended dose of bst hormone (125mg/animal) with trade name of Boostin 250 s/c at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group C were given simple fodder ad hhitiurn + 1% b. wt. In group D animals were given fodder ad libitiurn + 1% b.wt. Experimental ration + bst injection s/c at the interval of 14 days. Daily fodder and feed intake was recorded. The weight of each animal was recorded after fourteen days. The research trial continued for 3 months. The feed efficiency of group A to D was 8.08, 4.89, 5.91 and 4.79 with an average daily weight gain of 0.3 11, 0.486, 0.619 and 0.711 kg, respectively. The dressing percentage was 47.04, 48.35, 48.59 and 49.76 for group A to D, respectively. The percentage of blood, heart and lungs were 4.66, 4.67, 4.69, 5.16 percent and 0.5, 0.47, 0.56 and 0.57 percent and 1.55, 1.23, 1.31 and 1.38 for group A to D, respectively. The percentage of liver, spleen and kidneys were 1.8, 1.17, 1.61, 1.53 percent and 0.32, 0.44, 0.33, 0.42 percent and 0.33, 0.34, 0.32, 0.35 percent for group A to D respectively. The value for other components like mesenteric fat, feet, head and skin were 1.8, 1.84, 1.87, 2.4 percent for mesenteric fat and 3.04, 3.38,, 2.93 and 2.64 percent for feet and 5.03, 5.13, 4.67 and 4.57 percent for head and 10.5, 9.46, 10.32 and 10.0 percent for skin of group A to D, respectively. The percentage ratio of meat, bone, fat and other tissues were 49.5, 51.6, 50.5 and 49.5 percent, 34.15, 33.0, 34.5 and 35.15 percent, 7.5, 9.25, 8.0 and 9.5 percent 4.20, 3.85, 4.5 and 5.1 percent for group A to D, respectively. The chemical composition of meat revealed 74.37, 73.0, 74.87 and 76.30 percent moisture, 19.75, 20.75, 21.On and 20.50 percent for crude protein, 8.15, 9.0, 9.15 and 9.07 percent for ether extract, 6.08, 6.6,6.15 and 7.0 percent for ash in group A to D respectively. The costs of 1 kg meat production from group A to D were 123.40, 103.40, 98.97 and 107.00 rupees respectively. This revealed that minimum cost of meat production was in group C, where as calves in group A proved most expansive meat producer among the groups. The overall data suggests that use of bST has positive effect on meat production but economic feasibility is still questionable.
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19.
Effects Of Storage And Processing Condition On The Quality Of Whola Milk Powder
by Muhammad Yaqoob Ellahi | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Milk is a complex mixture of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other miscellaneous constituents dispersed in water. Milk production in flush season is much more than the requirement. Milk production and supply fluctuate through out the year and during winter it is surplus to its demand. Dairy is one of the expanding industrial sectors in Pakistan; about 17 units are engaged in the production of various dairy products. Surplus milk is available in winter and this is the normal practice of dairy industry in Pakistan that surplus milk is converted in to different types of milk powders. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the physico- chemical and keeping quality of whole milk powder commercially available in the market and comparative study of functional properties among different brands of whole milk powders, evaluate the storage stability of different brands of whole milk powder atl5°C, 25°C and 40°C temperature and study the effects of processing conditions indicator like Hydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) during storage.
Project was undertaken to study the effect of storage temperatures (15, 25 and 40°C) and processing conditions on physico chemical and sensory characteristics of whole milk powder. Statistical analysis of whole milk powder samples indicated during storage non significant changes in protein, ash, fat, lactose, acidity, burnt particles within the treatments as a function of storage was observed. Significant changes were recorded in free fatty acids, solubility index and per oxide value within the treatments and during storage period of 120 days. At 120 days of storage minimum increase in free fatty acids and peroxide value was noted in T3. Acidity, free fatty acids and peroxide value increased throughout the storage period of 120 days but at 15 °C the effect of storage on free fatty acids and peroxide value was comparatively less than 25 and 40 °C.
Hydroxy methyl furfural was found significant within the treatments and effect of storage period and temperature was also significant. Hydroxy methyl furfural almost remained same at 15 °C, with the increase of temperature it increased significantly. Sensory evaluation was carried out by a panel of six trained judges it was noted that score for color, taste; smell and mouth feel decreased with the increase of temperature and storage period. The highest score for color, smell, taste and mouth feel was obtained by T3 during 120 days of storage. Chemical analysis of whole milk powder samples showed that whole milk powder samples stored at 40 °C were most affected in terms of physico chmeical and sensory quality.
Overall results indicated that physico chemical quality and sensory properties of T3 was found best and it was comparatively less affected by storage temperatures. On the basis of this study it is recommended that for proper storage of whole milk powder 15 °C temperatures is suitable.
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20.
