1.
Biometry Of Femake Reproductive Tract Of Nili- Ravi Buffalo
by Atta-ur-Rehman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Knowledge of biometry of female reproductive tract of Nili Ravi buffalo is very
important for artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis, estrus detection and to deal
with infertility problems. Animals were divided into four groups based on age and
cyclicity, which were non cyclic heifer, cyclic heifer, non cyclic adult and cyclic adult.
Each group contained ten reproductive tracts collected from government slaughter house
at Lahore. Anatomical parameters of normal female reproductive tract (ovary, oviduct,
uterine horn, intercornualligament, uterine body and cervix) were recorded.
Mostly the shape of the ovary was almond in Nili Ravi buffalo except one animal where
the shape of the ovary was oval. Length, diameter, circumference, weight, thickness, and
ovarian bursa diameter of left and right of cyclic adult were significantly higher than that
of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mesovarien length of left and right ovary of
cyclic adult, non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non
cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of follicles, outer
diameter, total diameter and total length on both ovaries among different groups. There
was no significant difference in number of regressed, developed and hemorrhagic CL on
both ovaries in all groups. Length and thickness of left and right oviduct of cyclic adult
were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer while, in
case of oviduct weight there was no significant difference among different groups. Outer
length, bifurcation lepgth, total length, diameter, weight, circumference and uterine artery diameter of left and right uterine horn of cyclic adult were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult, non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. In the same way that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer. Thickness of left uterine horn wall of cyclic adult was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and non cyclic adult but in case of right uterine horn there was no significant difference in thickness among different groups. Mean number of caruncles of left and right uterine
horn as well as length of dorsal and ventral intercornual ligament of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult
was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter,
circumference, thickness and weight of uterine body and cervix of cyclic adult were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter, weight, diameter and
circumference of uterine body and cervix of non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of cervical rings
among different groups of Nili Ravi buffalo while shape of the cervix was cylindrical in all groups.
Length of cervix protrusion in vagina of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult was significantly higher than
that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer and that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of
non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference between left and right parts of female
reproductive tract except ovarian lengt, ovarian diameter, ovarian bursa d iameter and number of
caruncles.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1349,T] (1).
2.
Relationship Of Gender And Body Condition Score On Histomrphometric And Physical Characteristics Of Selected Selected Skeletal Muscles in Kundi Buffalo
by Muhammad Usman Saleem | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Introduction: Present study was conducted to study the effect of gender and BCS on selected skeletal muscle properties in Kundi buffaloes. Tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity are the attributes of meat quality and are related with the muscle fiber number and diameter. Normal pH of the meat is 5.2-5.4 and any deviation from these values show that the animal was under stress before slaughter.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 animals each were taken. The first group was of 10 male animals having BCS 1-4 and the second group was of 10 male animals having BCS more than 4. The third and fourth groups were of 10 female animals each having BCS 1-4 and more than 4 respectively. Samples of muscles trapezius cervices longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were taken from each animal 24 hours post mortem. pH of the meat was measured with the help of pH meter 24 hours post mortem. Water holding capacity of the meat sample was measured 24 hours post mortem using Honikels gravimetric bag method. Samples were processed for light microscopy and stained by using Eosin and Hematoxylin staining technique. Tissue sections were observed for counting muscle fiber number and measuring the diameter of muscle fiber using a morphometry program.
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was made using independent sample t- tests for the comparison based on gender or BCS between groups, and analysis with in a group was made using one way ANOVA.
Results: It was observed that the pH, WHC and muscle fiber number was higher in males as compared to those of females. Muscle fiber diameter was greater in females as compared to those of males. Animals with BCS 1-4 had a lower pH, greater WHC, larger muscle fiber diameter and higher muscle fiber number than those animals having BCS > 4. pH of trapezius cervicalis is higher than longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus but its WHC is lower than semitendinosus and longissimus lumborum. Longissimus lumborum has least muscle fiber diameter however trapezius has got the largest muscle fiber diameter. Number of muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle is highest.
Conclusion: Through this research we determined that gender and BCS affect meat quality parameters.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1451,T] (1).
3.
Response Of Cryopreserved Nili Ravi Buffalo Bull Semen To Gallic Acid Inclusion In Semen Extender
by Muhammad Tariq | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The major population of buffalo in the world (more than 75%) is located in Asia and 14% in Pakistan, where buffaloes play an important role in rural livestock production providing milk, meat and work draft force. Genetically the ratio of proven buffalo bulls is lesser than cattle bulls, and additionally the volume of semen and spermatozoa concentration is also lower than cattle semen. The success of inseminating buffalos with cryopreserved semen is also low, which account for major cause of fertility problems.
During cryopreservation, the spermatozoa faces osmochemical, mechanical and thermal stresses, which are predominant at dilution, cooling, equilibration, freezing and thawing stages which lead to damage spermatozoa functional and morphological characteristics. Beside these exogenous stresses, oxidative stress damages the spermatozoa endogenously. Keeping in mind all these problems, the reduction of these stresses through inclusion of antioxidants in semen may improve its quality and ultimately the fertility of buffalo bulls. This may be obtained from antioxidant addition to extender at the time of cryopreservation. Gallic acid possess good antioxidative properties, the use of this polyphenolic compound may reduce oxidation in buffalo bull semen.
In the current study, semen from four (n=4) healthy Nili Ravi buffalo bulls was collected by artificial vagina and GA was added to the semen @ 1 µM, 15 µM, 30 µM, 45 µM, 60 µM, and 100 µM and a total of six groups were prepared. One group was kept control and no GA was added to that group. The routine quality evaluation of semen for motility and concentration was made, extender was added, then semen cooled to 4°C filled in 0.5mL straws for 4 hours and frozen in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C.
The semen was then transported to the Physiology Laboratory of UVAS for further evaluations. The parameters evaluated were percentage motility, plasma membrane integrity (HOST assay), acrosomal integrity (NAR), viability (Live/Dead), DNA integrity (Acridine orange assay) and oxidative stress (TBARS assay). Five straws from each GA group were thawed individually in water bath at 37°C for 30 seconds and evaluated for quality parameters. The data collected was presented as cells ± SE and treatment groups were compared using one way analysis of variance. The group differences were compared by using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results revealed that GA improved (P<0.05) the spermatozoa viability and plasma membrane integrity.
In conclusion, the addition of 15 µM GA to semen extender improved marginally the buffalo bull spermatozoa motility, viability and membrane integrity but still not sufficient to reach the statistical significance, while it has no protective effects on other parameters like Acrosomal integrity, DNA status and oxidative stress. However further studies are needed to assess the role of GA in different concentrations and other animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1456,T] (1).
4.
Morphometric Evaluation Of Corpus Luteam And Ovary During Estrous In Nili-Ravi Buffalo Through Ultrasonography in spring and Dry Hot Seasons
by Abdur Rehman Ansari | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Introduction: The current investigation was carried out to study the effect of season on
the morphometric values of corpus luteum and ovary in spring (February-April) and dry
hot (May-June) seasons in the same animals and to characterize the biometry of corpus
luteum and ovary during estrous through ultrasonography in Nili-Ravi buffalo. The
correlation between the plasma Progesterone concentrations and ultrasonographic
biometry of corpus luteum was also studied during estrous in spring and dry hot seasons.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on ten female Nili-Ravi buffaloes in
both the seasons (spring versus dry hot). The ultrasonographic measurements and
echogenicity of ovaries and corpus luteum were performed by using linear rectal probe
(Agro-scan AL) of 5.0 MHZ on alternate days during the entire length of estrous cycle.
The plasma progesterone level was determined by taking 10 ml blood samples by
coccygeal vein puncture on the examination day from each animal in test tubes,
containing EDTA. The collected blood was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for about 20 minutes
and then the plasma was harvested, labeled and stored at freezing temperature (-20 °C)
until progesterone (P4) evaluation through ELISA technique.
Statistical Analysis: The data obtained by the ultrasonographic examinations was
analyzed with the help of paired t-test and the correlations regarding plasma progesterone
(P4) concentration and the morphometric values of corpus luteum were determined by
Pearson correlation by using computer software SPSS statistics version 17.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1556,T] (1).
5.
Morphometric And Histological Modulation Of Broiler Gut Under Chronic Heat Stress With And Without Dietary Yeast Supplementation.
by Ghulam Abbas | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1620,T] (1).
6.
Evaluation Of Comparatrive Effect Of Zinc Bacitracin, Mannan Oligosaccharides And Lactobacillus On Broiler Performance, Gross Measurements of Major Organs an Intestinal Histomorphometry
by Rabia Tamkeen | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1673,T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Lipoic Axid Inclusion In Semen Extender On The Cryopreservation Of Sahiwal Cattle Semen
by Sheeraz Ghani | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1725,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Catharanthus Roseus On Gross And Micro-Structures Of Selected Internal Organs of Broilers
by Saba Anwar | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1737,T] (1).
9.
Seasonal Variations In The Testicular And Seminal Characteristics Of Cholistani Bulls
by Umer Farooq | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib Rehman | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: All the indigenous cattle of Pakistan belong to Zebu (one-humped) cattle (Bos indicus). There are 15 recognized indigenous breeds of cattle which constitute 43% of the total cattle population in the country. Hefty work has been documented on many aspects of Sahiwal and Red Sindhi breeds of cattle in their respective local climates which have rightly gained them an international fame as being the vital tropical milk breeds of Pakistan. However, scanty work has so far been reported on reproductive indices of other indigenous cattle breeds of Pakistan such as Dajal, Cholistani etc under their local climatic conditions, and their potential still remains unearthed. Hence, it is the dire need of time to comprehend the urgency of protection and propagation of the indigenous cattle breeds of Pakistan at every front.
Following the global lead, an effort has been made through the present study to highlight a formerly neglected indigenous cattle breed of Pakistan- Cholistani- being reared by the nomadic herders of the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. The study was executed with a specific objective to assess baseline data, seasonal variations and correlations between various non invasive, readily measurable reproductive [age, body weight (BW) and orchidometric parameters viz. scrotal circumference (SC), scrotal skin fold thickness (SSFT), average testicular length (Avg L), average testicular width (Avg W) and paired testicular volume (PTV)], seminal (fresh semen and seminal plasma) and haematobiochemical attributes of Cholistani AI bulls (n=06). Keeping in view the prevailing climatic conditions of the study area, 4 seasons of 2 months duration each were defined as i) stress free autumn (October-November), ii) stressful winter (December-January), stressful dry summer (May-June) and iv) stressful wet summer (July-August).
The overall mean values (± SEM) for age, BW, SC, SSFT and PTV in the present study were 92.83±2.63months, 527.55±4.5kg, 35.39±0.28cm, 1.03±0.02cm and 851.84±16.34cm3, respectively. The BW was recorded to be significantly lower (P<0.05) during the stress free autumn (507.08±8.26kg), however no significant difference was found in the remaining stressful seasons of winter, dry and wet summer. The SSFT was significantly higher (P<0.05) in stress free autumn (1.07±0.04cm) and winter (1.13±0.05cm) being followed by that in wet summer (0.97±0.02cm) and dry summer (0.94±0.03cm). SC and PTV were found to be constant during all the study seasons with no significant variation. Significantly positive correlations (P<0.01) were noticed between various traits.