Comparative Study On Physico-Chemical ,Microbiological & Chemical Adulterants Of Raw & Processed Milk.
by Qasim Raza | Prof.Dr. Muhammed Ayaz | Prof. Dr Muhammed Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Milk production, handling, storage, transportation and marketing of milk is handled in a primitive way in Pakistan. Mostly middle man and contractors are involved in the collection, marketing and distribution of milk. Most of the milk is produced in rural sareas and transported to cities where it is supplied to milk plants and also to house consumers. During transportation and distribution there is no refrigeration involved. Middle man adds ice to keep the milk cool and prevent from spoilage. In addition, they also add chemical to kill bacteria and prevent spoilage of milk.
Adulteration of milk is one of the most serious issue in the dairy sector of Pakistan, causing not only major economic losses for the processing industry, but also major health risks for the consumers. Milk is a perishable item and to prevent the spoilage of milk various chemicals are added. In addition to that microbiological quality of milk is very important which directly concern not only with milk spoilage but also consumer health
Keeping in view this study the main object of this study is to determine the hysico-chemical, microbiological and adulterants in raw and processed milk available in Lahore. The raw milk samples ware collected from local market of Lahore city Gawalas, Retail milk shops, Small Dairy Farms sale points and Milk Plants collection centers. A total of 80 samples of raw and 40 samples of processed milk were collected from Lahore
Raw milk samples were collected from Retail milk shops and Gowalas at four different locations of Lahore city i.e. Defence, Allama Iqbal Town, Samanabad and Inside the wall city, from Small Dairy Farms sale points Sakhian pul and Shadera Town areas. Five samples were also collected from experimental dairy farm of UVAS and collection centers of 4 companies.
UHT and Pasteurized milk samples of five different brands were collected from Lahore. A total of 120 milk samples were collected for Physico-chemical, Microbiological and Chemical Adulterants study.
Physico-chemical, microbiological analysis and adulterants detection tests were performed in WTO Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Color, Taste and flavor of most of the samples were found normal in color, taste and flavor except a few samples of raw milk from shops and Gawalas. Temperature of raw milk was ranged from 4.80±0.096 °C to 30.48±0.611 °C. UHT brands were at ambient temperature and Pasteurized milk brands were stored at refrigeration temperature.
Density in raw milk was ranged from 18.100±0.575 to 27.738±0.16203, lowest in Gawalas and highest in UVAS Dairy. In UHT milk ranged from 26.142±0.088 to 28.222±0.3 15 and in pasteurized milk ranged from 26.280±0.527 to 27.377±0.147.
The highest mean of freezing point recorded was -0.325±0.0 10 °C in Gawalas and lowest -0.542±0.003 °C observed in UVAS Dairy milk. URT milk ranged from -0.487±0.006 °C to -0.463±0.007 °C and in pasteurized milk brands ranged from -0.480±0.002 °C to - 0.455±0.008 °C.
Fat in raw milk ranged from 4.038-0.056% to 6.340±0.060% lowest was in shops and highest in UVAS Dairy milk. UHT fat ranged from 3.472±0.006% to 3.492±0.006% and in Pasteurized milk fat ranged 3.452±0.020% to 3.495±0.005%.
SNF in raw milk ranged from 5.386±0.13745% to 8.226±0.026% lowest in Gawalas and highest in UVAS Dairy. In UHT milk fat ranged from 7.465±0.033% to 8.082±0.09151% and in Pasteurized milk SNF ranged from 7.563±0.125% to 7.905±0.023%.
Protein in raw milk ranged from 2.131±0.060% to 3.162±0.017%, lowest was in shops and highest was in UVAS Dairy. In UHT milk protein ranged from 2.99 1±0.026% to 3.2 10±0.038%, in Pasteurized milk protein ranged from3.001±0.053 to 3.146±0.009. Lactose in raw milk ranged from 2.768±0.067% to 4.364±0.041%, lowest was in Gawalas and highest in UVAS Dairy. In UHT milk lactose ranged from 3.827±0.011% to 4.107±0.050%, in Pasteurized milk lactose ranged from 3.870±0.070 to 4.020±0.044.
Ash in raw milk ranged from 0.512±0.017% to 0.786 ±0.004%, lowest was in Gawalas and highest in UVAS Dairy farm. In UHT ash ranged from 0.698±0.0 1 1% to 0.739±0.007%, in Pasteurized milk ash ranged from 0.689±.008% to 0.739±0.007%.
Water added in raw milk ranged from 0 to 36.527±1.945%, lowest was in UVAS Dairy farm and highest Gawalas milk. In UHT water added ranged from 5.939±1.094% tol2.229±0.407% in Pasteurized milk water added ranged from 6.975±0.045% to 12. 150± 1.769%.
pH in raw milk ranged from 6.726±0.019 to 7.052±0.027, lowest was in UVAS Dairy and highest was in Gawalas milk, In UHT milk pH ranged from 6.839±0.019 to 6.870±0.0 19, in Pasteurized milk pH ranged from 6.800±0.024 to 6.886±0.03 1.
Acidity in raw milk ranged from 0.147±0.001% to 0.161±0.000%, lowest was in Gawalas and highest was in Dairy plant collection centers. In UHT milk acidity' ranged from 0.158±0.003% to 0.161±0.003% and in Pasteurized milk acidity ranged from 0.158±0.003% to 0.161±0.003%.To study the microbiological quality, total plate count (TPC), coliform count and S. aureus count were made.
TPC in raw milk ranged from 2.9 x iO± 2.2 x i04 to 1.7 x l0 ± 8.1 x 10± 8.1 x 106. Lowest was in UVAS Dairy farm and highest was in Gawalas milk, in Pasteurized milk TPC ranged from 5.0 x 10±l .2 x i04 to 6.8 x 10±2.3 x 104.
Coliform count in raw milk ranged from 3.1 x i0± 3.0 X 102 to 4.4 x i05 ± 4.3 X i03.
Lowest was 3.1 x i± 3.0 X 102 in UVAS dairy farm and highest was in Gawalas milk.
In Pasteurized milk Coliform count ranged from 58±3.856 to 344±161.272.
Staph aureus Count in raw milk ranged from 6.4 X l0±6.7 X 102 to 8.7 X 10±2.2 X i0
Lowest was in UVAS Dairy farm and highest was in Shops milk, in Pasteurized milk Staph aureus Count ranged from 61.87lO.901 to 276.62±105.178.
All UHT brands were found negative for TPC, Coliform count and Staph aureus count.
The qualitative tests adulterants were performed by (M.A.T). Kit.
In raw milk the major adulterants found were Urea, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide,
Neutralizers, Boric acid and QAC. All adulterants were found negative in the milk of
UVAS dairy farm.
In UHT and Pasteurized brands the adulterants found were Salt, Sugar, Starch and
Hydrogen peroxide.
Conclusion
On the basis of present finding, it is concluded that multiple factors can markedly affect the quality of milk. Water addition was one of the major adulteration present in every step of milk marketing. All the raw milk samples were found inferior for their Phsicochemical quality. In processed milk the fat percentage was in the normal range while other parameters were inferior. Microbiological contamination was also higher in raw and pasteurized milk samples. Adulteration of milk with chemicals such as caustic soda, urea, formalin, hydrogen peroxide, sugar and salt were also detected in raw and processed milk. The high microbiological contamination and presence of chemical adultrants in raw and processed milk showed that the milk constitutes a potential public health hazard.
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21.
Effect Of Different Salinity On The Growth And Survival Of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Reared in Cemented Tanks
by Khalid Javed Iqbal | Prof.Dr Naureen Aziz Qureshi | Dr.Zulfiqar Ali | Mr.Noor Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of different salinity levels on the growth and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nhloticus) in cemented tanks having dimensions 2.896x0.762x0.914 meters (length x width x depth) or 2.018 cubic meters for three months (thirteen weeks). There were four treatments and a control; each having two replicate and 15 fish was stocked in each replicate. At the time of stocking, the average body weight of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nhloticus) was 23.0±3.51 and 23.2±3.78, 22.2±2.98 and 22.8±416, 22.9±3.69 and 22.9±3.09, 24.7±4.50 and 23.1±4.98, 24.3±4.51 and 25.0±5.36 (g) in control, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3 arid treatment 4 (Tank I and Tank2 of each treatment), respectively. Fish were regularly fed at the rate of 4% of its body weight on daily basis and growth parameters viz., increase in body weight and total length of fish were monitored on weekly basis. After recording data, fishes were released back into their respective tank. At the end of experiment the average body weight of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nhloticus) was 43.2±4.87 and 38.7±5.47, 47.4±5.24 and 44.6±7.24, 48.8±7.33 and 44.4±6.54, 48.4±6.80 and 44.4±8.68, and 48.1±7.87 and 50.4±9.67 (g) in control, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3 and treatment 4 (Tankl and Tank2), respectively. Physico-chemical characteristics viz., water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH electrical conductivity (EC) were also monitored on the daily basis. Better growth performance in terms a average weight gain (g) and average length gain (cm) was seen in treatment containing highest salinity level viz. 4000 ppm. Better food conversion ratio (FCR) was found in 1600 ppm salinity level and increases with increased salinity level. Feed intake was kept lowest at lowest level of salinity i.e. 800 ppm which linearly increases with increasing levels of salinity. It was noted that at high salinity the growth of Nile tilapia showed improved growth potential. This might be due to better ionic balance and improved acid-base balance in the body which leads to better performance. Physico-chemical characteristics viz., temperature, conductivity and pH showed positive and significant correlation but DO showed significant negative correlation on body weight and length, but correlation among both response parameters (weight with length) was significantly positive.
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22.