The overall mean values (± SEM) for ejaculatory volume, number of ejaculates per bull, mass motility, individual sperm motility, number of dozes frozen per bull, sperm concentration, live sperm, morphologically normal sperm and those with acrosome integrity in the present study were 4.92±0.14mL, 1.89±0.02, 2.26±0.06, 63.51±1.03%, 208.26±8.42, 989.73±27.4million/mL, 86.74±0.55%, 86.34±0.51% and 86.64±0.48%, respectively. In general, all the seminal attributes revealed significantly (P<0.05) better results in stressful seasons as compared to stress free season, with the exception of number of ejaculates per bull which was not affected significantly by seasons.
In terms of semen production, a total of 39778 doses of 0.5 mL straws were frozen during the study period. Significantly higher number of doses per bull (P<0.05) was frozen during dry (245.37±17.84) and wet summer (250.37±17.75) as compared to autumn (191.4±14.22) and winter (143.92±11.25); the difference between the latter two seasons was also significant, while it was non significant between the former two seasons
Regarding the subjective analysis of spermatozoa, higher (P<0.05) mean values were recorded for all three parameters (live, morphologiclly normal and acrosome intact sperm) during stressful winter and dry summer as compared to wet summer and autumn, the difference between the former two seasons was, however, non significant. Moreover, mean values for these attributes were significantly higher during wet summer as compared to autumn. Amongst the physical attributes of semen, only mass motility revealed a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation with individual sperm motility (r 0.619). However, regarding the subjective analyses, live sperm had a positive correlation with normal (r 0.848) and with acrosome integral sperm (r 0.790).
In seminal plasma chemistry, the overall mean values (± SEM) for Na+, K+, cholesterol and glucose recorded in the present study were 236.41±4.2, 142.95±3.81, 152.02±3.17 and 127.22±3.65 mg%, respectively. Amongst these, Na+ was significantly higher (P<0.05) during dry summer (270.35±8.89mg%) whereas K+ was higher in dry summer (169.1±5.54mg%) and winter (154.80±6.29mg%). Cholesterol and glucose were found to be significantly elevated (P<0.05) during dry summer season being 173.7±4.24 and 147.95±7.74mg%, respectively. Na+ had a significantly positive (P<0.05) correlation with glucose (r 0.232). Similarly, positive (P<0.01) correlations were seen for K+ with Na+ (r 0.341) and cholesterol (r 0.390).
The overall mean values (± SEM) for Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC recorded for the Cholistani AI bulls in the present study were 12.24±0.15mg/dL, 6.28±0.82×106/µL, 37.3±0.4%, 59.77±0.61fL, 19.58±0.2pg and 32.89±0.33g/dL, respectively. Regarding the white blood cell values, the overall means (± SEM) for TLC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were 7.58±0.17×103/µL, 40.45±1.05%, 53.2±0.85%, 4.05±0.47% and 2.3±0.26%, respectively. DLC, in the present study, revealed that the lymphocytes were the predominant leukocytes followed by neutrophils. No significant effect (P<0.05) of season was noticed on any of the red blood cell values studied. However, TLC amongst the white blood cell values was found to be significantly higher in dry summer (8.16±0.28×103/µL).
The overall mean values (± SEM) for blood serum NA+, K+, cholesterol and glucose recorded for the present study were 130.73±0.91, 7.37±0.11, 82.8±1.52 and 75.22±2.04mg%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between mass and individual sperm motility, morphologically normal and live sperm and sperm acrosome integrity and live sperm (P<0.01). Among biochemical attributes of seminal plasma, Na+ and K+, cholesterol and K+ and glucose and Na+ were correlated (P<0.01). Only seminal plasma cholesterol was positively correlated with ejaculatory volume (P<0.01).
An overall mean value of 5.81±0.32ng/mL was recorded in the present study for testosterone being non significantly effected by seasons. All its correlations with all attributes studied were found to be non significant.
In conclusion, various physical and biochemical attributes of Cholistani bull semen were better in stressful seasons as compared to stress free season. The acceptable quality of semen of Cholistani bulls recorded during wet/dry summer in the present study is an indicative of the fact that this breed has an innate ability of being well adapted to the harsh, hot desert climate. Furthermore, the present study revealed that the Cholistani breeding bulls have an amazing tendency to maintain most of their haematobiochemical parameters at a near constant level without showing much variation during stress free or stressful times.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1739,T] (1).
10.
Effect On Hematological Indices And Serum Mineral Profiles Of Beetal Goats In District Swat At Different Altitudes
by Faisal Anwar | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Mr. Muhammad Imran Khan | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Livestock is the major source of income of rural population. Approximately 70% of the people in rural areas depend directly or indirectly on livestock for their house hold income and nutrition. Livestock efficiency mainly depends on their health and well-being. Blood is one of the reliable medium from which we can evaluate the health condition of an animal. Livestock in Pakistan is reared in various altitudes. Information on various physiological indices in goats related to altitude is scarce for Pakistan. The present has been conducted at three different altitudes, two altitude groups from district Swat and one group at Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
A total of 60 blood samples were collected from three different altitudinal groups and then the hematological parameters was determined through hematological analyzer and serum concentration of Calcium and Potassium by flame photometer, Phosphorus by UV-VIS spectrophotometer, Chlorine by silver Nitrate titration method and Iron by Drabkin method.
The White blood cell count (WBC) found 10.47±0.34 × 103/µL at altitude 1177 feet, 8.33±0.13 × 103/µL at altitude 2863 feet and 11.52±0.52 × 103/µL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The lymphocytes count (LYMP) found 28.90±0.46 percent at altitude 1177 feet, 28.55±0.60 percent at altitude 2863 feet and 31.15±0.99 percent at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The granulocytes (GRAN) count found 65.10±0.85 percent at altitude 1177 feet, 65.89±1.41 percent at altitude 2863 feet and 67.23±1.87 percent at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The red blood cell count (RBC) found 10.98±0.22 million/µL at altitude 1177 feet, 11.65±0.15 million/µL at altitude 2863 feet and 14.62±0.26 million/µL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The hemoglobin count (Hb) found 5.17±0.19 g/dL at altitude 1177 feet, 7.23±0.10 g/dL at altitude 2863 feet and 10.96±0.59 g/dL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The Hematocrit count (HCT) found 29.14±0.39 percent at altitude 1177 feet, 28.94±0.42 percent at altitude 2863 feet and 30.69±0.48 percent at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) found 28.83±0.43femtoliter at altitude 1177 feet, 31.06±0.37 femtoliter at altitude 2863 feet and 35.94±0.39 femtoliter at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) found 5.27±0.12 picogram at altitude 1177 feet, 5.73±0.10 picogram at altitude 2863 feet and 6.78±0.09 picogram at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) found 29.82±0.49 g/dL at altitude 1177 feet, 32.10±0.57 g/dL at altitude 2863 feet and 34.32±0.39 g/dL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The platelets (PLT) count found 270.9±3.81 103/µL at altitude 1177 feet, 294.95±3.61 103/µL at altitude 2863 feet and 283.50±5.28 103/µL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level.
The Calcium (Ca) level found in serum was 8.79±0.23 mg/dL at altitude 1177 feet, 9.44±0.16 mg/dL at altitude 2863 feet and 9.80±0.16 mg/dL at altitude 4200 from sea level. The Chloride (Cl) level found in serum was 102.91±0.39 m?q/dL at altitude 1177 feet, 104.08±0.42 m?q/dL at altitude 2863 and 105.50±0.57 m?q/dL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The Phosphorus (P) level found in serum was 3.98±0.02 mg/dL at altitude 1177 feet, 5.52±0.08 mg/dL at altitude 2863 feet and 6.34±0.08 mg/dL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The Potassium (K) level found in serum was 3.98±0.04 m?q/dL at altitude 1177 feet, 4.61±0.06 m?q/dL at altitude 2863 feet and 4.93±0.04 m?q/dL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level. The Iron (Fe) level was found 87.12±0.97 µg/dL at altitude 1177 feet, 97.44±0.67 µg /dL at altitude 2863 feet and 106.35±0.87 µg/dL at altitude 4200 feet from sea level.
A significant difference was found between different altitudes in WBC count, LYMP percent, RBC count, Hg level, HCT percent, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, Ca level, Cl level, P level, K level, Fe level and no significant difference was observed in GRAN percent. This study generated a better understanding that hematology and serum mineral profile has been affected as an increase occurs in the altitudes and it reflects that increase in RBCs, Hematocrit and hemoglobin level at different altitudes also the serum mineral level goes high as there is an increase in the altitudes shows the adaptation of animal to the environmental condition and this study will be helpful in disease investigation and management of animals at different altitudes and different stress conditions. Further studies are been required to evaluate the effect of altitude, feed intake, nutrition, environmental stress and climatic condition on the hematology and serum mineral profile of different breeds of small ruminants and large ruminants.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1777,T] (1).
11.
Evaluation Of Comparative Effects Of Zinc Bacitracin, Lactobacillus And Mannan Oligosaccharide On Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broilers
by Muhammad Arshad Javid | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib-ur-Rehma.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background
Bone is metabolically self-motivated organ and it undertakes continuous remodeling. Skeleton provides structural support to the birds and serves as an important source of minerals like phosphorus and calcium. Bone strength and hardness is due to organic and inorganic sources. Bone mineralization is directly related to the bone density. Bone weakness is an important skeletal problem which causes economic losses in poultry industry. Leg bone deformities adversely affect the bird's performance. Antibiotics and its alternatives like probiotics and prebiotics in the feed have beneficial effect on bone health and bone quality in broilers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the comparative effects of antibiotic, probiotic and prebiotic on morphometric characteristics of tibia bone in broilers.
Materials and Methods
160 one day old broiler chicks were reared under environmentally controlled conditions. The chicks were randomly divided into four groups with four replicates. Group I was served as control and fed only basal diet. Group II was given BD + 0.04% Zn bacitracin, group III was given BD + 0.1% lactobacillus based probiotic andgroup IV was given BD + 0.1% mannan oligosaccharide. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood samples were collected for determination ofserum ALP level. Right and left tibia of each bird was separated and immersed in boiling water (1000C) for 10 minutes. Specimens were cooled at room temperature. Flesh was removed from each bone. After this, bone weight and bone length was
Summary
measured. Diaphysis diameter and medullary canal diameter was measured with digital caliper. Dry tibia bones were burnt in a muffle furnace at 5600C for 24 hours to calculate the %age bone ash.
Results
The results revealed that tibia bone weight, length, thickness of medial wall and lateral wall, %bone ash and tibiotarsal index of broilers supplemented with zinc bacitracin, lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the significant values (P<0.05) as compared to the control group. However, weight/length of bone index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the higher values (P<0.05) than the control and zinc bacitracin supplemented groups. Medullary canal diameter of control group was higher (P<0.05) than all the supplemented groups. Diaphysis diameter and robusticity index presented the no significant difference between the control group and all supplemented groups. Between different supplemented groups, tibia bone weight and weight/length index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the zinc bacitracin supplemented group. Serum alkaline phosphatase level of all supplemented groups was lower than the control group.
Conclusion
It is concluded that antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics improve the bone morphometric characteristics, bone density and bone quality in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1786,T] (1).
12.
Biometrical And Histological Studies Of Testes In Different Age Groups Of Azikheli Buffalo Bulls
by Salahuddin | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1797,T] (1).
13.
Effect Of Supplemental Bacterial And Fungal Phytase At Diffrent Dietary Level Of Phosphorus On Tibial Bone
by Saqib Saleem Abdullah | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Shela Gul Bokhari.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: The most organized sector of the agriculture is the poultry sector which has a contribution of 1.2 in GDP of Pakistan. It also generates jobs to approximately 1.5 million people associated with this sector. Nutrition plays a vital role in the growth of Poultry birds. Besides major nutrients and vitamins, many other elements play a key role in the development. Minerals are the nutrients that exist in the body and are quite important for the development. The skeletal system plays different roles in body like locomotion, support and it also provides a proper shape to the body. A continuous process of repair and regeneration occurs in bone throughout the life time. Bone related problems in broiler are the result of low production. Phytase enzymes help in digestion of phytate phosphorous which eventually have better effects on bone health.
Addition of Phytase enzyme in the diet results in better growth and development of the bones. Phytase enzyme breaks the antinutritional factor Phytic acid and releases the bound phosphorous that is than utilized by the birds. Keeping in view a 35 days research trial was conducted. A total of 140 birds were divided into 07 treatment groups with o4 replicates. Diet A was corn soybean meal with 0.45 %NPP NRC (1994).Diet B was 0.30% NPP + Fungal Phytase, Diet C was 0.30% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet D was 0.15% NPP +Fungal Phytase, Diet E was 0.15% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet F was 0.0% NPP + Fungal Phytase and Diet G was 0.0% NPP + Bacterial Phytase.
At the end of the trial, the data was analyzed by analysis of variance. The group differences will be compared by Duncan's multiple range test (Steel et al. 1997) using Statistical analysis was conducted with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS for Windows version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results show that there was a significant difference in weight gain (P<0.05) in groups supplemented with Phytase. The bone weight of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). It is evident that Group A (control); Group B, Group D and Group G are not significant. Group C showed significance difference when compared with all other groups and maximum bone weight is also attained by Group C. Bone length of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C shows significant difference among all the groups and maximum tibial length is also attained by Group C. Diaphysis diameter tibial bone of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C showed significance with all groups when compared with other treatment groups. Medullary Canal Diameter of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Maximum Medullary Canal Diameter is of Group C.Weight/ Length Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Highest Weight/ Length Index was attained by group C. The Tibiotarsal Index of broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05).Rubosticity Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Lowest Rubosticity Index is attained by Group A (Control).Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and serum phosphorous level of the broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05). Whereas Serum calcium level was significant (P<0.05) in different treatment groups.
Conclusion
The results of the study conclude that addition of Phytase at low level of phosphorous results in increased weight gain and also increases bone density in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1798,T] (1).
14.
Seasonal Variations In Libido Semen Quality Freezability And Fertility Of Cholistani Bulls
by Syed Aamer mahmood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz ahmad | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib Rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1901,T] (1).
15.
Effect Of Mentofin On Serum Biochemistry And Antibody Response Of Broiler To Avian Influenza H9N2
by Rizwana sultan | Prof. Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr Gulbeena Saleeem | Dr. hafsa zaneb.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1907,T] (1).
16.
Alteration In Dimensions Of Different Mucosal Components Of Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba Livia Domestica) Caused By Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide
by Sahar ijaz | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Dr. Muhammad | DR. Saima masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2013,T] (1).
17.
Single Or Combined Effects Of Probiotics And Gallic Acid Supplementation On Serum Biochemistry In Dexamethasone
by Fahad mahmood | Dr. Muhammad shahbaz yousaf | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Prof. Dr. habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2045,T] (1).
18.
Single And Combined Effects Of Curcuma Longa And Probiotics Supplementation On Zootechnical Parameters Serm
by Nazish saleem | Muhammad Shahbaz yousaf | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2059,T] (1).
19.
Reaponse Of Lactobacillus Based Probiotics Supplementation On Serum Biochemical Metabolites And Hepatic Enzymes in Hypothyroid Mice
by Fareeha Ch | Dr. M.Shahbaz yousaf | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Prof Dr. Habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2089,T] (1).
20.
Response Of Lactobacillus Based Probiotics Supplementation On Zootechnical Parameters Bone Health
by Hira Najeeb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2099,T] (1).
21.
Single And Combned Effect Of Turmeric And Probiotic Supplementation On Serum Lioid And Creatinine Profile In Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
by Salman Zafar | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2106,T] (1).
22.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Growth Performance And Gut Morphology In Broiler Chickens
by Imad Khan | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr, Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2139,T] (1).
23.
Hematobiochemical Evaluation Of High Intensity Interval Training In Healthy And Diabetic Patients
by Muneeb Iqbal | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2151,T] (1).
24.
Effect Of Supplementation Of Xylanase On Feed Efficiency And Serum Biochemistry In Broilers
by Abida Niazi | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2156,T] (1).
25.
Effect Of Supplementation Of Xylanase On Visceral Organs, Tibio-Tarsal Index And Antioxidant Status In Broilers
by Rasheed Ahmad | DR. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2164,T] (1).
26.
Effect Of Phytase Supplementation On Growth Performance And Biochemical Parameters In Broiler Chickens
by Hafiz Kalimullah Khan | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Imran Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2165,T] (1).
27.
Evaluation Of Antidiabetic Effects Of Momordica Charantia On Microarchetecture Of Pancreas And Blood Biochemistey in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Saad Khaliq | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2178,T] (1).
28.
A Clinico - Hematological Study On Hepatic Regeneration After Variable Degrees Of Resections In Rabbits
by Muhammad Babar Saleem (2005-VA-72) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Ms. Ayesha Safdar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Liver is the largest visceral organ in the body and has a paramount importance. Its multi-functional abilities make it absolutely necessary for survival. It performs numerous functions in a living organism and plays its role in various physiological and biochemical regulatory processes in the body. It is also the only organ that has the capability to undergo the phenomenon of regeneration in case of cellular injury induced by chemicals or surgery.
According to Craige (1948) Liver is the largest gland of the body. It is an extension of the gastro-intestinal track and connects with GIT to the common bile duct.It has two surfaces. The anterior or dorsal surface is convex while the posterior surface is concave and lies over the stomach. Liver is thickened in its dorsal portion and tappers to a thin ventral margin. The liver is incompletely divided into a right and a left liver lobe, each of which have anterior and posterior lobules. The right posterior lobule lies closely to the dorsal body wall and it accommodates right kidney in a depression called renal fossa. The gall bladder is a thin walled pouch located in a deep depression on the ventral surface of right anterior lobule. The quadrate lobe extends from the right lobe and is usually notched on its medial margin. The caudate lobe is small and well separated. The portal fissure is a large depression filled by the portal vein and it also contains some branches of hepatic artery. The liver is held in place by four ligaments namely falciform ligament, round ligament, coronary ligament and left triangular ligament.
According to Borley & Achan (2005) Liver plays a key role in several regulatory processes in an organism. It is involved in various metabolic pathways comprising variable interactions with proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Liver is the main site for gluconeogenesis, converts galactose and fructose into simple sugars (glucose) and stores complex carbohydrates (glycogen).It aids in the production of different types of proteins and has a role in the formation of urea. Numerous types of fats like phospholipids, cholesterol and lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver. Liver also uses different carbohydrates and proteins to form certain fats. Liver serves as a vault for the storage of several vitamins (A, B2 and D) and iron. It helps in the complex process of coagulation by aiding in the synthesis of several important coagulation factors including prothrombin, protein C, and factors VII, IX and X.Several hormones including oestrogen, aldosterone and cortisol are metabolized in the liver. It is involved in the metabolism of a number of drugs and also has a key role in the production and excretion of bile. In fetal life, haematopoiesis is one of the key functions which is performed by liver.
Liver resectioning is a technique employed for correction of numerous ailments or for the purpose of experimental study. Diseases such as tumorous growths on the liver, hepatic necrosis, cyst formation, hepatic abscess, hepatic lobe torsion and numerous others require the removal of the affected part of the liver(Martin et al. 2003; Pignon et al. 2013). The remaining liver usually recovers by regeneration through hyperplasia and hypertrophy of healthy cells of the un-affected part of the liver (Palmes and Spiegel, 2004). For experimental reasons, where different aspects of liver regeneration process are to be studied, liver resectioning technique is employed (Mao et al. 2014; Fausto et al. 2012).
Numerous studies have been done to see the regeneration rate of liver in different species. In rats it has been noticed that liver can regenerate to its original size after two-third hepatectomy in only five to seven days (Mao et al. 2014).Another author states the recovery to occur in less than two weeks in rodents (Gilgenkrantz and Hortet, 2011). In humans it has been shown that resectioning up to 50 percent has resulted in complete regeneration of liver mass in only a period of two weeks (Häussinger, 2011).
Rabbits being small laboratory animals with comparative ease of handling have been used extensively for research purposes. Regeneration has been studied in rabbits post chemical insult on liver or through portal branch ligations (Palmes and Spiegel, 2004).
As opposed to general perception, Carpenter (2003) states that the rabbits fall under the category of rodents, they in actuality are lagomorphs. Two families composed of twelve genera and eighty-one species fall under the umbrella of order lagomorpha. They are cosmopolitan in their distribution. The main difference between rodents and lagomorphs is the presence of two pairs of upper incisors in the former group, whereas the later have only one pair of upper incisors. Despite having a great degree of similarity which these two groups share together, they are not thought to be closely associated. The animals of both the categories evolved into nine creatures separately and their similar dental patterns resulted from parallel evolution. All legomorphs consume foliage and practice caprophagy.
All lagomorphs are blessed with acute tactile and olfactory senses with a considerable long-haired fluffy body coat. Lagomorphs have big side-to-side set eyes giving them a broader circular vision. Testes are in the scrotum in front of the penis. Baculum is absent in males. Females bear two to five pairs of mammary glands.
Deficiency has been observed in terms of study of liver regeneration when liver resectioning is performed. The present study aims to focus on this aspect of research on soft tissue, which would enhance our understanding of liver regeneration and its rate in this specie.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2182,T] (1).
29.
Effects Of Ginkgo Biloba And Panax Ginseng On Metabolism Of Carbohydrate, Lipids And Insulin Receptor Genes In Diabetic Rats
by Mahrukh Naseem (2011-VA-531) | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Diabetes is a major public health issue. As conventional pharmaceutical agents have greater incidences of adverse effects so the interest in the natural remedies has increased greatly in the last few decades. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) and Panax ginseng root extract (PGE) are ancient Chinese herbal drugs that have prominent position in the list of the best-selling natural remedies and are increasingly being used for the treatment of diabetes. The anti-diabetic effect of GBE is attributed to flavonoides while that of PGE is attributed to ginsenosides. In this study, GBE and PGE in combination showed significantly higher anti-diabetic effects than individual extracts in diabetic rats.