Development Of Physical And Reproductive Standards For Selection Of Sahiwal Bulls
by Ejaz Ahmad | Prof .Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Aleem | Prof.Dr.Nuhamm | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge which demonstrate the physical and reproductive criteria for selection of Sahiwal sires to be used in Al. Although the artificial insemination (AT) is being practiced in Pakistan for the last 3-4 decades, however, no significant improvement in milk production has taken place in Sahiwal cattle. Perhaps one of the reasons that Sahiwal bulls used as AT sires were not screened through standard reproductive and productive criteria. Therefore the objectives of the present study were (1) to develop the standards of body weight and scrotal circumference (2) to determine the number of pixels of testes through Ultrasonography from birth until >100 months of age and (3) to develop standards for semen characteristics (volume, motility, concentration, morphology, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity) from puberty until 60 months of age in Sahiwal bulls. This study was carried out at following locations: LES Jhangirabad District Khanewal, SPU Qadirabad
District Sahiwal. The study was based on 128 Sahiwal bulls of different age groups (from o to >100 months of age). Bulls were evaluated for scrotal circumference (SC), body weight (BW) and number of pixels of testicular ultrasonograms (NP). Semen was evaluated once a week for 5 consecutive weeks from regularly donor bulls (n = 86) ranging in age from 25-30 to >100 mo. Semen volume, motility, concentration, morphology, percent live sperms, plasma membrane integrity (PMI) and normal acrosome (NAR) were compared between different age groups. Mean SC and BW increased (P<0.05) in a curvilinear manner from birth to >100 mo of age. Mean NP of testicular ultrasonograms increased (P<0.05) from 0 to 24 mo and then plateaued until
>100 mo of age. Body weight, SC, and NP were positively correlated with age from birth until >100 mo (r = 0.91, 0.87, 0.40 respectively). Ejaculate volume (5.7 ± 0.2 vs. 4.6 ± 0.09 ml) and sperm concentration (1281.6 ± 17.7 vs. 1115.8 ± 55.9 x 06/ml) increased (P<0.05) in mature bulls compared to younger ones. However, motility (68.6 ± 0.3%), plasma membrane integrity (50.8 ± 1.0%) and normal acrosome (74.8 ± 0.5%) remained insignificant due to age. In six of eight age groups studied morphological abnormalities were well within the range (18.1 ± 0.3%). In conclusion the BW, SC and NP of testicular ultrasonograms, ejaculate volume and concentration increased with age, moreover, semen quality is fairly independent of age except volume and concentration in Sahiwal bulls. These standards could serve as criteria for selecting young bulls as AT sires.
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23.
Prevalance And Anthelmentic Activity Of Indigenous Plants Against Trichostrongylus Of Sheep In District Zhob
by Nasib Ullah | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A Trichostrongylid is gastrointestinal nematode which causes the heavy economic losses to the livestock particularly sheep. A total 240 gastrointestinal tracts of sheep from district Zhob abattoir were collected. These samples were isolated and identified for trichostrongylid nematodes. The overall prevalence was 50%(120/240), of which 39.1% in male and 60.8% in female sheep were recorded at slaughter-house. Plants were collected from area of district Zhob. These plants were Identified and authenticated by botanist .The crude aqueous methanolic extract of the plants were used for in-vivo studies. Eighty sheep of either sex, aged between three to six months and naturally infested with Trichostrongylid nematodes (including trichostrongylius spp. I-Iaemonchus contortus, cooperia etc) were selected and managed separately for the experiment. These sheep were divided into 4 groups A ,B,C and D. Group A was contained 10 sheep and was untreated and considered as control. Thirty (30) were kept in Group B, were further sub divided into three equal groups i.e. BI, B2 and B3 and treated with different levels of Chenopodium album @ 1, 2 and 3 g/kg body weight respectively. Group C having thirty (30) was also sub divided into three equal groups i.e. Cl, C2 and C3 and treated with different levels of Artemisia brevifolia @ 1, 2 and 3g/kg body weight respectively. Group D was treated with Levamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Faecal egg count reduction was criterion for evaluation. Faecal samples were collected before treatment on day 0 and on day 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 post treatments for EPG count.
The results of EPG for animals in group B1 at day 0 was 1325. This rate was reduced to 1250, 1125, 995 and 702 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14, respectively. Similarly EPG of sheep in B2 were 1280 at day 0 and reduced to 1205, 1202, 1001 and finally to 690 at day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Best results in B group against the nematodes were in B3 in which Chenopodium album was used 3g/kg bw. The results were 1250, 1231, 1145, 590 EPG at day 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14. The sheep in group Cl showed 1203 EPG at day 0, when treated with Ig/kg bwArtemisia brevifolia, the EPG was reduced to 1173, 1115, 700 and 528 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Second level of treatment C2 of
Artemisia brevifolia which was given @ 2g/kg bw initially contained reduced to 1202 EPG, on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 the EPG counts were 1020, 631, 546 and 459, respectively.
Highest dose of Artemisia brevfolia was 3g/kg body weight to sheep in group C3. On day zero the EPG count was 1196. On day 3, 7, 10 and 14th day the EPG count decreased to 1079, 905, 528 and 396 respectively. The sheep in group D, treated with recommended dose of Levamisole showed 1138 EPG prior to medication, which reduced remarkably to 681, 536, 357 and 147 on day 3, 7, 10 and 14 respectively. Although no untoward effects of plants were observed but best EPG reduction results (87.08 %) were observed in Levamisole as compared to treatment of 3gm/kg b.w Chenopodium album (51 .03 %) and Artemisia hrevfolia 3g/kgbw (66.88 %).