Adult Wistar rats were allowed to feed on a high fat diet (HFD: 12.7% maize starch, 6.5% dextrose, 3.9% sunflower oil, 31.3% beef tallow and 28.6% casein by weight) for two weeks. The rats were divided into seven groups (08 rats in each group): Non-diabetic control group, Diabetic group, Diabetic + 100 mg/kg G. biloba leaf extract treated group (GBE), Diabetic + 300 mg/kg, P. ginseng root extract treated group (PGE), mixed 1 group : Diabetic + combination of both GBE and PGE at dose of 200 mg/kg/day (50mg/kg/day of GBE and 150mg/kg/day of PGE), mixed 2 group : Diabetic + combination of both GBE and PGE at dose of 400mg/kg/day (100mg/kg/day of GBE and 300mg/kg/day of PGE), mixed 3 group : Diabetic + combination of both GBE and PGE at dose of 600mg/kg/day (150mg/kg/day of GBE and 450mg/kg/day of PGE). At the end of the 14th day, the rats were kept in fasting condition overnight and then a single intra-peritoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (Sigma, USA) dissolved in 0.5 ml of saline solution at a dose of 120-130 mg/Kg body weight was injected in all rats except for the non-diabetic group which were injected with an equal volume of normal
Summary
79
saline. Body weight (BW) and blood glucose were measured at week 1 and week 14. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples in fasting/ basal state were collected from heart puncture for the biochemical parameters. Liver, muscles and adipose tissue were also collected for mRNA expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
Results were expressed as Means ± S.E.M. Statistical analyses was performed using Statview software (SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, NC, USA). Two-ways repeated measure ANOVA followed by PLSD Fisher's test was performed for BW and blood glucose to assess the effects of time and herbal drugs. For the rest of the parameters, one-way ANOVA followed by PLSD Fisher's test was performed to assess the effect of herbal drugs. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
A significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in the BW of the diabetic group was recorded compared to non-diabetic rats and a significant reduction in BW was observed after treatment in all the five treated groups compared to diabetic group. Glycemia was significantly higher in the diabetic rats (P < 0.0001) compared to non-diabetic rats and a significant reduction in the blood glucose level was recorded in all the five treated groups (P < 0.0001) group in comparison to the diabetic group. A significant reduction for fasting serum glucose (FSG) (P < 0.0001) was recorded for all the five treated groups compared to the non-treated diabetic rats. We linked the reduction in hyperglycemia to the mRNA expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism. In particular, we studied the gene expressions of GLUT-4, insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and phosphoenolpyrovate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. A significant up-regulation for the mRNA expression of GLUT-4 was observed only in muscle in all the five treated groups, i.e. GBE (P < 0.001), PGE (P < 0.001), mixed 1 (P < 0.0001), mixed 2 (P < 0.0001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001). We found a significant down-
Summary
80
regulation in the mRNA expression of IR in muscle (P < 0.0001) and adipose tissue (P < 0.05) in the diabetic group compared to non-diabetic rats, however, a significant up-regulation was found in mixed 3 group in muscle (P < 0.001) and adipose tissue (P < 0.05). We found a significant down-regulation (P < 0.001) for IRS-1 in liver in diabetic state and a significant up-regulation was recorded in GBE (P < 0.05) and mixed 3 (P < 0.05) groups only. We found a significant down-regulation of IRS-1 in muscle (P < 0.0001) and adipose tissues (P < 0.0001) in the diabetic group. None of the treated group showed significant results in muscles however, a significant up-regulation was found only in PGE (P < 0.001) and in the mixed 3 group (P < 0.0001) in adipose tissue. A significant up-regulation was recorded for PEPCK in GBE (P < 0.05), mixed 1 (P < 0.05), mixed 2 (P < 0.05) and mixed 3 (P < 0.05) groups in liver.
A significant increase of blood cholesterol was found in rats in the diabetic state (P < 0.0001) and a significant reduction was found only in the mixed 3 (P < 0.001) treated group. A significant decrease was found for VLDL-C in mixed 1 (P < 0.05), mixed 2 (P < 0.0001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001) groups. A significant decreased was observed for LDL-C in mixed 1, mixed 2 and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001) groups which previously found to be enhanced in diabetic condition. In case of HDL-c a significant decreased was found for GBE (P < 0.001), PGE (P < 0.05), mixed 1 (P < 0.001), mixed 2 (P < 0.0001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001) which was previously found to be increased in the diabetic group (P < 0.0001). Conversely, a significant increase was seen for TG (P < 0.0001) in the diabetic state and a significant reduction was found in all the five treated groups (P < 0.0001). We further studied genes involved in lipid metabolism. A significant up-regulation was found for SREBP-1c in diabetic group (P < 0.0001) and a significant down-regulation was found to occur in mixed 2 (P < 0.05) and mixed 3 (P < 0.001) treated groups compared to untreated diabetic rats. In the liver, a significant up-regulation
Summary
81
in the mRNA expression of FAS was found only in mixed 2 (P < 0.05) and mixed 3 (P < 0.05) treated groups which found to be down regulated in the untreated diabetic group (P < 0.001). A significant down-regulation in the mRNA expression of PPAR-α was found in diabetic rats skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), however, a significant up-regulation was found in GBE (P < 0.001), PGE (P < 0.05) mixed 1 (P < 0.001), mixed 2 (P < 0.001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.001) treatment groups in comparison to diabetic rats. We studied PPAR-γ in adipose tissue and found a significant up-regulation in PGE (P < 0.05), mixed 1 (P < 0.001), mixed 2 (P < 0.001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001) groups which had previously been found to be down regulated (P < 0.001) in diabetic rats compared to non-diabetic rats.
We found that the body of the diabetic rats suffer with oxidative stress and measured a significant decrease for CAT (P < 0.0001) in diabetic group and significant increase was found in GBE (P < 0.05), PGE (P < 0.05), mixed 1 (P < 0.05), mixed 2 (P < 0.05), mixed 3(P < 0.05) groups compared to diabetic rats. Whereas, a significant decreased was recorded for MDA in GBE (P < 0.05), PGE (P < 0.05), mixed 1 (P < 0.001), mixed 2 (P < 0.001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001) groups, which previously showed a significant increased (P < 0.001) in diabetic group compared to non-diabetic. We linked oxidative stress with TNF- α and found a significant up-regulation (P < 0.0001) for all the three studied organs in diabetic groups compared to the non-diabetic group. In case of liver a significant down-regulation was found for GBE (P < 0.0001), PGE (P < 0.0001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001) groups compared to untreated diabetic rats. A significant down-regulation in the expression of TNF- α in muscle was recorded only in the mixed 2 (P < 0.001) and mixed 3 (P < 0.0001) groups compared to diabetic rats. However, a significant down-regulation in the expression of TNF- α in adipose tissue was observed for all the treated groups (P < 0.0001 for all groups) in comparason to the diabetic group.
Summary
82
For serum creatinine a significant enhancement was observed for PGE (P < 0.05), mixed 1 (P < 0.05) and mixed 3 (P < 0.05) groups which were previously found to be reduced in diabetic rats. A significant increase for AST was found in diabetes (P < 0.0001) compared to non-diabetic rats, while a significant reduction was found to occur only for PGE (P < 0.05), mixed 2 (P < 0.05) and mixed 3 (P < 0.001) treated groups in comparison to the untreated diabetic group. Like AST a significant reduction was recorded for ALT in the diabetic group (P < 0.001) and only GBE (P < 0.001), PGE (P < 0.05) and mixed 3 (P < 0.05) showed a significant decreased in ALT level compared to untreated diabetic rats.
In conclusion, we found that both GBE and PGE have strong individual anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyper-triglyceridemic and anti-oxidative effects in an alloxan monohydrate induced rat model of diabetes. Both also showed strong influence on the activation on the expression of genes involved in the metabolic pathways of glucose and lipid which previously became dysfunctional in diabetic rats. When both these natural remedies were given in combination, synergistic effects were recorded in a dose dependent manner. Further work is needed to evaluate the way by which human beings suffering from diabetes are safely treated with these herbal remedies. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2260-T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation On Intestinal Morphology Of Broiler Chicken
by Sultan Ali (2013-VA-774) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Quiad Zaman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zinc is a vital mineral for birds functioning elaborately in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and a part of many biochemical reactions. By using nanoparticles of zinc, the bioavailability of zinc increases due to increase surface area which improve intestinal architecture. Globally minute study has been documented on the supplementation of ZONPs in poultry and very rare is documented in Pakistan.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ZONP supplementation on histomorphometric parameters of small intestine and cecal tonsil in broiler. The study included 100 day-old broiler chicks which were randomly allocated into four groups (n= 25), each group having five replicates (n= 5). Group A was served as control group and was fed only basal diet (BD), Group B was supplemented with BD plus 80 mg/kg of ZnO, Group C was supplemented with BD plus 40mg/kg of ZONP and Group D was supplemented with BD plus 80mg/kg of ZONP for 35 days. Two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered on day 35, birds were excised and samples from small intestine were taken from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecal tonsil from ceaca. Paraffin embedding technique was used to process the samples which were stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin technique and combined Alcian blue- PAS. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software). The data was analyzed by using one way-ANOVA. Differences between the groups were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test and were considered significant at P < 0.05.
The intestinal parameters, villus height, width, surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa were measured. Acidic, mixed and total goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes were also counted in intestinal samples. In cecal tonsils length, width, area and total lymphatic nodules were measured.
Summary
38
The results showed that in duodenum and ileum the villus height, width and surface area was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group C, while that of jejunum was greatest (P <0.05) in group D, the crypt depth of duodenum was deeper in group B. Total goblet cells count was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in group C and D in all three sections of small intestine also the acidic goblet cells of jejunum and ileum, while the mixed goblet cells count was highest (P< 0.05) in group C and D of duodenum and ileum. No significant difference were observed in IEL count between different groups. The length, width, area and total number of lymphatic nodule of cecal tonsils was higher (P < 0.05) in group C and D.
In conclusion supplementing ZONP at the dose of 40mg/kg in diet of broilers improved gut morphology and at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg improved the mucosal immune cells count. To know the actual mechanism of ZONP with relation to these findings further study is required to be documented. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2375-T] (1).
31.
Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles On Serum Lipid Profile And Liver Function Test In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Sidra Batool (2013-VA-592) | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb .
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus is most common disorder affecting almost 25% of the world's population. Many researchers reported the role of metals in glucose metabolism and their defficiency cause the diabetes. Zn is found in all cells of body and play role to maintain blood sugar level and in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of insulin. Zn supplementation shows protective effect on total lipid, cholesterol, HDL and atherogenic index. Nanotechnology affects on the all parts of human life, animal, environment, and industrial life. In the present study I evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of ZnONPs and also the dose dependent anti-diabetic effects of medicine in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
Twenty five adult male rats were divided into five groups; Negative control, Positive control, and 3 groups for different treatment dose of ZnONPs (15 mg/kg BW), ZnONPs (25mg/kg BW) and ZnONPs (50 mg/kg BW). Diabetes induction had done in four groups, other than negative control, by subcutaneous administration of alloxan (120 mg/kg BW). Treatment was given to groups for 21 days. BW was recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected from animals of each group on 21 days after induction of diabetes by cardiac puncture to measure serum glucose level, serum lipid profile and liver function test. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software. Data was analyzed by using one-way ANOVA. The group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Differences was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The obtained results showed that ZnONPs has efficiency to control the diabetes mellitus by reducing blood glucose levels as well as the increasing dose decreased the serum glucose level. Only ZnONPs 50mg/kg BW dose is efficient to reduce the muscle wastage due to diabetes in alloxan induce diabetic rats. This dose also works to maintain the serum ALT, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C levels. But this dose is not effective for body weight, AST, ALP, VLDL-C, cholesterol and AI.
The data obtained from this study also showed the dose dependent anti-diabetic activity of medicine as the dose of 50mg/kg BW is more effective to control the diabetes as compared to other two doses; 15mg/kg BW and 25mg/kg BW.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2402-T] (1).
32.
In Vitro Effects Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles On Electrophysiological Indices Of Jejunal Mucosa Of Laying Hens
by Wajeeha Mehmood (2013-VA-899) | Prof. Dr. Habib-Ur-Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zn is a vital micro-nutrient in living body and food industries have been using Zn as feed additive in animal diets. Previous studies presented that the performance of organic Zn differ from inorganic Zn due to higher bioavailability of organic Zn than that of inorganic Zn, but the addition of organic Zn in animal diet is costly. Therefore, to fulfil animal’s requirements, Zn is added in excess than the normal requirement. This can leads to environmental pollution when stool with excess Zn is released outside. Also the excess dietary Zn may cause other trace elements and vitamins. NPs are regarded to be highly absorbed into the gastrointestinal systems than larger particles. ZnO NPs in lesser quantity instead of bulk-sized ZnO, can be a better option. Different zinc salts affects the intestinal ion transport. There is less information about ZnO NPs effects on intestinal transport. The current study is established to study the in vitro effects of ZnO NPs on electrophysiological properties and its flux across jejunal mucosa of laying hens. Twelve White Leghorn laying hens were procured from a local commercial farm, kept in a shed and provided with feed and water ad libitum. After a week the birds were killed and jejunum was then removed, washed and conveyed in ice-cold oxygenated buffer to the laboratory within 5 minutes. Four segments were taken out of jejunum and designated with four groups (Control, ZnO 70 µM, ZnO NPs 70 µM and ZnO 35 µM). Each of the segment were mounted on separate UC. After mounting, twenty minutes were given to the tissues for equilibration under open circuit and then short-circuited by clamping the voltage at 0 mV. After getting the base line, the ZnO NPs and ZnO were added in separate chambers. The ZnO NPs or ZnO was added to the mucosal compartment of the Ussing chamber where its response was noted. Glucose was added after the incubation of approximately twenty to twenty five minutes. The electrical response was measured as the peak response obtained two minutes after the addition of glucose. The change in Isc (∆Isc) was estimated after addition of ZnO, ZnO NPs and glucose. Presentation of data was done as means ± S.E.M. The data was analyzed using One-Way Analysis of variance. The group differences were compared by the Post Hoc Tukey Test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. The result showed that there was an obvious decrease in Isc of tissue treated with ZnO (Group II) but a slight increase in Isc was observed when segments treated with ZnO NPs at 70 µM and 35 µM concentration (Group III and IV). Statistically, the mean ∆Isc values of Group II was significantly different from control, Group III and IV. While Group III and IV were not significantly different from control. Also, no change existed between Group III and IV. A significant decline in glucose induced Isc was observed in tissue of Group II as compare to control, Group III and IV. There was a slight non-significant decline in glucose induced Isc when treated with ZnO NPs at 70 µM and 35 µM concentration. In conclusion, ZnO NPs are not showing any significant interference with the ionic and glucose transport and can be used as a food supplement to fulfil Zn demands. On the other hand, ZnO suppress Cl- ion secretion and glucose transport in vitro. Further confirmation of these fact needs more studies with more decreased dose of ZnO NPs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2439-T] (1).
33.
In Vitro Effects Of Bisphenol-A On The Electrophysiology Of Isolated Jejunum Of Layers
by Nabeela Hussain (2013-VA-863) | Dr Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: A major nutritional problem these days is the biological and chemical contamination of food with environmental chemicals; Bisphenol A is one of these chemicals which cause contamination of food. BPA have many genomic effects, it is consider as endocrine disrupting hormone. However BPA have many non genomic effects e.g BPA enter into the body orally by use of plastic food cans lead through the intestine and liver and affects target organ. These chemicals have also shown adverse effects on development and function of the reproductive organs of the birds (Berg 2000).
Bisphenol A may affect the barrier function of small intestine of layers. Our study aimed to find out the effect of Bisphenol A on the electrophysiology of jejunum of small intestine of layers. For this purpose a total of forty layer birds were purchased from poultry farm. The birds were acclimatized for one week. Following acclimatization one bird was slaughtered daily and jejunum were collected. After stripping the jejunum was divided into four segments and was mounted in four Ussing chambers receiving four treatments as (BPA control, BPA 10 μM, BPA 50 μM and BPA 100 μM) The tissues were first incubate under open circuit conditions for 15 min and then were short circuited by fixing the voltage at 0 mV throughout the experimental period. After 5 minutes following short circuiting the tissues BPA at the concentration of 10 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM, were added on the mucosal side respectively followed by an equilibrium period of ten minutes. The tissue was further monitored for 30 minutes to note any change in electrophysiology is caused by BPA. After this 300uL of concentrated glucose solution was prepared and added to the mucosal side of each chamber to achieve the final concentration of 20mmol/L. The electrical response to glucose addition was observed. ANOVA was used to
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27
investigate the effect of Bisphenol A on the electrophysiology of jejunum. Followed by Tukey. The P ˂ 0.05 was considered significant.
The results of this study showed that BPA 10μM affects the electrophysiology of intestine as compared to other groups (50μM, 100μM). Suggesting a possible role of BPA in affecting intestinal barrier function and glucose uptake. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2438-T] (1).
34.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Morphometric Characteristics Of Bone And Skeletal Muscle Of Broiler Chicken
by Hafiz Faseeh ur Rehman (2013-VA-437) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Herbal extracts are being used as alternatives to sub-therapeutic antibiotics. Their mechanism of action involves improving growth performance through modulation of immune status of birds and increasing absorption of nutrients through gastro-intestinal tract. Moringa oleifera is one such herb which not only has antibacterial, antifungal properties but also have a good quantity of essential vitamins and minerals.
This study was aimed to analyze the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in different concentrations (0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%) on commercially important muscle characteristics and morphometric parameters of tibia bone.
Day-old broilers (n = 100) were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E), each group having 4 replicates (n=5). Group A (Control) was fed basal diet while group B, C, D & E were fed same diet with 0.6%, 0.9% ,1.2% and 1.5 % supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder for 35 days. Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35 of the experiment, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Blood was collected in plan test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to harvest serum and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in serum. After slaughtering samples of breast muscle (pectoralis major) were taken for pH measurement and water holding capacity (WHC). For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).
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The right and left tibiae of each bird were collected for the morphometric measurements. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in 0.6% MOLP, 0.9% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compare to control group. pH values of breast meat in all MOLP supplemented groups were significantly higher at o hour, 12 hour and 24 hour after slaughtering.
The supplementation of MOLP did not significantly affect muscle fiber density in breast muscle, but muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle from groups supplemented with 1.2% and 1.5% MOLP were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group and group supplemented with 0.6% MOLP. The muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle of 0.9% MOLP supplemented group did not vary significantly from control as well as all other MOLP supplemented groups.
In tibia, bone length, bone diameter, medullary canal diameter did not change significantly in supplemented and control group. The weight of tibia bone increased significantly in groups supplemented with 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP when compared to control group. In right tibia, all treated groups ash% was significantly (P<0.05) high when compared to control group but the left tibiae the ash% of left tibia was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.6% MOLP supplemented group when compare to all other groups. The ash% of control group, 0.9% and 1.2% MOLP supplemented groups were significantly high than 1.5% MOLP.
The serum ALP level and Tibio-Tarsal Index did not vary significantly in all experimental groups. The robusticity index of control group was higher for both left and right tibia bone when compared to 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups. The
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39
Weight/Length Index of tibia bone was also significantly high in 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compared to control group.
One of the most important considerations which should be kept in mind at the time of sample collection for WHC measurements and for getting cross section of muscles on slides for microscopic morphometry is orientation of muscle fibre and muscle fascicle in a given muscle. The muscle fibres of breast muscle (pectoralis major) in birds are neither perpendicular nor parallel with keel bone’s long axis but running at an oblique angle where the higher end of muscle fibre is on the lateral edges of muscle and lower end of muscle fibre is towards the medial end, so for sampling one must first ascertain muscle fibre direction and then they should be cut perpendicular to their oblique angle.
Conclusion
Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (1.2% and 1.5%) in diet of broilers improved commercially important traits of breast muscle along with improving the mineral contents and strength of tibia bone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2461-T] (1).
35.
Morphometry Of Udder, Teat And Milk Vein In Nili Ravi Buffalo (Bubalis Bubalis) And It’s Relationship With Milk Yield.
by Mirza Muhammad Usman (2003-VA-138) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: SUMMARY
Morphological and physiological properties of mammary system are affecting the milk production in dairy animals and the quality and quantity of milk produced by them is dependent on its health particularly the health of its udder. Nili Ravi (Bubalis bubalis) buffalo is a native breed of Pakistan found in irrigated plains of Punjab and is also referred to as black gold because of its vital role in national economics. About two third of the total milk produced nationally comes from the buffalo milk and these animals also contribute to production of meat and draught power. Like for other dairy animals, morphometry of the udder is considered an important tool in the selection of our local buffaloes but the scientific reports regarding the difference of udder morphometric parameters in high and low yielding animals are still lacking. Keeping in mind the importance of this local breed and its huge contributions in fulfilling the daily milk needs of Pakistan, present study was designed to document the differences in the morphometric parameters of udder in two groups of Nili Ravi Buffaloes.
Forty healthy Nili Ravi buffalos having a minimum BCS of 2.5, and in second or above lactation were selected. The animals were housed in a semi closed housing system. Buffalos free from udder pathologies were selected and were hand-milked. These were then equally divided into two groups according to their average daily milk production MP 1 group (4–6.9 liters per day), MP 2 group (7–9.9 liters per day). The morphometry of the udder, teat and milk vein was recorded twice, two hours before and two hours after milking. Teat length, udder depth and udder horizontal circumference were measured with the help of measuring tape. External teat diameter and milk vein diameter were measured with the help of vernier caliper. The external teat diameter and the internal diameter of the milk vein were measured with the help of
Summary
24
ultrasound. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows version 13.3 and presented as mean ± SE. Normal distribution of the data was checked by Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Statistical differences within the group were analyzed by paired T test. The significance of the parameters among the groups i.e., MP 1 & MP 2 made on the basis of low and high milk yield respectively was studied by Independent T test. All the differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results revealed that ejection of milk did not affect the length of teats within the group for both MP 1 and MP 2 groups except in case of right fore-teats of MP 2 group (showing an increase after milking). When the similar parameter was compared between the groups we could not observe the effects of milking on TL. External teat diameter showed a decrease after milk ejection in both the groups except in right hind teat of the low producing group and teats of left sides in high producing animals. However we could not observe the difference of this external teat diameter between two groups of Buffaloes based on milk production. Teat cistern diameter (TCD) did not differ before and after milking, when compared between the high and low yielding Buffalos and within the group of high yielding animals. The TCD within MP 1 group showed variable results for left and right fore- teats. Depth of the udder and udder horizontal circumference did not show any significant difference before and after milking within as well as between the two groups. Milk vein diameter was greater in both the groups before milking, however, the diameter of the milk vein remained unchanged when compared between the high and low yielding animals. Diameter of the milk vein measured with the help of ultrasound remained statistically same between and within the two groups of buffaloes.
In conclusion, this study showed that most of the morphometric parameters of the udder including teat length, external teat diameter, teat cistern diameter, udder depth and diameter of
the milk vein were not different between the groups of Nili Ravi buffalo selected on the basis of difference in their milk production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2467-T] (1).
36.
Effects Of Dietary Supplementation Of Thyroxine On Cellular And Humoral Immunity In Broilers
by Muhammad Saad Khilji (2013-VA-594) | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Mansur Abdullah Sandhu | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Over the past few decades broiler industry has showed great improvements in growth, increased efficiency of nutrient utilization. But advances in immune system improvement lag behind significantly. Endocrine system is also a participant in modulating immune response. One of these endocrine systems through which immune system can be modulated is through hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Thyroid hormones are known for their role in immune organs development such as thymus and bursa of Fabricius. So this trial was designed to evaluate cell mediated and humoral immune response of birds during hyperthyroidism.