CONCLUSIONS
A wide variety of plants are naturally available in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent which possess narrow or broad spectrum anthelmintic activities. No doubt this is true in other regions of the world as well where gastrointestinal parasitism is an important problem in livestock keeping, and the availability of commercial drugs may be limited. Conventionally, trichostrongylids has been tackled with use of synthetic anthelmintic but owning to development of anthelmintic resistance against major groups of anthelmintics viz., benzimidazole, Levamisole and avermectins, people are looking for alternatives to synthetic chemicals.
The phytochemical analysis of these plants and controlled anthelmintic trials along with contemporary knowledge of parasite control strategies may offer new opportunities for effective and economical control of parasitic diseases. So these plants can be better alternative for synthetic chemicals.
Quality control extracts of Artemisia brevifolia and Chenopodium album or possibly isolated bioactive compounds could be a promising alternative to conventional anthelmintics fbr the treatment of gastrointestinal trichostrongylids of small ruminants in the future. Such a treatment could be used in control strategies against gastro intestinal nernatodes in organic and conventional production systems. Further research is needed for studies on the bio active constituents, as well as on the reproducibility, dosage, application regime. toxicity and effectiveness of Artemisia brevifolia and C'henopodium a/bums in other host species and against other economically important gastro intestinal nematodes species.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that further research could be carried out on large sample size in different seasons of the year and large number of plants, identification of active principles of plants with proven anthelmintic activity, standardization of dose and toxicity studies for drug development. In addition to this, large number of samples of the same plant from different geographic areas should be subjected to experimentation keeping in view the possibility of differences in chemical composition of soils.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1075,T] (1).
24.
Comparative Efficacy Of Intramedullary Pinning And Plating For The Repair Of Mid-Rami Mandibular Fracture In Dogs
by Saman Bhatti | Prof.Dr Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr.Asim Khalid | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: All the experimental dogs were kept over a period of 4 months postoperatively at surgery section, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. Different parameters were studied to select the best technique for the repair of mandibular fractures in dogs. These parameters were as under:
1- Physical examination
2- Radiographic evaluation
3-. Postmortem examination
The analysis of the results clearly indicated that the use of bone plating was a better option over intramedullary pinning for the repair of mandibular fractures.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1110,T] (1).
25.
Preualence And Chemotherapy Of Nematodes In Pigeons At Lahore Zoo
by Sumaira Maitla | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Pigeons came from South Asia where they have selected for their flight ability. During the last 150 years, they have periodically been released in several sites as potential game birds but without success since they migrate away from the release point (Williams, 2000).
The present study was carried out at Lahore Zoo and University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore and postgraduate laboratory UVAS, Lahore. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of Pigeons, a total of 150 faecal samples were collected (75 reared at floor and 75 in cages) under different managemental conditions. Faecal samples were examined by three different techniques i.e. Direct smear, Flotation and Mc Master Egg counting technique. Out of 150 samples 33.5%) pigeonss were positive in cage system and (37.5%) were positive on floor system. Overall prevalence in both the systems of management was (35.5%).
Chemotherapeutic trails were conducted by using Albendazole and Mebendazole. For this purpose a total of 45 birds from the 105 positive birds were selected. These were randomly divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C having 15 birds in each group. l3irds in group A and B treated with Albendazole and Mebendazole. At their recommended dose rate respectively whereas birds in group C were not given any treatment. The efficacy of Albendazole and Mebendazole was 97.54% and 82.68% respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1225,T] (1).
26.
Age And Gender Related Response To Antiviral Therapy Against Hcv Genotype 3A
by Saba Manzoor | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Ms Aseeda | Prof.Dr Muneer Saleemi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1271,T] (1).
27.
Prevalence Of Gryptosporidiosis In Per Dogs And Comparative Efficacy Of Azithromycin, Clindamycin And Tylosin
by Muhammad Jameel | Dr. Asim Khalid Mehmood | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Cryptosporidiosis is one of the important parasitic diseases of dogs and other canine and feline species which is of special concern with reference to the immuno-compromised individuals. Several trials have been run to estimate the prevalence and treatment of the said disease in different regions of the globe, in immuno-competent and in immuno-compromised patients as well.
The aim of this study was not only to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in pet dogs in the Lahore district but to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Azithromycin, Clindamycin, Tylosine and combination of Clindamycin and Tylosine as well. For this purpose, in first phase of the trial, oocyst enumeration was performed in 300 samples collected from three different clinics in Lahore district. The prevalence was found to be 21.33%. In the second phase, 32 Cryptosporidiosis positive dogs were selected and were randomly divided into four equal groups. These four groups of dogs were given afore-mentioned dosages of the above mentioned drugs and oocyst count was done on d 7, d 14 and d 21.
The results revealed that Azithromycin proved itself as the most successful drug in elimination of Cryptosporidium in dogs as it showed 79.26% efficacy as compared to the combination of Clindamycin and Tylosine (43.58%), Clindamycin (26.53%) and Tylosine (16.03%). It should be stated that the future trials may manipulate the dose rates and the period of therapy to achieve even better results. The efficacy results for the combination of Clindamycin and Tylosine also suggested a positive innovation in its regimen in future studies. And last but not least, the efficacy percentages of Clindamycin and Tylosine (as individual drugs) demonstrated them poor drugs to be used against Cryptosporidiosis specifically in dogs atleast in context of the dosage regimens and therapeutic periods employed in the current study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1344,T] (1).
28.
Immunoprophylaxis Of Tick Infestation In Bovine
by Zakir Ali | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr | Prof.Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A study to investigate prevalence of different genera of hard ticks was carried out in three districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan (Faisalabad, Jhang and Khanewal). Overall prevalence of Hyalomma species is the highest at 61 % as compared to other genera of hard ticks. In sex-wise distribution, it was found that female Hyalomma species were the highest at 85% followed by A mblyomma species at 81 %, whi Ie Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species and Haemaphysalis species were at 77%. Infestation rate in cattle at 70% was higher as compared to buffaloes at 34%. In tick infestation level study, high infestation level in cattle at 59% was higher as compared to that of buffalo population at 18%. In cattle population, peR results showed the prevalence of T annulata in H anatolicum and Hidromedari ticks as 50% and 40% respectively. No theilerial organism was detected in Himarginatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. Three different types of vaccines were prepared from different organs of ticks i.e., salivary gland, intestine or whole ticks of the same species of Hyalomma and they were injected to rabbits. It was found that vaccine prepared by grinding whole tick produced the higher level of antibody as compared to two other vaccines. Each of the whole tick homogenate vaccine prepared from either of the species of Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus or Amblyomma and injected to rabbits. These vaccines produced antibody as well and cross reacted with each other showing each of the hard ticks were antigenically similar. Efforts were made to prepare oil based whole Hyalomma tick vaccine with three different antigen concentration 5.0 mg, 7.5mg and 10.0 mg and evaluated its potency in buffalo calves. It was found that the vaccine dose containing 5.0 mg antigen per dose did not produced detectable antibody in buffalo calves while the vaccine containing 7.5mg or more antigen produced detectable antibody. Moreover, we concluded that montanide based bard tick homogenate vaccine with more than 7.5mg protein per dose is effective in producing antibodies against tick infestation in the dairy animals. The antibody level in vaccinated buffaloes as well as invaccinated rabbits reached to peak level on day 45 post vaccination and started declining thereafter. Capacity of vaccine in controlling tick infestation was assessed in 12 cross-bred calves. It was found tbat rejection percentage in immunized group was higher as compared to control group. There was no difference of engorgement period between immunized and control group. Reproductive index in immunized group was lower as compared to control group. The efforts were made to grow midgut cells insect culture media after isolation them from Hyalomma Ticks.. The purpose of this experiment was to grow midgut cell and then use these cells as a source of was found that the vaccine dose containing 5.0 mg antigen per dose did not produced detectable antibody in buffalo calves while the vaccine containing 7.5mg or more antigen produced detectable antibody. Moreover, we concluded that montanide based bard tick homogenate vaccine with more than 7.5mg protein per dose is effective in producing antibodies against tick infestation in the dairy animals. The antibody level in vaccinated buffaloes as well as in vaccinated rabbits reached to peak level on day 45 post vaccination and started declining thereafter. Capacity of vaccine in controlling tick infestation was assessed in 12 cross-bred calves. It was found tbat rejection percentage in immunized group was higher as compared to control group. There was no difference of engorgement period between immunized and control group. Reproductive index in immunized group was lower as compared to control group. The efforts were made to grow midgut cells insect culture media after isolation them from Hyalomma Ticks.. The purpose of this experiment was to grow midgut cell and then use these cells as a source of contamination for the tick cell culture which are extrinsic as well extrinsic. The growth rate of these cells in our study was not optimal so the media was not splitted to get more cells.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1416,T] (1).
29.
Quality Analysis Of Drinking Water Form Various Sources Of Sahiwal City
by Farrukh Ali Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Nasir | Prof .Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1552,T] (1).
30.
A Metagenomic Analysis Of The Respiratory Microbiota Of Birds
by Muhammad Zubair Shabbir | Prof.Dr. Masood Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The respiratory systems of birds are susceptible to and are a reservoir for numerous bacterial species, including those of significance to public health. A number of bacteria, either as primary or secondary infectious agents, have been associated with respiratory outbreaks in poultry and subsequent losses worldwide. A key component of a poultry development policy is the proper diagnosis and control of infectious diseases, which requires substantial knowledge of the microbiome in diseased and healthy birds. Because only a small proportion (< 1%) of organisms are culturable, limited as well as highly variable and time-consuming conventional microbiological procedures have typically excluded the normal flora present in the respiratory tract or have restricted the analysis to potential pulmonary pathogens. This limitation provides only a partial representation of the airway microbiota of birds and has little potential for determining or discovering novel organisms/pathogens and their association with clinical outcomes. Using the hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene, culture-independent techniques such as 454-pyrosequencing, can provide species-specific sequences of any bacteria in a given clinical sample. This approach has identified a number of novel bacterial species in recent years.