In this trial, one hundred day old broiler chickens were procured and maintained for 14 days. Then birds were divided into three groups. Group 1 received basal diet and served as control. Group 2 and Group 3 served as treatment groups and received 5 μg/Kg and 10 μg/Kg of thyroxine in addition to basal diet for 14 days. After 7, 14 and 21 days of trial, birds were bled and sampling was done. The parameters selected to assess immune response included blood collection for H:L, serum collection, macrophage engulfment performance, NO production assay, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction against phytohemagglutinin, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, antibody titers against SRBC and viral diseases including ND and IB. Glucose tolerance test was also performed after 7, 14 and 21 days of trial. All the results for the parameters mentioned were analysed statistically using one way ANOVA. Results at p <0.05 were considered significant.
Results revealed showed that hyperthyroidism negatively modulates the immune response of birds. Macrophage phagocytic performance significantly declined, heterophil to
Summary
74
lymphocyte ratio showed significantly higher. Results for NO production showed increase in control group followed by 10 μg group. Skin response to phytohemagglutinin remained nonsignificant. Antibody titers against SRBC, ND and IBV significantly dropped in birds subjected to hyperthyroidism. Glucose tolerance test showed significantly lower blood glucose levels in treatment groups as compared to treatment groups.
All these results suggest that hyperthyroidism can lead to deficient immune response in challenged birds and that physiological levels of thyroxine are sufficient for maintaining immune system. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2449-T] (1).
37.
Distribution Of Macro- And Micro-Minerals In Different Tissues Of Broilers Supplemented With Trivalent Chromium
by Abdullah Arif Saeed (2013-VA-862) | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Mansur Abdullah Sandhu | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Broiler chicken is least expensive meat in most of the world’s meat markets. Its demand is getting higher day by day. Broiler producers and researchers are experimenting with variety of supplements to improve feed conversion ratio as well as to make meat healthier and more nutritious. Many mineral supplementations are used commonly in poultry production to attain maximum efficiency. Chromium is one of the micro mineral essential for various body functions. Many research trials had been conducted on trivalent chromium chloride and its other forms observing its effect on carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. No study is yet conducted which is solely based on effect of chromium on other mineral levels in different tissues of body. This study was designed to estimate the effect of chromium chloride supplementation on distribution of macro- and micro-minerals in different tissues of body.
Ninety day old chicks were kept in three groups i.e. two treatment groups and one control group. Treatment groups were divided by the concentration of chromium chloride supplemented in their feed i.e. 12.5 mg Cr/kg feed and 25 mg Cr/kg feed. Sampling was done on 35th day and samples of blood, long bones of hind limb, and thigh muscles were collected. Samples were further processed for estimation of 3 micro and 3 macro minerals. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the data and results were subjected to Tukey’s post-hoc test.
There was no significant effect on muscle and serum mineral content. Calcium seems to decrease in all three bone with supplementation along with potassium. Copper concentration seems to increase in fibula with supplementation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2447-T] (1).
38.
Season-Based Anatomical, Histological And Functional Modulations In Testes Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Bulls In Sahiwal And Bahawalpur Divisions
by Sajid Hameed (2012-VA-651) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Younis | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Morphometric/histomorphometric analysis on testes of any species is necessary to assess qualitative changes in testicular components and spermatogenic functions. Testicular biometry, histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are generally affected by the climatic variations. In Pakistan, breeding bulls are kept at different semen productions units located in different climatic zones without any consideration of the climatic conditions and scientific justifications. In this breed until now, few reports are available on the seasonal variations in testicular biometry and semen characteristics. Seasonal influence on histomorphometry and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa has not been studied before in this breed. Furthermore, all these parameters have not yet been studied in different climatic zones simultaneously to investigate the comparative climatic effect on the bull performance which may form the basis for keeping Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls under best climatic zone for optimal performance.
Keeping in view the above facts and gaps, the present study was conducted with objectives; to study the climate-led modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions (two different climatic zones of Punjab) and to study the modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa due to seasonal variations within each climatic zone in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. The study was carried out in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions simultaneously for the period of one year divided into seasons (autumn, spring, dry summer, humid summer and winter). The study was accomplished in a set of two experiments. In Experiment-I, testicular biometry and
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histomorphometry was studied in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls in both the divisions. For testicular biometry, 14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years, were used. Body Weight and orchidometric parameters viz. Scrotal Circumference, Testicular Length, Testicular Width and Paired Testicular Volume were recorded fortnightly. Whereas, for histomorphometry of testes, 200 healthy adult Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls (n=20 during each season from each division), aged 5-8 years, slaughtered at abattoirs, were used. For this purpose, cube pieces of testicular parenchyma (about 1cm3) were collected, processed for paraffin sectioning techniques, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Diameter of Seminiferous Tubules and Seminiferous Epithelial Height were measured using software (PixelPro). In Experiment-II, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa were studied. For this purpose, semen was collected fortnightly from Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls used in experiment-I, viz. {14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years}. Semen characteristics; Semen Volume, Color, pH, Mass Motility, Percentage of Individual Motile Spermatozoa and Concentration of Spermatozoa were studied. Dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa from semen samples of all breeding bulls were studied using Eosin-Nigrosin stain. The six dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa viz. Head Length, Head Breadth, Head Shape, Mid-Piece Length, Tail Length and Total Sperm Length were studied on software (PixelPro).
Body weight, scrotal circumference, average testicular length, average testicular width and paired testicular volume were 706.05±3.03kg, 34.62±0.22cm, 13.45±0.07cm, 6.29±0.03cm and 640.65±11.51cm3respectively in Sahiwal division and 690.99±3.96kg, 32.93±0.19cm, 13.04±0.07cm, 6.08±0.03cm, 561.95±9.43cm3 respectively in Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal
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division, body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and winter, whereas in Bahawalpur division non-significant differences in body weight were observed among all the seasons with highest body weight in winter and lowest in humid summer. Overall mean body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division, highest scrotal circumference was found in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer with non-significant differences among the seasons. Similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. It was recorded to be higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Pattern of seasonal variations in average testicular length was similar to that of scrotal circumference in both the divisions. Overall average testicular length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. Average testicular width was highest (P>0.05) in autumn in both divisions. Overall average testicular width was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division. In both divisions, paired testicular volume was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer. Overall paired testicular volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. There was found a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation between body weight and various testicular biometrical parameters in both the divisions. All the testicular biometrical parameters were also significantly positively (P<0.01) correlated with each other in both the divisions. Values of seminiferous tubule diameter and seminiferous epithelial height were 248.52±1.07μmand 70.03±0.46μm, respectively in Sahiwal division and 225.85±1.01μm and 66.03±0.42μm, respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both divisions diameter of seminiferous tubules was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Lowest values were observed in dry summer in Sahiwal division, while it was lowest in humid summer in Bahawalpur division.
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Seminiferous tubule diameter was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Seasonal and climatic influence on the seminiferous epithelial height was almost similar to the seminiferous tubule diameter in both the divisions. Seminiferous tubule diameter showed a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation with seminiferous epithelial height in both the divisions.
Ejaculatory volume, semen color score, pH, mass motility score, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration were4.63±0.11mL, 1.06±0.06, 6.48±0.04, 2.06±0.06, 66.02±0.76% and 1023.27±30.90 million/mL respectively in Sahiwal and 2.60±0.09mL, 0.88±0.08, 6.67±0.04, 1.86±0.09, 49.72±2.70% and 854.27±28.53 million/mL respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both the divisions non-significant difference (P>0.05) in ejaculatory volume was recorded in all the seasons with maximum volume in spring in Sahiwal division but in humid summer in Bahawalpur division. Ejaculatory volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) semen color score was observed in autumn, whereas it was non-significantly higher in autumn in Bahawalpur division. Overall, it was found non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division during all the seasons. In Sahiwal division the significantly lowest (P<0.05) pH was observed in autumn. Significantly highest (P<0.05) pH was observed in winter. In Bahawalpur division pH was also lowest in autumn and highest in winter but the differences were non-significant. Overall pH was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division mass motility score was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn with lowest score in winter. In Bahawalpur division the non-significant effect of the season on mass motility was observed. It was non-significantly higher in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division
Summary
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significantly lowest (P<0.05) individual sperm motility was observed in winter and it was highest (P<0.05) in spring. In Bahawalpur division non-significant differences were observed among the seasons with maximum individual sperm motility in dry summer and minimum winter. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) sperm concentration was found in autumn with lowest value in winter. In Bahawalpur division there was non-significant influence of season. Overall sperm concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In both divisions ejaculatory volume showed non-significant correlation with all other semen parameters. Semen pH showed significantly negative correlation (P<0.01) with mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. Mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration showed significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
Sperm head length, head breadth, head shape, mid-piece length, tail length and total sperm length were 7.60±0.01μm, 4.80±0.02μm, 1.59±0.01, 11.54±0.02μm, 43.62±0.42μm and 62.75±0.42μm respectively in Sahiwal division and 7.58±0.01μm, 4.74±0.02μm, 1.60±0.01, 11.64±0.02μm, 39.88±0.51μm and 59.10±0.50μm respectively in Bahawalpur division. Season had non-significant effect (P>0.05) on the sperm head length in both the divisions. It was also non-significantly longer (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In both divisions significantly higher (P<0.05) value of sperm head breadth was found in autumn. Sperm head breadth was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Sperm head shape value was significantly lower (P<0.05)in autumn than other seasons in Sahiwal division and almost similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. Overall it was non-significantly lower in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In both divisions the mid-piece length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in
Summary
144
winter than spring and lowest in the spring. Overall mid-piece was significantly shorter (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In Sahiwal division sperm tail was significantly longest (P<0.05) in autumn. In Bahawalpur division it was significantly longer (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Overall the sperm tail was significantly longer (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. The pattern of seasonal and climatic influence on total sperm length was almost similar to that of sperm tail length. Similar correlation results were observed in both the divisions. Head shape and mid-piece length had significant negative correlation (P<0.01) with other parameters. Head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length had significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters were negatively correlated with ejaculatory volume and pH, while positively correlated with semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length (with some exceptions in Sahiwal division) and the positive correlation with head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length in both the divisions, non-significantly in Sahiwal, whereas significantly(P<0.01) in Bahawalpur division. In overall, semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was positive with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length. In contrary, pH had positive correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was negative with other sperm parameters in both the divisions. In conclusion, the milder seasons are favorable for optimal performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls and climate of Sahiwal division is more favorable than that of Bahawalpur division.
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In conclusion, testicular biometric / histomorphometric parameter values are better in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Likewise, superior quality semen is produced in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Autumn and spring seasons and climate of Sahiwal division have additive effect on sperm dimensions, except mid-piece length. Orchidometric parameters are positively correlated with semen quality. Diameter of seminiferous tubules is positively correlated with seminiferous epithelial height. Superior quality semen has a positive correlation with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length.
From the results of present study, it has been concluded that testicular biometry, histomorphometry, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are influenced by the seasonal and climatic variation i.e. overall bull performance is influence by these variations. Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls perform better in autumn and spring than other seasons and in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. Therefore, it is clear that the seasonal and climatic conditions of the region / location should be considered for the establishment of new semen production units for the optimal performance of the Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls. Future studies are recommended on comparative fertility rates using the semen collected and cryopreserved from the bulls kept in different climatic zones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2480-T] (1).