Based on the quality and quantity of the double-stranded gDNA, a total of 30 T-BAL samples including houbara bustard and ostrich, were collected from equal numbers of clinically diseased and healthy birds originating from flocks within different management systems, including free range, open house, and controlled house. Using 454 bar-coded pyrosequencing, the hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene corresponding to V1 - V5 (~ 1,000 bp) were sequenced. Of the high-quality reads obtained (296,811) using the MOTHUR platform, the sequences were processed for sequence alignment with the 16S RDP database via BLASTn, and subsequent taxonomic analysis through MEGAN programs using a homology-based method to bin sequence reads.
Almost all of the read were classified to the bacterial domain and its subsequent descendants. The birds were shown to be susceptible to a diverse microbial community belonging to a variety of phyla, families, genera, and well-characterized bacterial species. The bacterial communities were relatively conserved at the phylum level; however, at lower taxonomic levels, differences were observed in the phylotypes and abundance between the clinically diseased and healthy birds as well as between different management systems. The biodiversity and richness in the taxonomic content was higher in the clinically healthy birds compared with the diseased birds, as indicated by the rarefaction plot and the Shannon-Wiener and Simpson-Reciprocal diversity indices. Regardless of the management type, bird species, and health status, a number of new bacterial species were identified. Although the clinical importance of these bacteria as part of the respiratory microbiome of birds has not been established, a number of these bacterial species have been found to be associated with infectious diseases in humans and other species.
The interactions of bacterial species with one another and, potentially, with the birds themselves provide a fascinating avenue for continued research. Further clinico-pathological studies will be needed to establish the links between causes versus effects. This information may help us gain insight into the ecological roles of these bacterial species and their potential co-evolution with birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1560,T] (1).
31.
A Study On Occurrence Of Round Worm Infection And Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal And Conventional Drugs Against The Natural intestinal Nematodiosis in Cats
by Bushra Ejaz | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Syed Saleem | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was conducted to check the intestinal nematodes in cats and comparative efficacy of herbal and convention drugs against intestinal nematodiosis. Therapeutic trials were conducting by using three herbal drugs Nigella sativa, Punica granatum,
77
Citrullus colocynthis and one conventional drug i.e. Mebendazole (Vermox). A total of 400 samples of cats were examined for intestinal nematodiosis of these 77.50 % were found positive for intestinal nematodiosis .The parasites found in order of frequencies were Toxocara cati (93.54%), Toxascaris leonine( 75.80%) and Ancylostoma tubaeforme (48.38 %).
. Over all high prevalence was recorded in cats less than one year of age than above one year. There was no difference in prevalence of parasitism between males and females.
Result of chemotherapeutic trials showed that among herbal drugs Nigella sativa was found to be very effictive 95.94%, followed by Citrullus colocynthis (93.63%) and then Punica granatum (85.90%). Vermox showed 100 % efficacy against intestinal nematodes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1569,T] (1).
32.
Epidemiological Study Of Major Haalth Problems In Nomadic Herds Of Camel In Cistrict Bhawalanagar (Punjab)
by Tariq Azam | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof.Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pakistan is home to pastoralist since centuries. Present study was based on epidemiological survey of major health related problems in nomadic herds of camel in district Bhawalnagar. This district is one of camel rich districts of Punjab. Cross sectional survey on major health problems was conducted through a close ended questionnaire.
Twelve major health problems were selected that are common in herds of camel. Camels were categorized in three age groups: <4 years, 4-10 years and >10 years. Ranking of health problems gave following results: calf diarrhea 19.6%, tick infestation 17.2%, mange and gastrointestinal parasites 12.5%, trypanosomiasis 10% and pneumonia 8.8%. Further investigation presented following picture: calf diarrhea, mange and pneumonia were problems of <4 year age group. Trypanosomiasis and gastrointestinal parasites were problems of >10 year age group. Tick infestation was the problem of 4-10 year age group. Nasal bots and sudden deaths were problems of > 10 year age group. This ranking was based on age, sex, mortality and case fatality. P-values were also found out by correlating different parameters. These values were collected separately for the camels of Rangers. There was significant difference in the values of camels of Rangers and nomads. Rangers camels had less health problems due to better managemental practices.
One part of questionnaire was based on managemental practices in nomadic herds of camel. Investigation of managemental practices gave following results: 60% herds had herd size of 11-20 camels, 37.6% herds of camel were kept along livestock, 58.3% herds had Marrecha breed, 56.7% herds had nomadic production system, 92.9% herds had feeding pattern of grazing, 58.3% adopted seasonal migratory pattern, 91.3% herds did not adopt vaccination and quarantine practices, 91.3% adopted ethno-veterinary practices and 58.3% herds had no access to modern veterinary facilities. Correlations were found out between different parameters and p-values came to be significant.
Third part of study was on detection of gastrointestinal parasites. Direct sedimentation and centrifugal floatation techniques were used for this purpose. 166 fecal samples were tested for gastrointestinal parasites and 90 (54.2%) samples came to be positive. Five types of gastrointestinal parasites were detected with following ratio: Emeria sp. 18.1%, Fasciola sp. 8.4%, Trichuris sp. 8.4%, Capillaria sp. 4.2% and Marshallagia sp. 15.1%. Female adult group had the highest percentage of parasites 46.3% followed by male young group 33%. Chi-square was used to find out association between different variables and P-values were calculated.
Nomadic herders of study area are earning their living by rearing and selling camels. This area has great potential for camel farming due to its unique physiogeography. There is dire need to encourage the local nomads by facilitating them by provision of veterinary health cover, better marketing facilities, and training of manpower for breeding techniques. Government interventions for the welfare of this animal can be much fruitful in terms of camel research and systematic production. This action will not only help in improving the shortage of meat, milk but also will elevate the socio-economic conditions of local nomads.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1766,T] (1).
33.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Enterotoxigenic E. Coli In Diarrheic Lambs And Kids Of Lahore
by Kashif hussain | Dr. muhammad Ijaz | Prof.Dr. muhammad sarwar khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1869,T] (1).
34.
Seroprevalence Of Bluetongue In Domestic Animals
by Farid ahmed khan | Prof..Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Ms. Sehrish | Prof. Dr Tahir yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1925,T] (1).
35.
Isolation And Molecular Identification Of H9N2 Avian Influena Virus From Human In Punjab Province Pakistan
by Abdul ahad | Prof .Dr, Masood rabbani | Prof. Dr. Rana | Prof. Dr. Tahir yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1926,T] (1).
36.
Comparative Studies On Growth Survival Organoleptic Qualities Of Meat And Selective Disease Resistance Capaabilities
by Sahar Suleman | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sharif mughal | DR.Arshad Javid | Prof,Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1928,T] (1).
37.
Antibody Response Of Goats To Gel Based Combined Vaccine Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Contagious Caprine
by Muhammad Khalil | Prof.Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr.Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1933,T] (1).
38.
Studies On Growth Traits And Parasitic Variations At Different Life History Stages In Peafowl (Pavo Cristatus) In Captivity
by Tasnim sadaf | DR.Arshad javid | Miss Sana ashraf | Prof.Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1935,T] (1).
39.
Comparative Assessment Of Omega-3 Enriched Eggs And Supplements Against Hyperlipidemia In Human Subjects
by Amina chughtai | Dr.Muammad Nasir | Prof. Dr.Habib | Prof.Dr Talat naseer pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1941,T] (1).
40.
Effect Of Trehalose On Cryopreservation Of Sahiwal Bull Spermatozoa
by Zohaib Ashraf | Dr. Aijaz ali channa | Prof .Dr. Aneela | Prof. DR. Nasim ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1948,T] (1).
41.
Polymorphism Identification In Bovine Growth Hormone Gene And Association With Milk Production Trait
by Aasma Manzoor | Dr.Asif Nadeem | Ms. Faiza | Prof.Dr. Tahir yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1968,T] (1).
42.
Efffects Of Various Processing Techniques On The Nutritional Composition Of Exotic And Indigenous
by Riffat yasin | Dr Muhammad Hayat jaspal | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1974,T] (1).
43.
Antibody Resoinse Of Broilers To Oil Based Combined Mycoplasma Gallisepticum And Avian Influenza H9
by Sadi Sarfaraz | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Prof.Dr. Asim | Prof.Dr.Tahir yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1976,T] (1).
44.
Effect Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (Bht) On Beetal Buck Semen Following Cryopreservation
by Abdul Rehman | Prof.Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1977,T] (1).
45.
Single Or Combined Effects Of Probiotics And Gallic Acid Supplementation On Zootechnical Parameters Oxidative Indes
by Mohsin Raza | Dr.Muhammad Shahbaz yousaf | Prof.Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1982,T] (1).
46.
Cytotoxicity Mutagenicity And Genotoxicity Potential Of Carvedilol And Celecoxib Alone And In Combination
by Ali attiq | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | DR. Aqeel Javeed | Prof. DR. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2004,T] (1).
47.
A Study Of Antioxid Properties Of Green Tea And Black Tea In Insulin Resistant Diabetic Rats
by Jazba aiman | Prof. Dr. Ijaz ahmad | Dr. Ali ahmad | prof .Dr. Habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2020,T] (1).
48.
Growth Inhibiting Effects Of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) Oil On Common Food-Borne Pathogens And Its Utilization
by Sidrah naseer | Dr. Naureen naeem | Dr. Sanaullah iqbal | Prof .Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2034,T] (1).
49.
Study Of Risk Factors Associated With Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour
by Furqan awan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan mushtaq | Prof..Dr. Muhammad Athar khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2056,T] (1).
50.
Detection Of Vivax Malaria And Under Local Climatic Conditions
by Sarwat naz | Prof.Dr. Azhar maqbool | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud din ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2060,T] (1).