39.
In Vitro Study Of The Effect Of Menthol On Electrophysiological Indices Of Isolated Rumen Epithelium In Goat
by Najma Khan (2014-VA-506) | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Ammonia is product of protein metabolism and its reabsorption occur by non-selective cation channels across rumen epithelium otherwise it will not be available as non-protein nitrogen source and excreted out causing hazard to environment. At physiological pH, ammonia is present as NH4+ in rumen and its transport leads to electrophysiological changes. It was reported that addition of menthol to the isolated rumen epithelium of cattle cause electrophysiological changes, primarily linked to the ammonium transport suggesting presence of non-selective cation channels. Addition of cation channel modulators such as menthol to diet can enhance absorption of nitrogen in the rumen. Scarce data was available for rumen epithelium of goats which has a large contribution in livestock population and has a great potential for mutton market revealing effect of cation channel modulators on electrophysiology and ammonium transport. Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of menthol on electrophysiological changes and its link to ammonia transport in the isolated rumen epithelium of goats.
Hypothesis
Menthol may affect the electrophysiology of the isolated rumen epithelium of goats and enhance ammonia transport across rumen epithelium.
Methodology
Ten goats of uniform age and weight were selected and slaughtered in a local slaughter house. Reticulorumen was removed from the abdominal cavity and cleaned in a standard transport buffer solution. Serosal layer of rumen was removed and mounted in the Ussing chamber. Rumen epithelium was incubated with transport buffer solution and after 20 minutes replaced with ammonia containing buffer solution (10mM and 40mM respectively)
46
and changes in bioelectric parameters were observed. Menthol in concentration of 1mM was added to mucosal side and electrophysiological parameters like Isc and Gt were observed. Moreover, pH of serosal side was checked after menthol treatment at time intervals 20, 60 and 90 minutes respectively to assess ammonia transport.
Results
Menthol affected the electrophysiology of isolated rumen epithelium of goats by increasing short circuit current due to increase in ammonia concentrations in the rumen. Menthol addition in 40mM NH4Cl containing solution significantly increased current (p value = 0.00). ΔIsc was also significant between the groups containing 10 and 40mM NH4Cl containing solution. Change in potential difference was significant after addition of menthol in both groups (P = 0.00). Conductance increased significantly by increasing concentration of ammonia (p value = 0.03). PH of serosal side decreased, suggesting possible NH4+ uptake, while on mucosal side increase in pH was observed.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed by using completely randomized ANOVA followed by post-hoc test LSD. Level of significance was set at 0.05.
Conclusion
Menthol treatment affects the electrophysiological indices of isolated rumen epithelium of goat presumably by opening non-selective cation channels and enhances ammonium transport across rumen epithelium increasing recycling of nitrogen. This may leads to efficient protein utilization by the animals. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2558-T] (1).
40.
Effect Of Lactobacillus Bulgaricus On Cutaneous Wound Healing In Mice
by Sonia Akram (2009-VA-160) | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Irshad Hussain | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Integrity loss of major part of the skin as a result of injury, surgery, or sickness can lead to a major disability or even death. The major complication which comes in healing process is infection. Besides reports of side effects, a diversity of chemical agents is in use to facilitate wound healing process. Use of probiotics for the purpose is an approach of altering the microbial environment of wound where beneficial bacteria compete with pathogenic bacteria. Lactobacillus bulgaricus extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) contains high levels of phosphate groups which help activate macrophages and lymphocytes.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus was isolated from sources like: homemade curd, yogurt, and commercial probiotic product (Protexin, UK) as per WHO guideline. For bacterial identification, the isolates were further characterized using biochemical tests. Male mice (n= 60) were kept and divided into four groups having 15 mice in each group (A to D). Experimental treatments using suspension of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, pure honey and sterile normal saline were applied to surgically created wounds on skin of mice belonging to three groups (A, B, and C), whereas, one group (D) was left untreated. After application of treatments, tissue samples were collected from these groups, processed and examined for histopathology. Increase in number of macrophages, neutrophils and fibroblasts at wound site of mice of all groups, was recorded during histopathological examination of H & E stained slides. Results were tabulated using one-way ANOVA.
Experimental groups A and B (L. bulgaricus and honey) showed significant increase in the cells as compared to control and negative control groups (C and D). L. bulgaricus treated group
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
61
showed marked healing of cutaneous wound than control and negative control groups. It was observed that in L. bulgaricus treated group there was marked increase in healing process as inflammation phase of wound passed quickly. Whereas, when healing efficacy of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and honey treated groups was compared, honey was efficacy of cutaneous wound healing was significantly more than Lactobacillus bulgaricus in terms of wound contraction and subsiding inflammation. It is concluded that holistically use of honey for wound healing in mice is more efficacious therapy than use of Lactobacillus bulgaricus suspension. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2597-T] (1).
41.
Effects Of Dietary Supplementation Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder On Redox Status, Hepatic And Kidney Function In Rats Exposed To Heat Stress
by Noor Muhammad Khan (2015-VA-07) | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: here are a number of stressors which adversely affects the normal homeostasis of the body. One of them is heat stress which has marked damaging effect on the normal physiology of an individual. Moringa oleifera is a versatile plant from Moringaceae family. Moringa oleifera is a best food plant but it also has a large potential as a medicinal plant. Due to rich source of flavonoids, Beta- carotenes, vitamin A & D, Moringa oleifera is known as a best natural anti-oxidant. The leaves of Moringa oleifera also possess hepato-protective and renal protective activities due to its rich anti-oxidant potential.
Hypothesis:It was hypothesized that Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation will ameliorate the redox status, hepatic and kidney function in rats exposed to heat stress.
Methodology: Adult male wistar rats (n= 24) were procured and housed in stainless steel cages in the experimental animal shed of department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan. After acclimatization, rats were divided in to four groups (One control and 3 MOLP treated groups). Rats were exposed to high environmental temperature (37±1°C ) for one hour daily(12.00 PM-1.00 PM) throughout the experimental period of 21 days for the induction of heat stress(Sinha. 2007). Anti-stress properties of Moringa oleifera leaf powderwere examined by measuring biochemical parameters, i.e. redox by estimating serum malondialdehyde through assay used by(Ohkawa et al. 1979) and catalase by the same spectrophotometric protocol in accordance with the study (Hadwan et al. 2016). Analysis of liver function enzymes (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase and Alkaline phosphatase), kidney function (Blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and serum creatinine), serum
Summary
38
glucose and lactate dehydrogenasewere carried out by using commercially available kits provided by Human Diagnostics, Germany.
Results:The present study revealed that Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation during heat stress has a significant effect (P<0.05) on serum redox status. Serum malondialdehyde and catalase were significantly reduced by Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation. On the other hand, Moringa oleifera leaf powder demonstrated a non-significant effect (P>0.05) on hepatic and kidney function. Serum Glucose was also not altered by powdered leaf supplementation of Moringa oleifera.
Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software. The group differences were compared by the Tukey’s Test. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) has a potent antioxidant potential without any marked ameliorative or deteriorative effect on hepatic and kidney functioning in heat stressed rats. Further studies are required to explore the potential of other portions of this plant in heat stress. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2783-T] (1).
42.
Effect Of Bacillus Subtilis And Sodium Butyrate On The Morphometry Of The Small Intestine And Immune System In Healthy And Salmonella-Challenged Broiler Chickens
by Arbab Sikandar (2005-VA-154) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. muhammad Younus | Dr. Sima Masood | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Supplementation ofBacillus subtilis and microencapsulated sodium butyrate in the feed is being practiced as a substitute for antibiotics growth promoters. An expansive range of encouraging health-related properties exhibited by B. subtilis and SB has been published, but their exact effect on gut and immune system is not completely understood. Consequently, the evaluation of B. subtilis andSB as feed supplements is desired. To achieve this goal, the present study was aimed to investigate the effects of B. subtilis and SB on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organs microarchitecture in healthy and Salmonella-challenged broiler chickens.
In the first experiment the research was targeted to investigate the effects of B. subtilis on performance, immune system, gut and lymphoid organ microarchitecture in broilers. A total of 120 d-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups, each group with three replicates containing 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed a corn-soy-based basal diet (BD, control) or BD supplemented with 10% zinc bacitracin (ZnB), and 0.05g/kg or 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis, respectively. On d 21 and 35, six birds from each group were killed to collect blood and visceral organs (thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver and small intestine). Parameters evaluated included growth performance, immune responses, relative organ weights, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal morphometry, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) count and goblet cell histochemistry in mucosa. Results showed that the group fed 0.1g/kg of B. subtilis had superior (P<0.05) mean body weight and weight gain, and lower FCR compared to the non-supplemented or ZnB-fed groups.The BS-0.1 group revealed higher antibody titer against Newcastle disease (ND) virus and the supplemented groups against sheep RBCs (SRBCs) on d 35. Cell-mediated immune response post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection was attained (P<0.05) by birds in the BS-0.1 group at 24h, and by both the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups at 48 and 72h compared to the ZnB and control groups. The BS-0.1 group gained higher (P<0.05) relative bursal weight on d 21 compared to the other groups. Compared to the control group, the liver, spleen and thymus weighed more (P<0.05) in the experimental groups on d 35. The histomorphological study revealed increased (P<0.05) thymus cortical width, and cortex/medulla ratio in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. The area of the bursal follicles and germinal centers of the spleen also improved (P<0.05) in the BS-0.1 group compared to the control. Compared to the ZnB and control, higher (P<0.05) villus height, villus surface area and villus crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum were recorded on d 21, and higher (P<0.05) villus heightof the duodenum and ileum was noted on d 35 in the BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. The number of goblet cells having acid mucin was significantly higher in the ileal mucosae of the BS-0.1 group chickens compared to the ZnB and control. In conclusion, B. subtilis type probiotics effectuated better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broilers.
The second experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate on growth performance, immune status, organ weights and the microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and the small intestine compared to the effects brought about by an antibiotic. The cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against NDV and sheep RBCs on d 35 was higher (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to those in the ZnB and control groups. Higher (P < 0.05) weight gain, and lower (P < 0.05) FCR were attained by the supplemented groups compared to the control. The thymus and spleen weighed more (P < 0.05) in the SB-1 group and bursa registered more (P < 0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to the control. On d 21, areas of the thymus medulla and the spleen germinal centers were larger (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. The VH and VSA increased (P < 0.05) in the duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d 21, and in SB-1 on d 35 compared to the ZnB and control groups. The villus to crypt ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in the duodenum in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. On d 35, VH in all segments and VSA in the duodenum and jejunum increased (P < 0.05) in SB-1 chicks compared to ZnB and control chicks. Statistically, IEL count was not significant among supplemented groups. On d 21, the number of goblet cells containing acidic mucin increased (P < 0.05) in all the segments of the small intestines in the SB-1 group compared to the control group and on d 35 in the ileum compared to the other groups. In conclusion sodium butyrate elicited better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated the morphology of lymphoid organs and the gut mucosa in broiler chickens.
The third experiment was focused to assess the effect of B. subtilis and SB on gut development, growth performance and immune system in broilers challenged with S. Gallinarum. Better growth performance was reported in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group due to better feed efficiency. The B. subtilis-supplemented group exhibited higher (P < 0.05) cellular immunity and antibody titer against NDV compared to the PC-S and NC-S groups. Furthermore, B. subtilis¬- and SB-supplemented groups reflected higher (P < 0.05) relative thymus and bursa weights, and improved microarchitecture of the lymphoid organs compared to the NC-S group. On d 21, villus surface area in the jejunum and ileum increased (P < 0.05) in sodium butyrate-treated birds. The crypt depth of the jejunum decreased (P < 0.05) in B. subtilis and sodium butyrate groups compared to NC-S and PC-S groups. On d 35, the villus height, villus surface area and VH:CD ratio of the duodenum increased (P < 0.05) in the supplemented groups compared to the NC-S group. The FCR, Salmonella population in ceca and mortality were higher (P < 0.05) in the NC-S group. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of the B. subtilis probiotic and SB alleviated stress associated with SalmonellaGallinarum infection and improved performance, immune function, lymphoid organs and gut mucosal development in infected broilers. Further analyses are needed to reveal the mechanism(s) by which B. subtilis and sodium butyrate produce such effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2790-T] (1).
43.
Comparative Morphological Study Of Gastrointestinal Organs Of Domestic And Wild Migratory Duck In Pakistan
by Muhammad Shuaib (2015-VA-1059) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Habib-Ur-Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Reported literature provides limited information on histology and histomorphometry of its GIT organs and gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of wild duck (Gadwall; Anas strepera). This study seeks to document histology and histomorphometric features of above-mentioned organs of Gadwall and compare them to those of the domestic duck.
Seven adult domestic and wild ducks were collected from local market and Chashma Barrage, Mianwali, respectively. After slaughtering, samples from esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, pyloric tonsils, small intestine and cecal segments were collected. GIT and visceral organs length and weight were recorded respectively. All the samples were processed by paraffin embedding technique followed by H&E and Alcian blue-PAS staining techniques. The slides were observed under bright field microscope for measurements (LABOMED® USA). For esophagus, thicknesses of layers of its wall were recorded. For proventriculus and gizzard, histological description was considered. For small intestines, villus height, width and surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and tunica muscularis were recorded, and IELs and goblet cells were counted. For pyloric and cecal tonsils, height, width, number and distribution area of lymphatic nodules were recorded. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data (mean ± SEM). Differences was considered significant at p<0.05.
The results showed that in wild ducks live body weight was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks esophagus length was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weight of the esophagus was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weights (filled and empty) of proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks.
Summary
43
In wild ducks large intestine length was higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks relative weights of spleen, pyloric tonsils and Bursa of Fabricius were higher as compared to the domestic ducks.
The results of histomorphometry of the different layers of esophagus showed that epithelium thickness was lower in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. While thickness of the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa were higher in the wild duck as compared to the domestic ducks. In the duodenum villus width, villus surface area and muscularis mucosa thickness were found lower in the wild ducks, as compared to the domestic ducks. In the jejunum thickness of lamina propria and tunica muscularis were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks villus height, villus surface area, crypt depth and tunica muscularis thickness of ileum were higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In cecal and pyloric tonsils, length width and number of the lymphatic nodules were lower and higher respectively in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks, intraepithelial lymphocytes count in duodenum was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. While the intraepithelial lymphocytes count in ileum was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In duodenum of wild ducks acidic, mixed goblet cell count and their total count was lower (p<0.05) as compared to the duodenum of domestic ducks.
In conclusion wild duck has slightly better developed immune and GIT organs than those of the domestic duck. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2791-T] (1).
44.
Individual And Combined Effect Of Chicory Root Powder And Znso4 On Histology Of Intestine And Immune Organs In Broilers
by Mamoona Din (2015-VA-1085) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
Phytogenic feed additives are plant derivatives which act as natural growth promoters and play crucial role in development of poultry health and production. Mineral supplementation also alters the immune status and gastrointestinal health and thus improves the performance in broilers. Thus intestinal and immune morphology is known to be modulated by nutritional interventions. Chicory is such a natural herb which acts as a prebiotic and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is a trace mineral which possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties Chicory root powder (CRP) and ZnSO4 have previously been used as growth promoters; however their combined effect on histology of broilers has not yet been evaluated. The present study was designed to report the individual and combined effect of CRP and ZnSO4 on histomorphometry of intestine, immune organs and some blood parameters in broilers.
150 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups: CONT, 2C, 4C, Zn60, 2C+Zn60, 4C+Zn60) with five replicates (n=5). Group-I was served as control and fed only basal diet (CONT), Group-II (BD + 2% CRP), Group-III (BD+ 4% CRP), Group IV (BD+ 60mg/kg feed ZnSO4), Group-V (BD+2% CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4) and Group-VI (BD+4%CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4). Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35, two randomly selected birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood was collected in falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum and triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL were measured in serum. Three segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and caecum along with immune organs (cecal tonsils, thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricious) were excised and processed by paraffin embedding method and stained by H&E technique. Histological slides of intestine and immune organs were examined under light microscope (LABOMED® USA) for histomorphometric analysis. Data thus collected was analyzed by one-way ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means were compared using DMR test to measure significance at P<0.05.
The results revealed that the level of triglycerides, LDL, total cholesterol and VLDL decreased significantly in individual 2% CRP and combination group of 2%CRP+ZnSO4 while cholesterol and HDL remained non-significant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. The length and weight of small intestine increased in significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The length of caecum increased in all treatment groups while weight of caecum was insignificant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. In duodenum, CD and MM decreased, VL/CD and ME increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while results of VL, VW, VSA, LP, EP were insignificant. In jejunum, VL, VL/CD, VSA and EP increased, CD decreased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In ileum, VL/CD and EP increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The goblet cell count increased significantly in all intestinal segments in 2%CRP+ZnSO4 group.
In caecal tonsils number, area and length of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In thymus length of thymic lobules increased in 2% CRP and 4% CRP groups while width and area increased significantly in 4% CRP group. In spleen length and width of white pulp increased significantly in 2% CRP group. In bursa length, width and area of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while thickness of mucosal folds was not affected significantly in all treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of chicory root powder and ZnSO4 may be useful in enhancing intestinal and immune organs microarchitecture and some blood parameters in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2866-T] (1).
45.
Effect Of Β-Galacto-Oligosaccharides Supplementation On Gut Morphology, Mucosal Immune Complex And Growth Performance In Broilers Reared Under Thermal Stress
by Saima Ashraf (2008-VA-756) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry industry has undergone substantial expansion during last few decades. Tremendous development in the fields of genetics, nutrition and management has helped the producer to maximize the feed efficiency, and in turn, the economic gains. Nevertheless, with an increase in performance, sensitivity of the bird also increased tremendously particularly towards the thermal stressors. Therefore, the nutrition and health care of the poultry, particularly broiler, became more demanding. In order to promote the gut or general health of broiler during the heat or cold exposure, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) were routinely practiced. Their usefulness in the poultry practice was seldom questioned but the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and antibiotic residues in the meat prompted a serious public concern leading to ban on AGPs in animal diet by the European Commission in 2006. Exclusion of AGPs from the diet led to serious health problems in broiler and within two years of this ban the consumption of therapeutic antibiotic reached the same level as that of the AGPs before ban. Therefore, it was realized that simple ban on the AGPs will not resolve this issues unless new feeding and managemental strategies are devised to maintain or raise the performance of broiler. As an alternative to AGPs many agents have been experimentally evaluated in poultry and livestock like prebiotics, probiotics and organic acids. Use of prebiotics in poultry showed variable degree of success with considerable data suggesting their positive influence during stressful situations like crowding, poor management and temperature extremes etc. which are invariably a part and parcel of commercial broiler production. Keeping in view the importance of seeking AGP alternatives, current study was planned to evaluate the effects of novel β- galacto-oligosaccharides (β-GOS) on various histo-physiological parameters of thermally-stressed broiler.
Summary
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In experiment I, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic heat stress (35°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and heat-stressed (HSCT) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups i.e. HS+0.1%β-GOS, HS+0.2%β-GOS and HS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). The zootechnichal parameters included daily feed consumption (FC), body weight (BW) and feed efficiency (FE). Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group i.e. 2/replicate were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, relative weights of viscera (RWO) and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subjected to post hoc Duncan’s multiple range (DMR) test (P < 0.05). Exposure to the HS reduced (P < 0.05) all the zootechnichal parameters, RW of liver, bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), villus surface area (VSA), height (VH), width (VW), crypt depth (CD) and intraepithelial lymphocyte count (IELs) in small intestine compared to TNZ group. The serum cortisol and count of acidic mucin containing goblet cells (AGCs) increased (P < 0.05) in jejunum while they decreased (P < 0.05) in ileum of HSCT group compared with TNZ. Improvement (P< 0.05) in the FE of the 0.5% β-GOS supplemented heat-stressed birds was comparable to TNZ group. Furthermore, supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) serum T3 and T4 and 0.2% β-GOS reduced (P< 0.05) serum cortisol without achieving their pre-HS levels. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) histomorphometry
Summary
146
of small intestine including VH, CD and VSA compared to HSCT group. The 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) these parameters beyond TNZ. Intestinal IEL count improved (P< 0.05) with 0.1% β-GOS supplementation without achieving the pre-HS levels. Count of jejunal and ileal AGCs reduced (P< 0.05) with 0.2 and 0.5% β-GOS supplementation compared with HSCT. Neither HS nor supplementation affected the morphometry of the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils.
In experiment II, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic cold stress (15°C±2°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and cold-stressed (COLD) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups CS+0.1%β-GOS, CS+0.2%β-GOS and CS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS, respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against NDV and IBDV. The zootechnichal parameters included daily FC, BW and FE. Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group (2/replicate) were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, RWO and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and subjected to DMR test (P<0.05). Exposure to cold stress increased (P<0.05) the FC, serum T3 and cortisol and reduced (P<0.05) BW and performance compared with TNZ group. Moreover, COLD group was also presented with increased (P<0.05) RW of liver and heart, decreased (P<0.05) RW of ceca compared with TNZ group. The VSA of small intestine and IEL count in duodenum and jejunum reduced (P<0.05), whereas, AGCs count increased (P<0.05) due to the exposure to cold stress. The RWs of immune organs and their histomorphometry was not
Summary
147
affected during cold stress when compared with TNZ group. Dietary inclusion of 0.5% β-GOS achieved the pre-cold stress levels of FCR. Supplementation of 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS reversed (P< 0.05) the hormonal changes of cortisol and T3, respectively when compared with COLD group. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P<0.05) morphometric parameters in duodenum. The 0.5% β-GOS-induced-improvement (P<0.05) in these parameters was beyond the values observed for TNZ group. In ileum, 0.2% β-GOS supplementation resulted in most distinct (P<0.05) increase of VH, VW and VSA which was comparable to that observed for TNZ group. The jejunal morphometric parameters also improved (P<0.05) with the β-GOS supplementation, but the pre-cold stress values were not attained. The IEL count increased (P<0.05) in the duodenum and decreased (P<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum of all the β-GOS supplemented groups. The AGCs count increased (P<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum of 0.1% and 0.2% β-GOS-supplemented groups whereas the count of AGCs in ileum remained unaffected in all the β-GOS supplemented groups compared to the TNZ group. Morphometry of the bursa or cecal tonsils was not influenced by the supplementation of β-GOS.
In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS helped to improve the growth performance in thermally-stressed broilers owing to its positive influence on intestinal morphometry and the dynamics of cortisol and thyroid hormones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2850-T] (1).
